York City Marathon Research Articles

An Analysis of Agenda Setting and Framing of American Marathon Television Coverage

This study examined nationally televised marathon coverage of three major U.S. marathons (the Boston Marathon, the Bank of America Chicago Marathon, and the Tata Consultancy Services New York City Marathon) to understand how able-bodied men and women, and men and women using wheelchairs were represented. Just under 8 hr of coverage was analyzed for clock time and the descriptions of athletes divided by divisions of able-bodied men and women and wheelchair athlete men and women. Able-bodied women received the majority of clock time in Boston and Chicago, while able-bodied men received the majority of clock time in New York City. Athletes using wheelchairs, both men and women, received much smaller amounts of coverage, especially in New York City. Women received more announcer mentions in all three races, with a heavier focus on their background, coaching, and emotion, although the only statistically significant category was emotion. Experience and race strategy/training were heavily emphasized for all divisions. Through this analysis, race producers have more guidance on how to cover future marathons in a more equitable and appropriate manner.

Injury patterns and healthcare utilisation by runners of the New York City Marathon

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to describe injury patterns and healthcare utilisation of marathon runners.MethodsThis was a previously reported 16-week prospective observational study of runners training for the New...

Increasing Equity in the Transnational Allocation of Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogens: A Multi-Modal Approach.

This article proposes the adoption of a multi-modal system for allocating vaccine doses during large transnational outbreaks of infectious diseases. The chosen allocative criteria (public health need; country-income level; qualification through funding; and, subsidiarily, a modified lottery system) are adapted from a current embodiment of allocative multi-modality outside the context of public health: the New York City Marathon.

What the New York City Marathon Can Teach Us About Equitable Access to Vaccines

What the New York City Marathon Can Teach Us About Equitable Access to Vaccines

Relationship between running performance and weather in elite marathoners competing in the New York City Marathon

It is well known that weather and pacing have an influence on elite marathon performance. However, there is limited knowledge about the effect of weather on running speed in elite marathoners. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate potential associations between running speed and weather variables in elite runners competing in the 'New York City Marathon' between 1999 and 2019. Data from all official female and male finishers with name, sex, age, calendar year, split times at 5km, 10km, 15km, 20km, 25km, 30km, 35km, 40km and finish and hourly values for temperature (°Celsius), barometric pressure (hPa), humidity (%) and sunshine duration (min) between 09:00 a.m. and 04:00 p.m. were obtained from official websites. A total of 560,731 marathon runners' records were available for analysis (342,799 men and 217,932 women). Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were performed between the average running speed and the weather variables (temperature, pressure, humidity and sunshine). Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions were also performed. The runner´s records were classified into four performance groups (all runners, top 100, top 10 and top 3) for comparison. Differences in running speed between the four performance groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for both men and women. Pearson (linear) correlation indicated a weak and positive association with humidity in the top 10 (r = 0.16) and top 3 (r = 0.13) performance groups that the running speed of the elite runners was positively correlated with humidity. Regarding sunshine duration, there was a weak and positive correlation with the running speed of the elite groups (r = 0.16 in the top 10 and r = 0.2 in the top 3). Spearman correlation (non-linear) identified a weak but negative correlation coefficient with temperature in all runners' groups. Also, non-linear positive correlation coefficients with humidity and sunshine can be observed in the Spearman matrixes. A Multivariate Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis showed no predictive power of weather factors. For elite runners competing in the 'New York City Marathon' between 1999 and 2019, the main findings were that elite runners became faster with increasing humidity and sunshine duration while overall runners became slower with increasing temperature, increasing humidity and sunshine duration. Weather factors affected running speed and results but did not provide a significant predictive influence on performance.

Application of general unit hydrograph model for marathon finish time distributions

The marathon finish time distribution is the probability distribution of the time a group of runners completes a marathon race. The knowledge of this distribution is required to optimize a running process when planning and operating a marathon; it is also required to compare different marathons and evaluate individual running performance. This research demonstrated that the marathon finish time distribution can be described by the general unit hydrograph model from applied hydrology. Specifically, we found that marathon finish time data, in terms of distribution density, often show a positively skewed distribution, which implies that a few runners are superfast, many runners are very slow, and most runners are between the two extremes. This asymmetrical feature is similar to a unit hydrograph that describes rainfall-runoff processes in watersheds. We thus hypothesized that the marathon finish time distribution follows Guo’s three-parameter general unit hydrograph model. To test this hypothesis, we fit the general unit hydrograph model to the 2013–2021 New York City (NYC) Marathon finish time distribution data, resulting in determination coefficients r2≥0.9997. We next validated the proposed model with the world marathon database including 35 million results in 2000–2021 from more than 28,000 long-distance foot races, which was then compared with the NYC marathon data. According to the two inflection times of the finish time density function (asymmetrical bell curve) of the world marathons, we classified all marathoners into three categories: super runners who finish before the left inflection time; endurable runners who finish after the right inflection time; and fast runners who finish between the two inflection times. Finally, we compared the general unit hydrograph model and two typical asymmetrical distribution functions with the world marathon data and found that the proposed model describes the data better.

Training patterns associated with injury in New York City Marathon runners

ObjectiveTraining patterns are commonly implicated in running injuries. The purpose of this study was to measure the incidence of injury and illness among marathon runners and the association of injuries...

Participation Rates Of Female And Male Runners Predict Marathon Performance

Males are ~11% faster than females in marathon running at the elite level, largely due to sex differences in physiology. This sex difference in performance, however, is often greater than 11% especially in older runners with lower proportion of female runners. PURPOSE: To determine whether the sex difference in marathon performance is predicted by the number of male to female runners and how this prediction changes among lower placed runners within an age group. METHODS: The number of male and female finishers within 10-year age groups (20 - 79 years) and the running times of the top 10 age group runners who competed in the Chicago marathon (1996-2018) and New York City (NYC) marathon (1980-2019) were retrieved from public databases. Univariate ANOVA and correlation analysis determined differences and associations between the ratios of male:female finishers and the sex difference in velocity. RESULTS: The ratio of male:female runners increased with older age groups (p < 0.001) and place of the runner from 1st to 10th place (p < 0.001) for both marathons. Males were faster than females across all age groups for the Chicago (17.4% ± 0.2%) and NYC marathon (18.8% ± 0.1%). The sex difference, however, was smallest for 1st placed runners and largest for the 10th placed for Chicago (14.8 ± 0.5% to 18.5 ± 0.4%) and NYC (15.9 ± 0.4% to 20.3 ± 0.3%). The ratio of the number of males:females was correlated with the sex difference in velocity (%) for Chicago (n = 2325, r2 = 0.28, p < 0.001) and NYC (n = 4223, r2 = 0.32, p < 0.001) in that fewer females relative to males indicated a larger sex difference in velocity. The strength of the associations progressively increased between 1st and 10th place. Combined for both marathons, the association for 1st place was r2 = 0.20 (p < 0.001, n = 709) and 10th place was r2 = 0.38 (p < 0.001, n = 614). Thus, the number of males:females explained 20% of the variance in the sex differences in velocity of 1st placed runners but 38% of the sex difference in 10th placed runners. CONCLUSION: Lower participation rates of females in the marathon potentially masks an accurate understanding of the contribution of physiological sex differences, especially in lower ranked and older runners. This data provides a window into the impact of the inequity of testing less females than males in studies of human performance.

Sex Differences In Marathon Performance Are Larger In The Past Decade Than Expected Physiologically

The sex difference in performance of marathon runners historically has been larger than explained by physiological differences, possibly reflecting lower participation of females (1). The number of female participants across all age groups has increased in recent decades, but it is unclear if the sex difference in performance has continued to diminish. PURPOSE: To determine the sex difference in performance in the New York City (NYC) marathon across age groups, and with the place of runner (1st-10th place), in the past decade and relative to earlier published data (1980-2010) (1). METHODS: Running times of the top 10 placed male and female finishers (5-year age groups) who competed in the NYC marathon (2009-2019) were retrieved from a public database (https://results.nyrr.org/races). Univariate ANOVA determined the sex difference in the mean running velocity; (% Δ males and females/males) across age groups and place. RESULTS: The sex difference in running velocity increased across age groups (p < 0.001). For 2015-2019, the 30-39-year olds had the smallest difference (12.9 ± 0.5%) and the 70-79 year olds the largest (22.9 ± 0.9%). Across all age groups, the sex difference in running velocity decreased across years from 22.0 ± 0.4% in 1980-84 to 16.1 ± 0.2% in 2005-2009 and plateaued for the subsequent decade. The largest drop was in the two older age groups (60-79 years, 36% to 21%) and the least for youngest (20-49 years, 18% to 12.5%). Across all age groups, the sex difference in running velocity for 1st placed runners was 15.9 ± 0.4 % and increased to 20.3 ± 0.3% for 10th (P < 0.001). The greatest increase in the sex difference (1st to 10th) was in the 70-79 age group (21.9 ± 1.5% to 31.6 ± 1.7%) and the least in the 40-49 age group (13.9 ± 0.6% to 17.8 ± 0.4%). CONCLUSION: The largest sex differences in marathon performance were within the older age groups and lower (slower)-placed runners. Across all age groups, the sex difference in performance plateaued in the past 15 years despite more female participants and the continued decrease in male:female participation ratios. These results also suggest that physiological and sociological factors that impact the sex difference in running velocity vary by age group. (1) Hunter SK, et al Med Sci Sports Exerc 45: 148-156, 2013.

The Influence of Environmental Conditions on Pacing in Age Group Marathoners Competing in the "New York City Marathon".

Background: The two aspects of the influence of environmental conditions on marathon running performance and pacing during a marathon have been separately and widely investigated. The influence of environmental conditions on the pacing of age group marathoners has, however, not been considered yet. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between environmental conditions (i.e., temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, and cloud cover), gender and pacing of age group marathoners in the “New York City Marathon”. Methodology: Between 1999 and 2019, a total of 830,255 finishes (526,500 males and 303,755 females) were recorded. Time-adjusted averages of weather conditions for temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, and sunshine duration during the race were correlated with running speed in 5 km-intervals for age group runners in 10 years-intervals. Results: The running speed decreased with increasing temperatures in athletes of age groups 20–59 with a pronounced negative effect for men aged 30–64 years and women aged 40–64 years. Higher levels of humidity were associated with faster running speeds for both sexes. Sunshine duration and barometric pressure showed no association with running speed. Conclusion: In summary, temperature and humidity affect pacing in age group marathoners differently. Specifically, increasing temperature slowed down runners of both sexes aged between 20 and 59 years, whereas increasing humidity slowed down runners of <20 and >80 years old.

Increased Participation and Decreased Performance in Recreational Master Athletes in "Berlin Marathon" 1974-2019.

The aspect of participation and performance trends in marathon running has been investigated mainly in marathons held in the United States of America (e.g., “New York City Marathon,” “Boston Marathon”), but not for the fastest course in the world, the “Berlin Marathon” held in Berlin, Germany. This study aimed to examine trends in participation and performance in the “Berlin Marathon” on all its previous 46 editions from 1974 to 2019, the largest dataset ever studied in this event with 696,225 finishers (after data cleaning). Athletes in all age groups increased their participation, except for male athletes aged 20–49 years and athletes of both sexes above 79 years of age. This overall increase in participation was more pronounced in women, but still, there are more men than women participating in “Berlin Marathon” nowadays. All age group athletes decreased their performance across years overall, whereas the top ten recreational athletes improved their performance over the years. Our findings improved the knowledge about the evolution of male and female marathoners across calendar years, especially for the fastest marathon race in the world, the “Berlin Marathon.”

The Role of Environmental Conditions on Master Marathon Running Performance in 1,280,557 Finishers the 'New York City Marathon' From 1970 to 2019.

Aim: This study investigated the influence of weather conditions on running performance in female and male age group runners in the largest marathon in the world, the “New York City Marathon.”Methods: The analysis included data from 1,280,557 finishers the “New York City Marathon” from the years 1970 to 2019. Linear mixed models for men and women finishers with race time (min) as dependent variable and 5-year age groups, temperature, wind and relative humidity tertiles (low, medium, high) as independent factors and finisher as random intercept was performed. Additional models with an interaction between age groups and one weather variable each were performed.Results: Temperature was positively associated with race time while wind speed and humidity were negatively associated (p < 0.001). Men were significantly greater affected wind speed and humidity than women (p < 0.001 for interaction) but not by temperature (p = 0.17 for interaction). With an average of 8 min longer race time, high temperature had the greatest effect on race time. The effect of high humidity on race time was significantly increased in 40–59 years old men and 25–65 years old women. High temperatures had an increased effect on race time in 30–64 years old men and 40–64 years old women. The inverse association between race time and high wind speed was pronounced in finishers with younger age.Conclusion: Performance was lower on days with high temperature, low humidity and low wind speed. Men seemed to benefit more from higher humidity and wind speed than women. Aged (70 +) finishers were not greater affected by high temperatures.

Factors associated with injuries in first-time marathon runners from the New York City marathon

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine how baseline characteristics of first-time marathon runners and training patterns are associated with risk of injuries during training and the race. Methods First-time adult marathon runners who were registered for the 2017 New York City Marathon were monitored starting 12 weeks prior to the race. Baseline data collection included demographics and running experience. Running frequency, distance, and injury occurrence were self-reported using online surveys every 2 weeks. Results A total of 720 runners participated of which 675 completed the study. There were 64/675 (9.5%) who had major injuries during training or the race that preventing starting or finishing the race. An additional 332 (49.2%) had minor injuries interfering with training and/or affecting race performance. Injury incidence was not significantly different based on age or sex. Runners who completed a half marathon prior to the study were less likely to report getting injured [multivariable odds ratio (OR) 0.40, (0.22, 0.76), p= 0.005]. Runners who averaged <4 training runs per week during the study were less likely to report getting injured compared to those who averaged ≥4 per week [relative risk 1.36, (1.13–1.63), p= 0.001]. Longest training run distance during the study was inversely associated with race-day injury incidence [OR 0.87 (0.81, 0.94), p< 0.001]. Conclusion Injuries are common among first-time marathon runners. We found that risk of injury during training was associated with lack of half marathon experience and averaging ≥4 training runs per week. Longer training runs were associated with a lower incidence of race-day injuries. These results can inform the development of targeted injury-prevention interventions.

The Impact of the New York City Marathon on Hotel Demand

Daily hotel data are employed, along with information on prices, revenue, demand and hotel occupancy, to analyze part of the local economic impact of the annual New York City (NYC) Marathon. As the largest competitive race in the world, the marathon attracts domestic and international competitors and spectators. The cancellation of the 2012 marathon due to Hurricane Sandy was estimated to lead to an increase of 4000 hotel nights as well as a 10% increase in the average daily room rate. Taken together, this is associated with a USD 3 million increase in hotel revenue. The results suggest a significantly lower local economic impact of the race than previously thought.

49-LB: “You Don’t Know When the Sugar’s Going to Kick In”: Experiences of People Managing Type 1 Diabetes during a Marathon

There are many benefits of regular exercise in diabetes, but people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) also have the risk of short-term complications. There is a lack of research and information about how individuals with T1D should prepare and recover from endurance exercise. The present study had two primary objectives: 1) Understand how previous runners experienced participating in a marathon and 2) Understand their experience managing their diabetes while training for and recovering from a marathon. The study included 10 participants who had previously participated in the New York City Marathon with the Beyond Type 1 Team (mean age 33.3 ± 12.9 years, duration of T1D 13.2 ± 14.8 years, A1c 6.59 ± .7%), 80% female, 90% on insulin pump and 100% on CGM. Interviews were transcribed and thematically analyzed. Themes included (but are not limited to): methods to maintain euglycemia, preparation to reduce glycemic variability during endurance activities, and managing blood glucose variability during the marathon and recovery period. Diabetes devices were identified as a key theme given how integral they were to marathon preparation and performance. Multiple participants discussed using specific CGM and pump site placement to prevent the devices from falling off. Participants described various strategies to prevent hypoglycemia during their runs (both for training and the marathon). Some participants described frequent disruptions to their training plan due to diabetes and setting a higher target glucose to accommodate for the exercise. This data provides initial insight into the decision-making that occurs for people with T1D who participate in endurance activities - including food preparation, planning ahead for supplies and insulin manipulation, in-the-moment management decisions, and recovery period glucose management. Disclosure A. Hughes: None. J. Bispham: None. L. Fuller: None. A.H. Mcauliffe-Fogarty: None.

Do Fast Older Runners Pace Differently From Fast Younger Runners in the "New York City Marathon"?

Nikolaidis, PT and Knechtle, B. Do fast older runners pace differently from fast younger runners in the "New York City Marathon"? J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3423-3430, 2019-Although pacing strategies in the marathon and generally in endurance running have been well studied with regard to the effects of age group and performance level, little is known for their interaction. Thus, the aim of this was to examine whether fast runners of different age differ for pacing. Finishers (women, n = 117,595; men, n = 180,487) in the "New York City" Marathon between 2006 and 2016 were analyzed in 5-year age groups. To examine the effect of performance, we created performance groups according to quartiles of average race speed (Q1-the fastest, Q2, Q3, and Q4-the slowest). A large main effect of split on race speed was observed in women and men with the fastest speed in the 5-10-km split and the slowest in the 35-40-km. Compared with the other performance groups, the slowest group had the largest percentage decrease in speed at 5, 10, 15, and 20 km but the largest percentage increase in speed at 35 and 40 km. The fastest group had the least decrease during the race and the least increase at 40 km. A trivial split × age group interaction on race speed was observed for all performance groups in both sexes. This interaction was more pronounced in Q4. Based on these findings, coaches should advise their slow master runners to adopt age-tailored pacing strategy, whereas their fast master runners should adopt similar pacing as the younger fast runners.

A Randomized Study of a Strength Training Program to Prevent Injuries in Runners of the New York City Marathon.

Lower extremity overuse injuries are common among runners, especially first-time marathoners. Hip abductor and quadriceps strengthening is often recommended to reduce running-related injuries. A 12-week strength training program would decrease the rate of overuse injuries resulting in marathon noncompletion and improve race finishing time. Randomized trial. Level 2. Twelve weeks before the New York City Marathon, first-time marathon runners age 18 years and older were randomized into a strength training group or an observation group. The strength training group was instructed to perform a 10-minute program 3 times weekly using written and video instruction. This program targeted the quadriceps, hip abductor, and core muscle groups. Injuries were self-reported through biweekly surveys, with major injuries being those that resulted in marathon noncompletion and minor injuries being those that impaired training or race performance. A total of 720 runners were enrolled (mean age, 35.9 ± 9.4 years; 69.4% female), of whom 583 runners started the marathon and 579 completed it. The incidence of major injury was 8.9% and minor injury was 48.5%. Fifty two of 64 major injuries were overuse, of which 20 were bone stress injuries. The incidence of overuse injury resulting in marathon noncompletion was 7.1% in the strength training group and 7.3% in the observation group (risk ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.57-1.63; P = 0.90). The mean finishing time was 5 hours 1 ± 60 minutes in the strength training group and 4 hours 58 ± 55 minutes in the observation group (P = 0.35). There is a high prevalence of injury among first-time marathon runners, but this self-directed strength training program did not decrease overuse injury incidence resulting in marathon noncompletion. Prevention strategies such as strength training need to be developed and evaluated through clinical trials to reduce the high prevalence of overuse injuries in runners, especially for high-risk populations such as first-time marathon runners.

Overlapping Marathons: What Happens to Female Pace When Men Catch Up?

We exploit a highly competitive environment in which elite‐female athletes are exposed to the presence of men, but without being in direct competition with them. Specifically, we use variation in how fast the fastest man runs in the New York City Marathon to identify the potential influence of men on female performance while holding constant female‐runners' marginal incentives to perform. Our results suggest that as the men overtake the female runners, the performance of female runners declines differentially across ability, with the largest declines concentrated among lower ability runners.

ANALISIS POTENSI KAWASAN PESISIR PANTAI KOTA PADANG SEBAGAI WISATA OLAHRAGA MARATON BERSKALA INTERNASIONAL

Lately, the coastal city of Padang has been improving and being promoted. One of the efforts that can advance tourism is through the introduction and development of national and international sports tourism such as marathons. Marathon is one of the popular sports, such as the New York City Marathon, Parias Marathon, Asia Tokyo Marathon, Tour De France, Bali sailboat competition. This research includes mapping the potential of international scale marathon tourism, how to analyze the potential of sports tourism and the obstacles in the development of sports tourism in the city of Padang. In this study, researchers observed coastal locations that have the potential to develop marathon tourism tourism by looking at the level of tourist development, information on potential locations obtained from informants / informants, these locations have been tested and used for marathon tourism.&#x0D; The internal potential of this marathon sports tour is "high potential" to be held with the quality of marathon tourist attractions and tracking conditions are very good. External potentials include accessibility; object support facilities; complementary facilities, and object development support, this is "high potential" for holding International-scale Marathon Tourism activities. Marathon tourism can be held with a variety of competition criteria by participating in the role of the surrounding community; provide packages offering attractive activities of all ages, clear supporting facilities information; widely introduce to the public a series of marathon tourism activities.&#x0D; The 10K track with diverse contours offers sports and tourism experiences; several narrow road spots so as not to be filled by vehicles or the activities of the local community; the track route is a public area, the number of alternative routes can be used for road transfers; the field committee is able to coordinate public vehicle traffic during the event. Alternative roads and parking areas to be managed by involving local communities so that activities run smoothly. The government helps manage community business activities; avoid illegal payments so as to provide comfort for tourists; parking area prepared to anticipate the emergence of wild parking; education and sanctions for people who do not maintain cleanliness and sanction if there is extortion. Promotion of tourism and sports activities to be further intensified through all media publications; provide opportunities for local EOs and professional EOs to collaborate in the learning process; promotion and clear and mutually beneficial cooperation relationships.

The “New York City Marathon”: participation and performance trends of 1.2M runners during half-century

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to examine trends in participation, performance, age and nationality during a ~ 50-years period in the largest dataset ever studied in the “New York City Marathon”. We analysed 1,174,331 finishers (women, n= 349,145, age 39.7 ± 8.7 years; men, n= 825,186, 41.7 ± 9.2 years). The overall participation increased across calendar years for all nationalities, and this increase was more pronounced in women, which resulted in a decreasing men-to-women ratio. Men were faster and older than women. Ethiopians and Kenyans were the fastest and youngest in women and men, respectively. Japanese were the slowest and Germans were the oldest in both sexes. Race time increased across years. Coaches and fitness trainers should be aware of these trends and should emphasize the development of training programs for older and slower runners.