Yom Kippur Research Articles

Profiles in intelligence: an interview with the 17th Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, Moshe (Bogie) Ya’alon

ABSTRACT During the summer of 2023, I conducted an interview with Moshe (Bogie) Ya’alon, a veteran of over 30 years in key roles within the Israeli Defense Forces. As a leading authority on national security and intelligence, Ya’alon provided critical insights, particularly regarding the intelligence failures of the 1973 Yom Kippur War and how these failures inform present-day security dilemmas. Although this interview was conducted three months before the surprise Hamas attack on 7 October 2023, Ya’alon stressed the significance of lessons from previous conflicts and significant geopolitical developments. He also underscored the importance of cultural and emotional factors in intelligence failures and the dynamics of Israel’s relations with the Five Eyes alliance, offering insights that illuminate some of the challenges Israel would encounter three months later. This interview is part of an ongoing oral history project designed to gather diverse perspectives on intelligence and national security leadership in Israel, enhancing our understanding of the security dilemmas of the Middle East and the world of espionage.

Can Massive Religious Festival Celebrations Encourage a Faster Spread of a Pandemic? The Case of COVID-19 in Israel.

This paper attempts to evaluate how massive religious festivalcelebrations can encourage the faster spread of any pandemic according to our problem statement, such as the case of COVID-19. For example, we evaluate Israel's three major religions, namely Judaism, Christianity, and the Islamic festival celebrations, respectively. Firstly, we have the traditional Jewish festivities such asHanukkah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, and Rosh Hashanah. In the Christian's traditional festivities celebrations, we identified Christmas, Easter Day, and All Saints Day. Finally, the Muslim festivities ofMuharram and the Birthday of theHoly Prophet Mohamad. Thepurpose of thisstudy wasto evaluate if these nine massive religious festival celebrations are the main reasons for the large spread of COVID-19 in Israel directly or indirectly. In fact, we propose a new methodology to evaluate the impact of any massive religious festivalcelebration andthe fast spread of any pandemic everywhere and anytime. The new indicator is entitled "The National Spread Levels of Infectious Diseases Risk from Massive Religious Festivities Index" (National-SLIDRMRF-Index). Finally, the major finding in this research is that any massive religious events can generate an exponential number of COVID-19 cases constantly. Therefore, this research concluded that we urgentlyneed a standardized index to monitor and control the expansion of any pandemic such as COVID-19 among different religious groups in the same country. At the same time, we give different policy recommendations to the Israeli government to constantlykeep major controls and measures ofdifferent religious events inJerusalem.

The Making of Arab Stereotypes: Racist Portrayals in Political Cartoons during the 1970s Oil Crisis

The 1973 oil crisis, a period marked by tensions following the Yom Kippur War and the subsequent Arab oil embargo, was a pivotal, global event with far-reaching economic and political consequences. Political cartoons played a significant role in influencing public opinion and shaping Western perspectives about Arabs and the Muslim world during this time. Many of these depictions resorted to negative stereotyping and vilifying Arabs. This research examines these portrayals by analyzing sixty-eight political cartoons from twenty-nine Western newspapers and magazines. These depictions, conceptualized here, characterized Arabs as violent, arrogant, rich, and indifferent to humanity, contributing to the propagation of long-standing stereotypes. The cartoons also depicted oil as a weapon wielded by Arabs, reinforcing biased perspectives that contrast starkly with the complex reality of Arab societies. This study highlights the influential role of media in shaping public perspectives and underscoring the need for balanced, nuanced portrayals in media representations.

Trauma reactivation 50 years later: Yom Kippur war veterans after the October 7 attack

Fifty years after the Yom Kippur War began with a surprise attack, the October 7 terror attack caught Israelis off guard in yet another surprise attack. The current study assessed the extent to which Yom Kippur War veterans thought about the linkage between the two wars, and whether such thoughts were associated with trauma reactivation and exacerbation of distress. A web-based random sample of 297 Yom Kippur War veterans (age range 68–88) completed questionnaires five months before (T1) and two months after the October 7 attack (T2). The results showed an increase in probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rates due to the Yom Kippur War, rising from 5.4 % in T1 to 13.1 % in T2. Rates of clinical depression and anxiety also rose. The study found that a significant number of veterans experienced intrusive thoughts linking the two wars. These intrusive thoughts increased the risk for probable PTSD and clinical levels of depression and anxiety, even after accounting for pre-attack symptoms. The study is among the first to show that intrusive linkage is quite frequent among older veterans who confronted another event that resonates with their focal trauma. Supporting the stress resolution perspective, this linkage increased the risk for trauma reactivation.

Posttraumatic growth trajectories and the psychopathological response to Covid-19: A longitudinal study of former prisoners of war and combat veterans

BackgroundPosttraumatic Growth (PTG) is the subjective experience of positive psychological change following exposure to trauma. Yet, researchers have discussed whether PTG is a positive outcome or a self-deceptive coping mechanism. The present study investigates PTG-trajectories and their ability to predict psychopathology in response to the Covid-19 pandemic in a longitudinal study of former prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and combat veterans from the 1973 Yom Kippur War in Israel. MethodsData was collected in five waves from 1991 to 2020 (NT5 = 256). To identify latent profiles of change in PTG over time, Group-Based Trajectory Modeling was applied. Logistic regression examined whether study group and PTSD-clusters predict latent trajectories of change. Boostrap MANOVA was applied to examine if the latent trajectories predict veterans’ psychopathological response to Covid-19. ResultsA 2-class solution was the best representation of the data. Being ex-POW significantly predicted the likelihood of developing high PTG over time. The High PTG group had significantly higher Acute Stress Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and general psychopathology in response to Covid-19. ConclusionIn conclusion, PTG is associated with greater vulnerability for psychopathology in response to later adversities. Hence, the subjective experience of positive change does not appear to signify higher resilience in trauma victims.

Oil embargo as a diplomacy tool: possibilities and limitations on the example of the Israeli crisis

In the following article the possibility of application of the oil embargo tool as a mean of impacting the crisis settlement is considered. The chosen case is the Palestine-Israel confl ict in its active phase since October 2023. The Yom Kippur war of 1973 and the invasion of Israel by Hamas of 7 October 2023 are compared, distinguishing similarities and diff erences. The common features are the start of the operation exactly 50 years after the historical precedent, collective character of the attack, its suddenness, and also a huge potential of Arab countries in the world oil market. There are some distinctive features revealed by the author, though. The Arab states are to a bigger extent aimed at conducting negotiations and resolving the confl ict by diplomatic means than in 1973, the structure of the world oil market is different compared to how it was 50 years ago, giving the OPEC members less possibilities for action, as well as fragmentation among the cartel members themselves, decreasing the opportunity agree on the embargo. The author remarks the intention of several Arab countries, in particular, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, to mediate the confl ict, as well as their aspiration to preserve the trend of restoring relations with Israel. The article highlights the position of researchers about the importance of network diplomacy during confl ict settlement. The shares of countries non entering the OPEC, namely, the United States of America, Russia, Canada are investigated. The conclusion about their important role as oil producers, what limits the possibility of oil embargo,is done. The question of lack of political unity among the OPEC members, as, for example, Saudi Arabia and Iran, Iran and Iraq, is unveiled. The factor of political instability in Libya is emphasised. The author comes to the conclusion about necessity to possess a significant share in the oil market, as well as the political consensus for an effective usage of the oil embargo tool. The relevance of the article is based on an increasing role of the Palestine-Israeli confl ict in contemporary international relations, but also the necessity to study the possibility of using the oil embargo in the current conditions, being based on the successful experience of 1970s. The chosen methods are historical and comparative analysis.

The Jewish Yom Kippur (Lev. 16:11-22) and its Relationship with Effutu Aboakyer Festival: A Theological Reflection

This paper explored the parallels between the Jewish Yom Kippur ritual as described in Leviticus 16:11-22 and the Effutu Aboakyer festival celebrated by the Effutu people of Ghana, West Africa. Drawing upon anthropological and sociological methodologies, the study conducted a close exegesis of Leviticus 16:11–22, elucidating its atoning rituals and practices. By situating these rituals within the cultural context of the Effutu community, the paper unveiled remarkable similarities between the Yom Kippur observance and the Aboakyer festival. The chosen methodology acknowledged Scripture’s inherent socio-cultural insights and engages with anthropological research to enrich understanding. The study argued that atonement in traditional festivals does not achieve salvation for humanity; only Jesus’ sacrifice saves. Ultimately, this exploration offers theological reflections that resonate with both African and biblical contexts, shedding light on the enduring relevance of ancient rituals in contemporary cultural frameworks. Keywords: Christ, Effutu Aboakyer Festival, Christ, Leviticus 16, Yom Kippur

Contrasting Conceptions of Teshuvah: Between “Repentance” and “Atonement”—A Case Study of the Beta Israel Community (Ethiopian Jews)

The Ethiopian Jews of the Beta Israel community are unique in the annals of Jewish history. The community maintained its Jewish identity and devotedly upheld observance of the mitzvot, even in the face of grave physical and spiritual difficulties and unrelenting attempts to persuade them to abandon their religion. Yet, their traditions diverge significantly from the accepted Rabbinic halakhic tradition that is the norm in Israel. This paper examines Yom Kippur observances and describes key differences between the Beta Israel tradition, which reflects the centrality of atonement, and the Rabbinic tradition, which reflects the centrality of repentance. These distinctions stand as manifestations of a set of profound differences within the very consciousness that animates the two traditions. Discussion, using the works of thinkers like Rabbis Joseph B. Soloveitchik, his disciple, Prof. Rabbi David Hartman, and Ethiopian sages, will focus on the more theocentric Beta Israel tradition, in which individuals are perceived, and perceive themselves, as a part of a collective, in contrast to the Rabbinic tradition, which places a greater emphasis on the agency of the individual and human reason. We will highlight the difference between the concepts of “repentance” and “atonement” that are at the root of the two communities’ theologies.

The Yom Kippur War or the Kishinev Pogrom? On the Narrativization of Violence, History and Fate

The Yom Kippur War or the Kishinev Pogrom? On the Narrativization of Violence, History and Fate

Parenting following the Death of a Child in War or Terror Attack: “Hyper-Enfranchised Loss”

The purpose of this study is to examine the experience of parenting following the death of a child in a terror attack or war in Israel, from a socio-cultural perspective. The study was conducted according to the Three-sphere Context Model in qualitative narrative research. In-depth, semi-structured life story interviews with 18 Israeli parents who were bereaved in national circumstances and were raising at least one minor surviving child were analyzed according to a narrative-contextual method. The analysis focuses on the multi-dimensional socio-cultural context as expressed in the interviews and as referenced in extra-textual sources as an explanatory framework. The following cultural themes were salient in the interview texts: child-centeredness, the of Jewish survival, the unraveling of the Hegemonic Bereavement Model following the Yom Kippur War, the Holocaust as a template of the construction of loss, the appropriation of the deceased child as a national martyr, and the motif of Jewish heroism and the hierarchy of grief. Following a discussion of the findings using Jung’s notion of the collective unconscious, a new concept of “hyper-enfranchised” loss and grief is presented. For some parents this hyper-enfranchisement helped them to carry on as parents, while for others it constituted a burden. Finally, Terror Management Theory is employed to help explain the grief and parenting processes presented in the findings.

A Hermeneutic Approach to the Formation of a Secular Culture in Modern Israel

ABSTRACT The creation of the state of Israel was the outcome of the Zionist movement, which originated in Europe and was itself inspired by fundamental European ideas—Enlightenment, national self-determination, democracy and socialism. From its earliest days Zionism was primarily a secular movement that rejected the religious establishment and religious way of life of the Jews in the Diaspora. In many respects, however, the founders of the state and the principles on which they founded its institutions—the political, judicial, economic, social, and educational—were rooted in the ethical values and cultural practices of the Jewish tradition which they had apparently rejected. To explain this complex process of secularization of a very ancient religious and cultural tradition—which many see as an unresolved or unresolvable conflict between two opposing systems of thought—I draw on the hermeneutic philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer and especially on his Truth and Method (1960). Culture, according to Gadamer, is a continuous flow of tradition within what he called “the horizon.” People, he argued, create and live within a given cultural tradition, but they are at the same time its interpreters, enlarging it by adopting elements from various cultures and ideologies, or “horizons.” From this hermeneutic perspective, the founders of modern Israel and their successors were the active interpreters of the Jewish tradition within the larger historical context of the European Enlightenment. I illustrate this process of cultural interpretation by focusing on the secularization of the Jewish holidays, specifically on the way the Kibbutz movement, a leading symbol of the new Israel, re-interpretated Jewish holidays like Passover, Shavuot (Pentecost) and Yom Kippur, and gave these religious festivals a secular-Israeli content. However, this dynamic pioneering stage of secularization may be said to have ended by the 1980s. From then on, the secular identity of Israeli society has been undergoing a variety of radical changes.

A Christological Reflection on Yom Kippur from an Akan Christian Perspective

The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) is arguably the holiest and most important day in ancient Israel’s religious calendar. In the Christian religion, the Yom Kippur ritual is interpreted to foreshadow the ultimate sacrifice made by Christ for the atonement of the sin of humanity. Therefore, a theological study of this Old Testament atoning ritual has the potential to shed light on the salvific ministry of Christ. Using a literary research approach, this article explores how atoning practices associated with Yom Kippur might enhance the Christian understanding of Jesus’ atoning sacrifice. I argue that by fulfilling what the Old Testament sacrificial system prefigured, the cross renders any atoning sacrifice obsolete. Therefore, believers ought to refrain from any form of traditional religious sacrifices because such sacrifices have no salvific value. The paper contributes to the ongoing scholarly discourse on Christian soteriology, particularly the doctrine of atonement. Keywords: Akan, Atonement, Christ, Leviticus, Yom Kippur

Yomkippur War from the Perspective of Czechoslovak Diplomacy

This study presents the perspective of Czechoslovak diplomacy on the events of the Yom Kippur War (1973) in the context Czechoslovak foreign policy towards the Arab-Israeli conflict in early 1970s. The research is based on so far rather underexplored archival sources. Despite Czechoslovakia's declared unequivocal support for the Arab side of the conflict, Czechoslovak Middle Eastern policy since the mid-1950s was not entirely unconditional in relation to the Arab countries. Internal documents of Czechoslovak government occasionally revealed criticisms of Arab representatives. The Yom Kippur War represented a significant moment in this regard, as it was a military confrontation initiated not by Israel but by the Arab coalition, posing a challenge for Czechoslovak propaganda. Simultaneously, this armed conflict presented an opportunity for Communist Czechoslovakia to further deepen its relations with its Arab allies.

“Going to the Father” Sacrificially

Abstract This article contends that John portrays not only Jesus’s death but his entire progression to the Father (that is, his crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension) sacrificially. Discussions of Jesus’s sacrifice in John have tended to focus on Jesus’s death. Such an emphasis on death, however, coheres neither with the way John presents Jesus’s crucifixion and ascension as a singular action nor with how most ancient persons understood ritual sacrifice. It is more likely that John and his ancient audiences would have been attuned to the sacrificial connotations not only of Jesus’s death but of his arrest, trial, burial, resurrection, and ascension. By adjusting the hermeneutical category of sacrifice to agree with ancient understandings of the ritual act and its instantiations on Yom Kippur and Passover, this article traces the sacrificial logic running through John’s passion and resurrection narratives. It then concludes by demonstrating the significant social and theological implications of Jesus’s sacrifice in the Gospel of John.

To reappraise or not to reappraise? Emotion regulation strategies moderate the association of loneliness during COVID-19 with depression and anxiety

ABSTRACT Background The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in heightened feelings of loneliness due to lockouts and social restrictions. Objective In the present study, we examined the association of loneliness during the pandemic with anxiety and depression, while exploring the moderating role of the tendency to use two emotion-regulation strategies (expressive suppression, cognitive reappraisal). Design We chose to examine these associations in a sample of older adults, because they faced higher risk for loneliness and health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Specifically, 174 Israeli veterans and ex-prisoners of wars from the 1973 Yom Kippur war (mean age = 69) completed self-report scales tapping loneliness, depression, anxiety, and emotion regulation strategies at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak (April-May 2020). Results Findings revealed a stronger association between loneliness and depression among participants who had a greater tendency of using suppression. The tendency to use suppression did not significantly moderate the link between loneliness and anxiety. Additionally, a weaker association between loneliness and depression was found among participants who has a greater tendency of using reappraisal. However, these participants showed a stronger association between loneliness and anxiety. Conclusions These findings highlight the complexity of reappraisal and adds to the growing body of work on emotion regulation.

Politics in Legal Disguise

AbstractThe article discusses the current legal-political crisis in Israel against the backdrop of the judicial and political powers that have led to the present situation. The disastrous Yom Kippur War of 1973 weakened the government and public confidence in the political institutions. The weaknesses of the government enabled the Supreme Court to carry out a judicial revolution, which completely changed the country's legal system. The legal revolution entered a new stage when the Supreme Court held that the Basic Laws form part of Israel's constitution. This judicially created constitution opened the way for judicial review of legislation. Its weakness stems from the fact that Basic Laws are legislated in much the same way as ordinary legislation. As a result, the Knesset can easily override any ruling of the Court that voids a statute, by amending the relevant Basic Law. The Court is now struggling to find a means of gaining some control over the legislation of Basic Laws. At the same time, the present government declared its intention to carry out legal reforms that are in effect a counter-revolution to the judicial revolution. The article examines how the fluctuation in the political support of the Court affects its decisions.

"Untying the Knots of the Yoke": Yom Kippur and an Agricultural Allusion to Jubilee in Isaiah 58:6

Abstract: A number of scholars have identified allusions to the Jubilee Year found in Isaiah 58. Among these are the trumpet imagery of v. 1 (cf. Lev 25:9) and the self-affliction in vv. 3 and 5 (cf. Lev 16:31). While Jubilee allusions have also been seen in v. 6, which describes the release of slaves alongside imagery of breaking the yoke, I claim here that not all of the allusions to Jubilee in Isa 58:6 have been identified. Though most commentators see the yoke merely as a metaphor for subjugation, there is actually something deeper and more profound going on. The agricultural imagery, when understood rightly in its ancient philological and cultural context, is actually calling to mind the anticipation of the first rainfall that would have accompanied a Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) on which the Jubilee would be announced. The ancient farmer, who would have been anxious to plow the fields at the right time and avoid potential loss, is called to refrain from plowing and to respect the Jubilee legislation to let the land lie fallow. This serves as a metaphor to call those in society, who regard personal gain as more important than having compassion for their fellow human beings, to repent and embrace the commandments of Yhwh.

Crossing under Fire: The Israeli 143d Armored Division at the Suez Canal, 1973

The performance of the Israeli 143d Reserve Armored Division in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Yom Kippur War, provides a compelling example of a combined arms force that recovered from initially devastating losses to enable a complicated, if high-risk, counteroffensive across the Suez Canal to seize strategic initiative and end the war on favorable terms. This achievement, which can be examined through the operational tenets of agility, convergence, endurance, and depth, holds insights for modern militaries as gap-crossing operations remain a central requirement for Joint forces to achieve offensive success in major campaigns.

Predicting secondary posttraumatic stress symptoms among spouses of veterans: Veteran's distress or spouse's perception of that distress?

There is a relatively wide consensus that veterans' posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) may lead to the development of secondary traumatization (ST) among their spouses. However, there is limited knowledge about the way the ST develops over time, as well as its predictors. The current longitudinal study examined ST trajectories among spouses of Israeli war veterans with PTSS, as well as the contribution of veterans' PTSS and wives' assessment of veterans' PTSS to these trajectories. Data were collected from both spouses at 3 time points, 30, 35-37, and 42 years after the 1973 Yom Kippur War (2003, 2008-2010, and 2015, respectively). Using multiple-group Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA), we identified 4 distinct ST trajectories. The majority of wives (68%) were in the resilient group, 12% were in the recovery group, approximately 10% were in the chronic PTSS group and another 10% were in the delayed-onset group. Multinomial regressions revealed that veterans' PTSS predicted the 4 different trajectories among their wives. In addition, wives in the recovery and chronic groups who perceived their veteran husbands' PTSS to be higher also reported higher ST. This study highlights the complexity of the development of ST trajectories over time. Findings supports the idea of PTSS contagion, and reveals the contributing role of both objective and perceived levels of veterans' PTSS in ST. Therefore, implementing interventions aimed at alleviating both individual and couple-level distress may be warranted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The Yom Kippur intelligence failure after fifty years: what lessons can be learned?

ABSTRACT Extensive research has been published about the failure of Israeli intelligence in the Yom Kippur War in 1973, mainly in the context of flawed analysis and strategic surprise. Fifty years after the war, the current article uses an intelligence studies lens to describe major lessons which can be learned from this failure of early warning. Such lessons include the required focus of strategic intelligence on identifying change rather than continuity, the need for explicit analytical methodology beyond inductive reasoning, the importance of integrating assessment of adversary intentions and capabilities, the risk of over-reliance on raw information, and the need for a culture encouraging contrarian thinking.