Yield Ton Research Articles

Variability, Mean Performance Evaluation, Trait Relationship and Principal Component Analysis of Sunflower Genotypes

Forty nine sunflower genotypes evaluated for mean performance and Variability parameters of yield contributing traits at Kulumsa in simple lattice design. The aim is to identify desired characters of the crop, information of nature and genetic variability for seed yield improvement. The traits revealed presence of highly significant genotypic differences at P≤0.01 for yield contrbuting traits: head diameter, number of seed head<sup>-1</sup>, thousand seed weight and seed yield ton ha<sup>-1</sup>. Among the studied genotypes mean performance evaluation indicates that the highest seed yield ton ha<sup>-1 </sup>recorded for genotypes SHRS-2020#18 (3.06ton ha<sup>-1</sup>), followed by SHRS-2020#4 (2.95tonha<sup>-1</sup>) and SHRS-2020#16 (2.84t ha<sup>-1</sup>) and the lowest average seed yield ton ha<sup>-1 </sup>recorded for genotype SHRS-2020#13 (1.15tonha<sup>-1</sup>). Genotypes SHRS-2020#46 (83.5) and SHRS-2020#38 (84.5) the early flowered whereas, the late flowered recorded for the genotype SHRS-2020#43 (107.5) after the date of sowing. Seed yield ton ha<sup>-1</sup> (YTPH), is the most economic trait, was positively and significantly associated with number seed head<sup>-1</sup> and plant height. The characters indicating significantly positively correlation among seed yield and important traits would be highly effective and efficient improving respective traits. Higher estimates of heritability coupled with higher genetic advance were observed for seed yieldtonha<sup>-1</sup> (46.49) and number of seed head<sup>-1</sup> (42.46). This indicated that heritability of the trait is mainly due to additive gene effect and selection is effective for such traits. Principle component analysis (PCA) is usually used to identify the most significant variables in the data. In this study the principle component analysis result showed that accumulative variability original data accounted about 100% for the traits. The first Principal component which accounted for 38.5% total variation were observed through agronomic traits such as: SD, DFF, HD, days to maturity, number of seed head<sup>-1</sup>. Similarily the second principal components which accounted for 17.4% of the total variations among the genoypes were attributed to differently from traits such as: yield ton ha<sup>-1</sup>, number of seed head<sup>-1 </sup>and head diameter were the most important of seed yield positive contributors in the second Principal component. Whereas the third and fourth PCA accounted 14.4% and 14% of variations for agronomic traits such as: TSW, HD and SD in PCA 3 and for PCA 4 TSW, seed yield ton ha<sup>-1</sup>, PH and DNM were the most important positive contributors traits for seed yield. Thus, these variation of traits observed in this experiment can help further as a selection index in genetic improvement of sunflower seed yield and its components.

Effect of Different Cultivation Systems on the Growth and Yield of Three Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was carried out at Al-Najaf Governorate at Rice Research Station - Mishkaab / Agricultural Research Office during the summer season of 2019 to study the effect of cultivation methods for three varieties of rice, using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a split plot arrangement with three replicates. The study contains three varieties of Rice (Anmbar33, Yasmine and Furat1) as main treatments, whereas, sub plots contain four treatments of the cultivation methods (direct seeds drilling in plots (flat sowing) its symbol (S1), transplanting seedlings in plots (flat sowing) its symbol (S2), direct seed drilling by mastaba method (raised bed sowing) its symbol (S3) and transplanting seedling by mastaba method (raised bed sowing) its symbol (S4)). The results presented the superiority of the variety Furat1 significantly gave the best results of (weight of 1000 grains (gm), number of panicles.m2, and yield ton. ha-1. The treatment of cultivation method S4 was also superior by giving the best results of (Panicle Length cm, Number of Days from Planting to 100% Flowering, Number of Grains. panicle -1, and Yield ton. ha-1).

The Role of the Hierarchy of the Production Tillers in wheat Cultivar km 5180 under the Effect of Sowing Spaces

Interpapillary spacing is an important aspect of crop management in general, and the choice of row spacing reflects a compromise between improving natural resource capture by the constituent members of the plant in the field. The research was applied during the winter season 2019-2020 to know the role of planting row spacing on the main stem and tillers of wheat cultivar km5180. Use the design of R.C.B.D. In the order of the factorial experiment, the cultivars occupied the first factor, and included V1 the Iraq variety and V2 the KM5180 cultivar. The agricultural distances were the second factor, and the distances included three (S1 = 20) cm, (S2 = 40) cm, and (S3 = 60) cm, spacing between the lines. The results showed the effect of line spacing on most of the studied characteristics of the main stem, as the distance of 60 cm gave a significant superiority in the characteristics (spike length (cm), number of spikes.m2 and biological yield ton. ha), which averaged (13.72 (cm), 32.5 spikes.m2 and 5.7088 ton. ha) successively, as the results showed that the distance of 60 cm exceeded the studied characteristics of the branches (plant height cm, number of spikes m2 and biological yield ton. ha), which averaged (91.31, 301.7 spikes m2 and 10.515 ton. ha) sequentially. The reason for the cultivation distance exceeding (60) cm, the farthest between the lines, is due to the increase in the number of stems bearing spikes and the lack of competition for penetrating light and mineral elements present in the soil between plants, and then the nutrients deposited in all parts of the plant. As for the cultivars, the main stem of the KM5180 cultivar was significantly superior for the characteristics (spike length cm, number of spikes/spike, number of spikes.m2), whose averages were (12.68 cm, 17.500 spikes/spike and 195.50 spikes.m2), respectively, over the Iraq cultivar. We conclude that it is possible to adopt the planting distance of 60 cm and the cultivar KM5180, as it gave the best results in most of the traits included in the research.

The Effect of Depth of the Smart Artificial Subsurface Irrigation Pipes and the Distance on the Efficiency of the System Performance and Yield of Sunflower

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of pipes depth and the distance between them in the smart artificial subsurface irrigation system on the efficiency of the system performance and the yield of sunflower (Helianths annuus L.), in one of the fields of Al-Raed Research Station/Ministry of Water Resources located 25 km west Baghdad for the growing season 2022. Two factors were used in the experiment, the first factor included the depths of the subsurface irrigation pipes at three levels 10, 15, and 20 cm. The second factor included the between subsurface irrigation pipes at three levels 50, 60, and 70 cm. The characters studied were soil moisture content %., irrigation water amount, cm3 h-1. depth of irrigation water added cm, plant height cm, and sunflower grain yield ton ha-1. Nested system was used according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The pipes depth was allocated to the main plot and the distance in the sub-plots. Least significant difference was used under the probability (LSD 0.05) to compare the averages of treatments. The results showed that the highest and lowest values of moisture content were 23.21 and 16.69 % for treatment depth 20 and distance 60 cm and treatment depth 10 and distance 70 cm, respectively. The highest and lowest values for irrigation water depth were 7.99 and 5.31 cm for the treatment depth 15 and distance 50 cm, and treatment depth 10 and distance 60 cm, respectively. The highest and lowest values for the amount of water consumed were 234.59 and 96.7 cm3 h-1 for treatments depth 10 and distance 50 cm, and treatment depth 20 and distance 60 cm, respectively. The highest and lowest values for plant height were 150.6 and 117.0 cm for the treatment depth 20 and distance 50 cm and treatment depth 10 and distance 70 cm, respectively. The highest and lowest values of grain yield were 4.97- and 2.62-ton ha-1 for treatments depth 20 and distance 50 cm and treatment depth 10 and distance 70 cm, respectively.

Effect of Fertilizing Method, Silt Soil, and Application of Effective Microorganism on Growth and Yield of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in a Greenhouse

The experiment was conducted on a private farm at Northern Elselait Scheme, Khartoum State, Sudan to study the effect of fertilization method, soil type, and microorganism application on the growth and yield of tomatoes crop op under greenhouse conditions. Silt soil and two types of fertilizing units (injector and by-pass) were used for applying effective microorganisms (EM) in two levels (0 and 12 L/ha), at fortnight intervals after 45 days to 90 days from planting. A split-plot design was used with three replications. The data collected were: plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of flowers, number of fruits, and weight of fruits per plant. . The production indicators showed that tomato crop agronomic parameters were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by the method of fertigation and application of effective microorganisms. A mean yield of 5.4 tons per hectare of plants grown on silt soil and fertilized with effective microorganisms (EM) using an injector fertilizing unit, when fertilization was done by a by-pass fertilizer system applying effective microorganisms (EM) gave a yield of 4.6 ton/ha and yield ton per hectare of silt soil fertilized by injector fertilizer with non-applied effective microorganisms (EM0) was 7.3 ton/ha, while with silt soil fertilized by a by-pass fertilizer unit with non-applied effective microorganisms (EM0) it was 5.5 ton/ha.

Effect of cultivars and split application of nitrogen at the different growth stages on yield and its component of bread wheat (Triticum aes-tivum L.) under rain-fed conditions in Kurdistan, Iraq

To investigate the best N fertilizer application regime for the environment and the economy. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted for one year (2020–2021) under the rain-fed condition at two locations in the Sulaimani region; Qlyasan research field of the College of Agriculture Engineering University of Sulaimani and the Kanipanka research station in the Sharazoor valley to determine the effect of the application of 120 kg ha-1 N in four split doses (T6) at four growing stages, sowing, tillering, booting, and spiking, respectively. Were T1 (60 kg ha-1 N at sowing, 60 kg ha-1 N at tillering) used as a control, T2 (60 kg ha-1 N at sowing, 30 kg ha-1 N at tillering, 30 kg ha-1 N at booting), T3 (60 kg ha-1 N at sowing, 30 kg ha-1 N at tillering, 30 kg ha-1 N at spiking), T4 (60 kg ha-1 N at sowing, 20 kg ha-1 N at tillering, 20 kg ha-1 N booting, 20 kg ha-1 N at spiking), T5 (40 kg ha-1 N at sowing,30 kg ha-1 N at tillering, 30 kg ha-1 N at booting, 20 kg N ha-1 N at spiking) and T6 (40 kg ha-1 N at sowing, 40 kg ha-1 N at tillering, 40 kg ha-1 N at booting) and their effect on grain yield and it’s components of bread wheat cultivars (Adana-99, Hawler-4, and Sulaimani-2). A split plot arrangement within Randomimized Complete Block Design with three replicates was used. The possible comparison among the means was calculated following the Duncan test at a significant level of 0.05. As part of grain yield, no. of spikes m-2, no. of grains.spike, thousand-grain weight (g) (TGW), grain yield ton ha-1 (GY), biological yield ton ha-1 (BY), and Harvest Index (H.I) were all calculated. As the average of both locations of the results showed that the impact of Cultivars on agronomic traits was significant, Sulaimani-2 produced the maximum values for all characters, with the exception of (TGW) and (H.I), which were provided by Hawler-4. All the bread wheat characters were significantly influenced by the time of application of nitrogen, where T5 produced the maximum value for all characters with the exception no. of spike m-2, where T6 had the ultimate value. The no. of spikes m-2 had a significant effect on the T4, and T5 study characters. Based on what we've found, the best combination is Sulaimani-2 with T6 and T5 except in Qlyasan location with T6 only when rain is guaranteed. This increases both the yield and its components.

Effect of ethylene gas and Tryptophan amino acid in two oat varieties under soil stress conditions

A field experiment was conducted at the Research Station, Agriculture Faculty, Al-Muthanna University. The investigation was applied using the split-plot design, according to RCBD, with three replicates, varieties occupied the main plots, amino acid tryptophan occupied the sub-plots, and ethylene levels occupied the sub-sub-plot. The results showed that Shifaa Variety was distinguished in the harvest index. Results showed its distinction in the characteristic of the Panicle number. The interaction between the varieties and the amino acids showed increased grain yield percentage and the Panicle numbers when the amino acid was added. The exchange of cultivars with ethylene showed a decrease in plant height at 250 ppm and an increase in the Panicle numbers, the tiller numbers and the number of grains Panicle -1. As for the interaction of amino acid with ethylene, the treatment of adding acid and concentration of 250 ppm was superior with increasing some traits, including the number of grains Panicle -1, grain yield tons ha-1 and biological yield. While in the triple interaction, the treatment of (oat 11 × amino acid × the addition of Ethylene 250 ppm) was superior on some traits, including the increase in, the Panicle numbers and 1000 grain weight. Keywords: ethylene gas, Tryptophan amino acid, oat, soil stress conditions

Water consumption of corn for grain depending on the predecessor and fertilizers used using strip-til technology

In the Volgograd region, 3-year field experiments were carried out on chernozem soils of cultivating corn for grain using the resource-saving Strip-til technology. The two-factor experiments made it possible to establish the optimal precursor for corn for grain and fertilizer application rates. The crop predecessor was taken as factor A (A1 - winter wheat, A2 - corn for grain, A3 - sunflower), and the use of fertilizers was taken as factor B (B1 - N50P16K16, B2 - N32P32K32). The maximum yield was noted for the predecessor winter wheat against the background of fertilizers N50P16K16 - 6.12 t/ha, in the variants for all predecessors when applying fertilizers, more economical water consumption was established, moisture was spent most efficiently to create 1 ton of yield in the variant with the predecessor winter wheat against the background of fertilizers N50P16K16 -443.51 m3/t. Ineffective moisture consumption was established for the predecessor sunflower on an unfertilized background - 973.67 m3/t.

Effect of Irrigation, Nitrogen Sources, and Metribuzin on Performance of Maize and Its Weeds

ABSTRACT Exploiting water and nutrients by crop plants is limiting by abundance of undesirable plant species viz weeds due to their competitiveness ability, affecting crop productivity and quality. Thus, over two seasons of 2017 and 2018, field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt to study the response of maize grain yield and its nutrient constituents and associated weeds to two irrigation intervals (every 15 and 22 days), three weed control treatments (hoeing twice, metribuzin, and unweeded) as well as three nitrogen forms (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and urea). The tested factors distributed in a strip plots design with four replications. The results showed that dry weight of grasses (56.1 g m−2) and total weeds (67.2 g m−2) were lower with irrigation every 15 day. Irrigation every 15 day gave the maximum increase in plant height (233 cm), ear length (18.4 cm), ear diameter (4.7 cm), 100 grain weight (28.0 g), grain yield (7.58 ton ha−1) and leaf P (0.29%) and K (2.07%) contents. Hoeing gave the lowest biomass of grasses, total weeds and weeds potassium content, while metribuzin was the superior in diminishing broadleaf weed biomass. Hoeing was as similar as metribuzin as in enhancing plant height, ear length, 100 grain weight and grain yield ton ha–1. Nitrogen (N) form had no significant effect on weed biomass. However, ammonium nitrate was the most effective form at promoting 100 grain weight, ear length, grain yield ton ha–1 and maize leaf potassium content. Results exhibited that irrigating maize fields every 15 day × hoeing or metribuzin × ammonium sulfate–N could be a combatable and integrative pattern for diminishing weed growth and keeping crop productivity.

Irrigation Scheduling and Weed Management: A Sustainable Approach for Managing Broomrape and Other Weeds in Tomato Crop

Broomrape (Orobanche cernua L.) is an obligate root parasitic weed that significantly reduces the qualitative and yield attributes of tomatoes globally. The efficient management of broomrape is challenging because of its complicated parasitic nature. Field trials were conducted to assess the influence of various irrigation scheduling and weed control strategies on broomrape, weed presence, and tomato productivity. The experiment was conducted with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement and was replicated three times. Three irrigation intervals (3, 6, and 9 days) were assigned to the main block, while sub-blocks including treatments and year were taken as the source of variance (year × irrigation timing × treatments). The experiment comprised sixteen treatments, including transparent polythene, black polythene, weedy check (Control), sole weeding of broomrape only, weeding of all weeds, weeding except broomrape, humic acid 25 kg ha−1+ copper oxychloride in single and split doses, copper oxychloride (1.5 kg a.i ha−1 in single and split doses), ammonium sulphate 200 kg ha−1 in single and split doses, copper sulfate (2 kg ha−1 in single/split doses), and glyphosate 48 SL (1.5 kg a.i ha−1) and pendimethalin 33 EC (1.44 kg a.i ha−1). The results revealed that among the various irrigation intervals, the highest broomrape intensity (4.34 plant−1) was observed with a9-day irrigation interval. Similarly, the highest weed density (35 m−2) resulted in a3-day irrigation interval. Furthermore, irrigation at a 6-day interval increased the plant height by 11%, fruit yield tons ha−1 by 24.9 %, and produced the highest cost/benefit ratio (CBR) of (1:4). Black polythene, transparent polythene, and pendimethalin reduced the weed density by 92%, 89%, and 84%;weed dry biomass by 97%, 95%, and 91%; and broomrape intensity by 67%, 77%, and 28%. Conversely, the plant height increased by 24%, 23%, and 23.6%; and fruit yield by 286%, 270%, and 191%; and had the highest CBR of 1:5, 1:4, and 1:4, respectively, as compared to the weedy check. Consequently, an increase in irrigation frequency increases other weed densities and decreases the broomrape intensity plant−1 of tomato. Therefore, black polythene could be recommended in a severely broomrape-infested field. Moreover, irrigation at 6-day intervals combined with pendimethalin and ammonium sulfate fertilizers revealed the lowest incidence of broomrape and other weeds and produced an economic yield.

Effect of Seed Priming of Two Stored Sudangrass Genotypes on Seed Germination, Seedling Vigor, Growth and Forage Yield and Its Component

Seed priming is a technique, which could improve the germination and establishment on the seeds, which were stored for 1.5 years under normal conditions. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of different seed priming techniques, through un-soaked seed (control), Hydro-priming (soaked with distill water), 25 ppm of salicylic acid, 1.5% of Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 3% of Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) for 10 hours on seed germination%, seedling vigor and forage yield of two sudangrass genotypes (Piper black and Giza1). Two experiments (laboratory and field) were conducted at Sakha Agric. Res. Station, ARC, Egypt, during the two successive summer seasons 2019 and 2020.The results obtained indicated that 25 ppm of salicylic acid followed by 1.5% of CaCl2 and 3% of KH2PO4 treatments significantly affected on seed germination percentage, shoot and root length, fresh and dry seedling weight, seed vigor index, seedling vigor index, electrical conductivity and forage yield. Piper black genotypes were the highest in seed germination percentage, seed vigor index and seedling dry weight, but it was the lowest of electrical conductivity. It could be concluded that seed priming may serve as an appropriate treatment for accelerating the emergence so improve cutting and forage yield of sudangrass genotypes under study. Significant differences for fresh yield ton /hectare and piper black had higher fresh, dry and total yield ton /hectare than Giza1. Seed priming had highly significant differences at all cuts in the two seasons and SA25 ppm Salsilc acid treatment had superior and the highest dry yield in the two seasons, while control treatment was the lowest dry yield. Technique of seed priming led to improving germination, seedling characters, and forage yield under experiment conditions in comparison to non-primed seed (dry seed) in sudangrass seed stored for 1.5 years. Salicylic acid with 25 ppm had the highest values followed by1.5% of CaCl2 and 3% of KH2PO4 in the field conditions. Piper black genotype was the best as compared with Giza1 genotype, which gave the highest seed germination %, seedling vigor and viability. May be recommended for hydropriming seeds for 10 hours in water, which led to an increase in the total fresh yield by 30%, the highest seed germination percentage (94.00 and 92.50%), seed vigor index (20.79 and 19.84) and seedling vigor index (2194.11 and 2236.47) as practical seeds about 10 hours treatment.

Assessment of water footprint based on estimated crop evapotranspiration for paddy, sugarcane and banana under semi-arid climate

Climate change impact has adverse effects on water use in crop production. A better crop water use indicators to decide upon the water use policies of that region or country is necessary. Water footprint indicates relationship between water use and crop yield. Rice, sugarcane and banana are the major crops which require a significant amount of water in Lalgudi block of Trichy district in Tamil Nadu. This study analyzed the total water requirement, blue and green crop evapotranspiration, blue and green crop water use and blue, green and total water footprint for paddy, sugarcane and banana in Lalgudi block. The crop water footprint estimated by using FAO56-Kc for paddy, sugarcane and banana was 2173 m3 ton-1, 304 m3/ton and 501 m3/ton respectively. And by using ClimAdj-Kc, the crop water footprint for paddy, sugarcane and banana was 2228 m3 ton-1, 307 m3/tonand 503 m3/tonrespectively. It was found that quantity of water used for producing per ton of yield was higher in paddy in comparison to banana and sugarcane.

The Effects of Mature and Immature Chicken Manure in the Growth and Yield of Lettuce Plant (Lactuca sativa L.)

Different age of chicken manure may create a different effect on growth and production of plants. The reason for conducting the study was to determine the response of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) for mature chicken manure (old); its age was 6 months, and immature chicken manure; its age was less than 10 days. The research consisted of eleven treatments. Five deferent levels included 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 grams per plant (g plant-1) were used for each type of chicken manure (mature and immature) plus control treatment, and three replications were conducted for each treatment. The parameters of fresh weight (edible part only), leaves number, head diameter and plant length were recorded, at harvesting period. Also, the fresh weight has been converted to lettuce's yield ton hectare-1 (ton h-1). The result indicated that applying the old chicken manure (except 50 g plant-1) caused a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in fresh weight, leave number, head diameter and the yield of lettuce. However, lettuce supplied with high levels of immature chicken manure exhibited significant increase (P< 0.05) in fresh weight, plant length and the yield. Lettuce fertilized with 150 g plant-1 of immature chicken manure produced 68.48 ton h-1 which was 18 tons higher compared to only 50.20 ton h-1 in control’s plot. Based on the obtained result, avoiding application old chicken manure and utilization fresh manure in order to stimulate vegetative growth and lettuce yield are recommended.

Effect of Planting Dates on Growth and Yield of Four Cultivars of Wheat

A field experiment was applied at the research station in Al-Najmi district, Al-Muthanna governorate during the agricultural season 2020-2021, to determine evaluating several cultivars of wheat by changing the date of their cultivation. The experiment was applied using the split plot using the Randomized complete Block Design(RCBD) with three replicates experiment method, where the planting dates were occupied (1/11, 15/11, 1/12 and 12/15) the main plots, while the cultivars (Baghdad, Furat, Rashid, and Wafia) occupied the secondary plots and with three replicates. The results showed that the planting date (1/12) was superior to the number of days up to 75% of flowering, the number of spikes. m−2, and the grain yield ton. ha−1, which amounted to 109 days, 409.9 spikes and 5.77 tons, respectively. While the planting date (15/11) exceeded in both characteristics the leaf area and the number of grains in the spike, as it reached 46.18 cm and 49.78 grains. As for the cultivaries, the Baghdad cultivar surpassed in the characteristics of the area of the flag leaf, the number of fertile spikes, the number of grains per spike, and the grain yield, which reached 44.70 cm, 395.7 spikes.m−2, 48.38 grains, spike−1 and 6.16 tons.ha−1, respectively.

Evaluation of sugarcane genotypes with respect to sucrose yield across three crop cycles using GGE biplot analysis

SummaryThe experiment was carried out in three crop cycles as plant cane, first ratoon, and second ratoon at five locations on Florida muck soils (histosols) to evaluate the genotypes, test locations, and identify the superior and stable sugarcane genotypes. There were 13 sugarcane genotypes along with three commercial cultivars as checks included in this study. Five locations were considered as environments to analyze genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) in 13 genotypes in three crop cycles. The sugarcane genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design with six replications at each location. Performance was measured by the traits of sucrose yield tons per hectare (SY) and commercial recoverable sugar (CRS) in kilograms of sugar per ton of cane. The data were subjected to genotype main effects and genotype × environment interaction (GGE) analyses. The results showed significant effects for genotype (G), locations (E), and G × E (genotype × environment interaction) with respect to both traits. The GGE biplot analysis showed that the sugarcane genotype CP 12-1417 was high yielding and stable in terms of sucrose yield. The most discriminating and non-representative locations were Knight Farm (KN) for both SY and CRS. For sucrose yield only, the most discriminating and non-representative locations were Knight Farm (KN), Duda and Sons, Inc. USSC, Area 5 (A5), and Okeelanta (OK).

Selection of several genotype of genetically modified rice (Oryza sativa L.) under the conditions of Al- Najaf Governorate in terms of vegetative growth, yield and its components

The experiment was carried out during growing season (2018-2019) at the Rice Research Station in Mishkhab / AL-Najaf-Iraq, The seeds of 27 genotypes were sowing with the aim of selecting the best economically yielding genotypes for cultivation under the conditions of AL-Najaf. The experiment was arranged with a randomized complete block design with four replication. The results showed significant differences between the genotypes for all the traits under study. The G27 genotype showed superiority for traits exceeded, number of grains per panicle, grain yield ton. ha-1, the biological yield ton. ha-1 and the sterility percentage (%), with averages were 220.17, 13.34, 27.95, and 4.48, respectively. Whereas, the genotype G14 was superior with the characteristics of the number of fertile panicles and the duration of fullness the grain, which averaged 37.00 and 82.25 respectively, while the genotype G13 was significant for weight of 1000 grains (g), and the genotype G21 was superior with the flag leaf area which gave an average 32.45 cm2. Through this study, genotypes (G1, G2, G12, G15, G16, G17, G18, G21, G25 and G27) showed the best field performance in terms of growth characteristics and the outcome of their selection for the second agricultural season.

Effect of different single herbicide doses on sugar beet yield, quality and associated weeds

BackgroundThe objective of this work is to identify the most proper herbicidal treatment on sugar beet to compare different single weed control herbicide doses on sugar beet traits and associated weeds as well as yield and quality under sandy soil conditions. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted during the winter seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at the Experimental Farm of the National Research Centre, El-Beheira Governorate. Tigro at 1.0 and 0.750 l fed−1, Betasana-Trio at 0.675 and at 0.9 l fed−1, Select Super at 0.5 and 0.375 l fed−1 and Betanal MaxxPro at 0.5 l fed−1 besides the unweeded and hand weeded twice were used.ResultsThe results showed that the herbicides Betasana-Trio at 0.9 l fed−1, Tigro at 1.0 l fed−1 and Betasana-Trio at 0.675 l fed−1 when sprayed twice could effectively and/or completely eliminate the broadleaved weeds associated with sugar beet plants. Moreover, the results indicated and confirmed that Tigro and Betasana-Trio herbicides are effective in controlling broadleaved weeds. Similar tendency was recorded for the narrow-leaved weeds, where Select Super or Betanal MaxxPro at 0.5 l fed−1 as well as Select Super at 0.375 l fed−1 could completely eliminate or minimize the narrow-leaved weeds associated with sugar beet plants. The greatest significant root length, root diameters and root yield plant−1 were recorded when hand weeding twice followed by Betanal MaxxPro at 0.5 l fed−1 without significant differences. Gross sugar % ranged between 12.08 and 15 .7% and extractable sugar % ranged between 8.97 and 13.8% for Betasana-Trio at 0.09 l fed−1 and Betanal MaxxPro at 0.5 l fed−1.ConclusionBetanal MaxxPro gave the highest values of root and biological yield ton fed−1. Betanal MaxxPro followed by hand weeding treatment twice resulted in the greatest sugar yield fed−1. The highest sugar yield resulted from the herbicidal treatment with Betanal MaxxPro or Tigro at 1.0 l fed−1, which gave the greatest gross and extractable sugar yield fed−1 and exceeded the hand weeding treatment by 10.4 and 7.8%.

Performance and Adaptability Evaluation of Improved Onion Varieties (<i>Allium cepa</i> L.) for Bulb Yield and Some Agronomic Traits

Onion is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world including Ethiopia. The field experiment was conducted in Arsi zone at Kulumsa Agriculture Research Center and Ziway Dugda districts under irrigation condition. A total of five improved onion varieties were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications with the objectives of studying the performance and adaptability of improved onion varieties for bulb yield and yield related traits in 2017 during off season. The combined Analysis of variance (variety by location) revealed that significant difference between improved onion varieties for maturity date, marketable and unmarketable bulb yield tons per hectare, bulb length in centimeter, and bulb weight in gram was observed. But non-significant difference for plant height in centimeter, total bulb yield tons per hectare and average bulb diameter in centimeter were observed between improved onion varieties. Except variety Adama Red all the tested improved onion varieties (Melkam, Nafis, Nasik Red and Bombay Red) was well performed and adapted. These varieties were gave more than 40 marketable bulb yield t ha^-1. So those improved onion varieties were recommended for the study area and areas of similar agro- ecological zones under off season growing condition.

АГРОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НОРМАТИВНЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО ПИТАНИЯ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЛЕСОСТЕПИ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ

The authors studied the influence of different methods of using micronutrient fertilizers on the yield of spring wheat grain and established standard agrochemical indicators of mineral nutrition on the grassland-chernozem soil of the Omsk region. Use was made of helated micronutrient fertilizers (zinc and copper). Chelated micronutrient fertilizers are an organic complex of a microelement with a chelating agent, in which the microelement is freely absorbed by the plant. The advantages of chelated micronutrient fertilizers are an increase in the availability of trace elements, because these compounds are entirely supplied to the leaf during foliar feeding or during pre-sowing treatment of seeds, protection against the formation of insoluble, inaccessible, economical consumption. The experiment established that the use of zinc and copper chelates in the cultivation of spring wheat in the forest-steppe conditions of the Omsk region is effective. The best rate of zinc and copper for pre-sowing seed treatment is 200 g/t. For foliar top dressing in the tillering phase, the best rate of zinc chelate is 20 g/ha, the most effective top dressing is copper chelate at a rate of 10 g/ha, as it is less expensive in terms of the amount of the applied product. Optimizing spring wheat nutrition by using zinc and copper chelates by foliar feeding of plants in the phase of stemming provided an average increase in yield from 0.03 to 0.16 t/ha of grain (1.4–7.3% compared to control). Experiments revealed a positive effect of zinc chelate in this phase of the yield development, when zinc was used at a rate of 20 g/ha, the greatest yield increase was obtained 0.14 t/ha (2.20 t/ha in control), when using copper chelate the maximum yield was obtained at a rate of 20 g/ha. To obtain a ton of yield in the best version of Zn200, spring wheat required: N – 35.7 kg, P2О5 – 21.9 kg, K2О – 22.6 kg, Zn – 47.56 g, Cu – 5.91 kg. When treating Cu200, the removal of nutrients amounted to: N – 33.9 kg, P2О5 – 21.8 kg, K2О – 22.1 kg, Zn – 54.03 g, Cu – 4.80 g. When carrying out foliar top dressing in the tillering phase of Zn20, the removal of nutrients from a ton of crop yield amounted to: N – 35.4 kg, P2О5 – 23.4 kg, K2O – 23.4 kg, Zn – 49.7 g, Cu – 4.87 g; in the Cu10 variant it was required: N – 34.3 kg, P2O5 – 22.5 kg, K2O – 23.6 kg, Zn – 52.9 g, Cu – 4.36 g. Foliar dressing in the booting phase at a rate of Zn20 was characterized by the following per-ton removal: N – 34.6 kg, P2О5 – 25.3 kg, K2О – 24.9 kg, Zn – 65.0 g, Cu – 5.13 g, treatment with copper chelates Cu20, the removal of nutrients amounted to: N – 34.7 kg, P2О5 – 24.4 kg, K2O – 25.9 kg, Zn – 61.1 g, Cu – 6.4 g. The element utilization coefficients from the soil (EUC) accounted for: nitrogen – 87%, phosphorus – 8.0%, potassium – 6.0%, zinc – 7.0%, copper – 2.0%.

Performance Evaluation of Banana Varieties, through Farmer’s Participatory Selection

ABSTRACT In many developing countries of rural areas, banana plays a significant role as source of economic growth, income, food security and nutrition. Seven dessert Banana cultivars were evaluated at West Hararghe, Mechara. The analysis of variance indicate that there were highly significant (p < .001) difference of all morphological traits except fruit diameter and fruit length. The highest yield ton ha−1 was recorded for variety of Giant Cavendish (11.83 ton ha−1) but statistically on par with Robusta (10.67 ton ha−1) and Williams −1 (10 ton ha−1) and farmers in the study areas prefer Giant Cavendish, Robusta and Williams-I for yield and different morphological traits. These varieties also have the highest number of leaves as well as pseudo stem girth and plant height. Therefore, the varieties viz., Giant Cavendish, Williams-I and Robusta are highly recommended to the society of west Hararghe zone. For future work, we recommended to conduct studies on nutritional quality leaves as feed for animals and fruit quality.