Plot Yield Research Articles

Effect of drought at different reproductive stages on yield and yield components of some cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata l. Walp</i>) varieties in Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria

Drought is one of the most unfavorable abiotic factors that can affect the growth and yield of cowpea. Drought at different reproductive stages can interfere with the morphological processes of plants. Therefore this research aim to determine the effect of drought at different reproductive stages on yield and yield components of some cowpea varieties. A screen house experiment was conducted at the Botanical Garden of Biological Science Department, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida, University during the 2022 cropping season The three cowpea varieties used were; FUAMPEA 1, FUAMPEA 2 and ITK89KD-288 which were planted and subjected to water stress at three different reproductive stages which included; early flowering stage, early pod set stage, early seed filling stage and a well-watered treatment to serve as control. The treatments were arranged in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) in three replications. Cowpea yield attributes evaluated were; number of pods per plant, pod length, pod weight per pot, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, total grain yield per pot and estimated grain yield per hectare. Results revealed that variety was highly significant (p≤0.01) for pod length, total grain yield per pot and estimated grain yield per hectare. On the other hand, drought was significant (p≤0.05) for pod weight per pot. Variety however was not significant for number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight. Drought showed a highly significant effect (p≤0.01) on number of pods per plant, pod length, pod weight per pot, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, total grain yield per pot and estimated grain yield per hectare. Water stress at early seed filling stage significantly reduced total grain yield per plot and total grain yield per hectare. Drought at different reproductive stages affects the morphological and physiological processes of cowpea as a crop. This is an indication that water is very crucial during the growth and yield of cowpea.

Modeling sugarcane development and growth within ECOSMOS biophysical model

Sugarcane plays an important role in electricity and sugar production and is a viable biofuel. Developing and optimizing a mechanism that can predict crop growth and yield at different spatiotemporal scales can promote the understanding of the effects of cultivation on the ecosystem, while providing options for optimizing management measures and improving the operational procedures of sugarcane growers. The main objective of this study is to integrate the sugarcane module into the ECOSystem MOdel Simulator (ECOSMOS) model and calibrate a parameter set for sugarcane genotypes groups (using different datasets); the model supports datasets that vary in complexity (from flux tower experiments to operational plots), while accounting for high genotype-by-environment-by-management (GxExM) variability. First, we calibrated the ECOSMOS biophysical and physiological parameters for the sugarcane module using two micrometeorological experimental sites, based on eddy-covariance and biomass measurements. Second, sugarcane genotypes located in different regions of contrasting climate conditions were split into two groups based on their period of harvest, i.e., early or mid-to-late harvest season, and two parameter sets were proposed. The sugarcane module was used to estimate the yield of numerous plots, using two different parameter sets, namely, the general and regionally-specific parameter sets. The model could successfully simulate the biophysical and physiological processes of the biomass of stalks and leaves, energy and carbon fluxes, and soil-water dynamics; for Experimental Site 2, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) was 0.14–0.86 and the relative root mean square error (RRMSE) was 13–112. However, the generic parameter set did not perform well in all production environments, and the difference between the observed and simulated yields ranged from 0.9 to 14.5 (Mg ha-1). Hence, a novel calibration approach adopted in this study improved the module’s accuracy, while improving the performances for all five production environments, with the difference between the observed and simulate yields being 0.3–2.2 (Mg ha-1). Although the two parameter sets can be used as a reference for sugarcane plantations in Brazil, we recommend recalibrating the model (for ensuring higher accuracy) before operational applications. Notably, the ECOSMOS-sugarcane model is emerging as a complex ecosystem model that can support the quantifications and evaluations of the effects of sugarcane plantations on the carbon and water balances in different environmental conditions, particularly in tropical regions.

Ionomic Concentration and Metabolomic Profile of Organically and Conventionally Produced ‘Rojo Brillante’ Persimmon

This study evaluates mineral concentrations, biocomponents contents and fruit quality attributes in ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmon grown under organic and conventional managements. During two seasons, the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) were determined in leaves and fruits. Weight, color, firmness, and total soluble solids (TSS) were also evaluated in fruits. Moreover, in the second season, organic acids (citric, succinic, and fumaric acids), main sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose), carotenoids (β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin), phenolic compounds (gallic and ρ-coumaric), and ascorbic acid concentrations were determined in fruit flesh. The crop yield in the conventional plots was bigger than that for organic crops. Nevertheless, the highest agronomic efficiency was found in organic management. In general, the greater nutrient supply in the conventional compared to in the organic system did not result in higher concentrations of macro- and microelements in leaves and fruits. The organic fruit had higher color values and lower firmness values than the conventional fruit. The concentrations of malic acid, β-cryptoxanthin, and ascorbic acid were higher in the organic compared to in the conventional fruit, while no crop system effect was found in the other evaluated biocompounds.

Effects of vermicompost on the growth and yield of spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

Spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is a popular salad vegetable produced widely over the world, including in Vietnam. Thanks to its flavor and aroma, it is an indispensable ingredient used to flavor soups and other dishes. Vermicompost is a natural and environmentally friendly fertilizer used widely to increase crop production and maintain the sustainability of agrosystems. Consequently, this study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of vermicompost at different application rates in promoting the growth and yield parameters of spring onion. The results show that adding vermicompost to spring onion production had significant positive effects on plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, individual plant weight, and plot yield. Particularly, the application of vermicompost at 40 t ha-1 showed the highest performance in the observed parameters, increasing the number of leaves, number of tillers, individual plant weight, and plot yields to 64.78, 21.18, 302.96 g plant-1, and 4.86 kg m-2, respectively. The plot yields in the treatments of the highest and lowest vermicompost application increased by 49.1% and 3.9%, respectively, in comparison to the control. Consequently, there was a strongly positive relationship between the application rate of vermicompost and the plot yield.

Genetic investigation of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) genotypes under hill zone of Karnataka, India

Twenty radish (Raphanus sativus L.) genotypes were evaluated during summer 2022-23 at Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Mudigere to study the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance as a per cent of mean in radish. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among all the genotypes for all the characters under study. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as a per cent of mean was recorded for plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, days to harvest, root length, root diameter, root girth, root weight, root volume, root yield per plot and root yield per hectare, suggesting that these traits can be improved through direct selection due to additive gene action.

Enhancing Growth, Yield, and Physio-Chemical Properties of Mustard (Brassica Napus L) Through Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Under Salinity Condition in Satkhira, Bangladesh

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield, and physio-chemical properties of mustard (Brassica napus L) during the Rabi season 2021-2022 at the experimental field of BINA (Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture) substation farm, Satkhira, Bangladesh. The experiment had 10 treatments viz. T1 = 100% RDF (Recommended Dose Fertilizer), T2 = 75% RDF + 3 ton ha-1 vermicompost, T3 = 50% RDF + 5 ton ha-1 vermicompost, T4 = 75% RDF + 3 ton ha-1 cow-dung, T5 = 50% RDF + 5 ton ha-1 cow-dung, T6 = control, T7 = 3 ton ha-1 cow-dung, T8 = 5 ton ha-1 cow-dung, T9 = 3 ton ha-1 vermicompost, T10 = 5 ton ha-1 vermicompost with three (3) replications in randomized complete block design (RCBD). The combined effect of treatments varied significantly for most of the characters studies. The results revealed that the maximum plant height (cm), No. of primary branches plant-1, no. of secondary branches plant-1, total siliqua plant-1, siliqua length (cm), seeds siliqua-1, seeds plant-1, and yield plot-1 were recorded with the application of 75% RDF + 3 ton ha-1 vermicompost which was significant over control. The combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers was found significant in the growth, yield, and physio-chemical properties of mustard cultivation. SAARC J. Agric., 21(2): 169-182 (2023)

Effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin + Carbofuran Application and Habitat Modification on Population Dynamics Of 0rseolia oryzivora (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Relation to its Parasitoids On Rice

ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out between 2018 and 2019 at the experimental site of National Cereals Research Institute’s identified hot spot (Edozhigi) for Africa rice gall midge (0rseolia oryzivora) infestation in Nigeria. Edozhigi in Niger State is within the southern Guinea savanna agro-ecological zone at latitude 09°45' N, longitude 06°07' E, to test integrated inluence of habitat manipulation, lambda-cyhalothrin and carbofuran on population dynamics of 0. oryzivora in relation to its parasitoids on rice. The treatments were arranged in split-plot and laid out in a RCBD with three replicates. Data were collected on number of tiller / stand, plant height, days to 50 percent flowering, percent incidence, percent severity, percentage parasitism of 0. oryzivora, panicle per meter square, grains per panicle and yield of rice. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance and significant means were separated using Student Newman Keuls Test, (SNK) at 5 % probability. The result showed that Rice plots treated with P. scrubiculatum + 0.38L/ha lambda-cyhalotrin +3.75kg/ha carbofuran had lower incidence (2.36) and severity (1.54) of 0. oryzivora compared with incidence (7.99) and severity (7.40) respectively found in untreated plots (control). It also had significantly higher yield (3263.95kg/ha) compared with the yield (2688.28kg/ha) in control plots. In conclusion, having P. scrobiculatum at boarder of net plots enhanced number of parasitoids and reduced attack of rice by 0. oryzivora. Integration of habitat modification with insecticide application offers better protection of rice against O. oryzivora. Key words: Habitat P. scrobiculatum, Infestation, Modification, Galls.

Growth and Yield Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Integrated Nutrient Management of Biochar, Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers

Aims: Maize yield is largely influenced by integrated nutrient management of biochar, organic and inorganic fertilizers application. In view of this, field study to evaluate varying rates of chicken manure (CM), Gliricidia sepium biochar (GB) and NPK fertiliser on growth and yield of maize was carried out.
 Study Design: The study design was a 2 x 6 factorial arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications.
 Place and Duration of Study: The field study was carried out at Mampong- Ashanti in the Forest-Savannah transition zone of Ghana over 2 years in 2021 minor and 2022 major cropping seasons.
 Methodology: The study treatments were different rates of amendments using biochar, chicken manure and NPK (15-15-15) fertiliser; [10 t ha-1 CM, 300 kg ha-1 NPK, 2.5 t ha-1 GB, 150 kg ha-1 NPK + 1.25 t ha-1 GB, 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM and No fertiliser (Control)] which were applied to two maize varieties (Omankwa and Obatanpa). Physiological growth parameters (crop growth rate and relative growth rate) were determined. Vegetative growth parameter (leaf count) as well as yield and yield traits (number of lodged plants per plot, husked cob weight per plot, number of filled and unfilled cobs per plot and grain yield) were estimated.
 Results: The results revealed that the application of 10 t ha-1 chicken manure and 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM to Omankwa and Obatanpa maize outperformed in crop growth rate (RGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf count compared to the unamended plots in both seasons. Omankwa had significantly higher filled cobs per plot than Obatanpa across seasons. The interaction of Omankwa and 10 t ha-1 CM and 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM gave higher number of filled cobs per plot than Obatanpa on same although not significantly different in both cropping seasons. The grain yield of maize was enhanced by soil amendments in the major and minor cropping seasons, especially with interaction of Obatanpa and 10 t ha-1 CM (7474.0 kg ha-1), (3473.4 kg ha-1) respectively. Obatanpa x 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM (6802.1 kg ha-1) interaction followed closely in grain yield in the major season.
 Conclusion: Both biochar, organic and inorganic fertilizers have varying effects on growth and yield of different maize varieties. For optimize maize grain yield, 10 t ha-1 CM or 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM application is recommended.

Genetic Diversity Studies in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum L.) Accessions

Genetic diversity among durum wheat tetraploid species has a premium to understand the diversity within the genotypes. This study’s major objective was to learn more about the diversity and relationships between various durum genotypes. The experiment was design randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, a total of eight durum advance lines, namely DW-1, DW-2, DW-3, DW-4, DW-5, DW-6, DW-7, and DW-8, were included with one Durum check wheat Miki3 and spring wheat Khirman to investigate the interrelationship and genetic diversity of quantitative traits and they ‘reaming these traits. For nearly all of the features, the analysis of variance revealed considerable variations among the durum advance lines, as evidenced by the significant mean squares at a probability level of P≤0.01. The mean performance results indicated variations in genotype performance DW8 exhibited maximum days to heading, tallest plant height (cm), and shortest peduncle length was measured in durum wheat. DW6 attained shorter plant height was recorded as compared to both check varieties. A notable variation was detected among the genotypes concerning the trait "number of tillers per m2". The genotype with the highest number of tillers appeared to be spring wheat and the minimum number of tillers was recorded in DW4, respectively. Significantly maximum number of spikelet’s, per spike-1,biological yield plant-1 and protein content % were observed in DW3, amount of grains spike-1 were significant in DW6, main spike yield per plant (g) was recorded in DW3. Whereas minimum grains spike-1and minimum spike yield was observed in DW9, respectively. Grain yield plot-1 (2.3333 kg) was observed significantly higher in DW6 and minimum Grain yield plot-1 (1.6667 kg) in DW10 was observed. Regards correlation, Grain yield plant-1 revealed there was a positive and significant correlation with respect to the trait "days to75% headline, days to 75% maturity, grains Spike-1, main spike yield-1 and 1000-Grain Weight (g) (r=0.500**, r=0.679**, r=0.316*, r=0.316*, r=0.533** and r=0.308*). Using UPGMA, two members of cluster 1 and cluster 2 were found to have closer relationship with different durum genotypes. However, miki 3 had closer relation with DW-8. The largest positive PCA loadings were observed in grains yield plant-1 and 1000 grains weight for the second, third, fourth and fifth PCA group. Hence, DW-8 was nearer relation with miki3, and DW-3, DW-10 and DW-6 considered the best genotypes according to performance.

FOLIAR APPLICATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS PROMOTES GROWTH AND YIELD-RELATED ATTRIBUTES OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) IN A SLIGHTLY SALINIZED AREA

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Micronutrients are required in trace amounts, but are importantly associated with plant growth and development. While soil salinity causes a frequent micronutrient deficiency in soil, the condition withholds plant growth, development, and eventually crop production. Since foliar application of micronutrient provides rapid nutrient absorption compared to soil amendments, it may confer straightforward mitigation of salinity stress. However, micronutrients availability to plants under saline conditions has drawn limited attention. <strong>Objective</strong>: To study the role of four micronutrients namely boron (B), zinc (Zn), chlorine (Cl), and silicon (Si) as well as their combinations as foliar application on growth, development, and yield responses of ‘okra cv. Nulok F<sub>1</sub>’ in a naturally very slightly salinized soil. <strong>Methodology:</strong> The research site belongs to Young Meghna Estuarine Flood Plain under the soil of Agro-ecological Zones (AEZ)-18. The area of EC dsm<sup>-1 </sup>2.39 is used for the cultivation of horticultural and cereal crops. The one-factor experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with three replications and six treatments. The factor having six different micronutrients and their combinations under saline soil <em>viz</em>. T<sub>1 </sub>= control (untreated), T<sub>2</sub> = 0.2 % B as solubor<sup>®</sup>, T<sub>3</sub> = 0.2 % ZnSO<sub>4</sub>, T<sub>4</sub> = 0.2 % KCl, T<sub>5</sub> = 0.2% SiO<sub>2</sub>, and T<sub>6</sub> = 0.2% solubor<sup>®</sup> B + 0.2% ZnSO<sub>4</sub> + 0.2% SiO<sub>2</sub> + 0.2% KCl. <strong>Result</strong>: A number of foliar treatments of micronutrients substantially improved plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, depth of root, fruit length, number of fruits, single fruit weight, yield plot<sup>-1</sup>, and total yield. <strong>Implication:</strong> Among the treatments, Si, and a mixture of solubor<sup>® </sup>B, Zn, Cl, and Si significantly uphold growth and yield-related attributes of okra indicating them as suitable micronutrients for okra production in salt-affected areas. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The foliar application of Si and the mixtures of the four aforementioned micronutrients might enhance the growth and yield attributes of ‘okra cv. Nulok F<sub>1</sub>’ under salinity stress. </p>

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Yield and Quality of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

The study investigated the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the yield and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) to explore its production potential conducted during the summer season of 2020 at the College farm, College of Horticulture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Jagudan. The experiment followed a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and ten treatments which including different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and ethrel viz., T1: Control (Water spray), T2: NAA at 50 ppm, T3: NAA at 75 ppm, T4: NAA at 100 ppm, T5: GA3 at 20 ppm, T6: GA3 at 40 ppm, T7: GA3 at 60 ppm, T8: Ethrel at 100 ppm, T9: Ethrel at 200 ppm, and T10: Ethrel at 300 ppm were applied at the 2-4 true leaf stages. Treatment T10 (Ethrel @ 300 ppm) exhibited the highest number of fruits per vine (14.13), while T4 (NAA @ 100 ppm) showed the maximum number of pickings (8.59). GA3 @ 40 ppm (T6) recorded the highest fruit yield per vine (1.87 kg), Fruit yield per plot (28.29 kg) and Fruit yield per hectare (251.50 q). Additionally, Treatment T6 produced fruits with the longest length (30.34 cm) and widest diameter (3.91 cm). These findings demonstrate the potential of plant growth regulators particularly Ethrel and GA3to significantly impact on cucumber yield and quality.

Impact of Organic and Chemical Farming on Soil Health and Production in Finger Millet

Deterioration of soil health, expensive and unnecessary inputs, water-intensive/water-pollutive, lethal and ecologically harmful farming practices in chemical farming do no good to agricultural advancement, and to public health. To reduce ill effects of chemical farming, a long term experiment is conducting to study the effect of organic manures and chemical fertilizers on yield, quality and soil health in finger millet since kharif 2013 at Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh, India with a test variety Vakula. The experiment consists of two treatments viz., organic farming and chemical farming. Recommended dose of manures and fertilizers were applied to organic and inorganic plots, respectively in each season. The data on yield parameters, yield, quality and soil properties was collected and statistically analyzed with paired t test by using SPSS 2.0. The results revealed that during kharif 2022, significantly the highest grain yield (31.62 q ha-1), straw yield (84.06 q ha-1), number of tillers/plant (1.9), were recorded with chemical farming. The highest N, P and K uptake by plant at flowering was also recorded with chemical farming during both Kharif and Rabi seasons. Regarding quality, high protein, total phenol and tannin content had been recorded with organic farming. Build up of organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus were noticed in post harvest soil when compared initial values (kharif 2013.). Soil enzymatic activity and microbial population was also higher with application of organic manures and biofertilizers than chemical fertilizers. The grain yield of organic farming plot was comparable with chemical farming after nine years of experimentation.

Study on Genetic Variability and Correlation Coefficient for Grain Quality Parameters in South Indian Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties

The demand for high quality rice among consumers has surged in recent decades due to improvements in living standards. Hence, improving grain quality without reducing grain yield is a major concern in rice breeding programmes to benefit the rice growers and consumers. Therefore, it is very crucial to study the genetic variability among the genotypes for selecting potential parents to exploit maximum heterosis and superior recombinants in terms of quality components. The present investigation was carried out at Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad during kharif 2022 with 96 rice lines to assess the genetic variability for grain quality parameters. The analysis of variance revealed a significant difference among the genotypes for all the traits studied, except volume expansion ratio, which indicates the presence of considerable amount of variation among these genotypes. Overall study on genetic variability revealed that the estimates of PCV were only slightly higher than the corresponding GCV for traits such as kernel length, kernel width, kernel length after cooking, elongation ratio, alkali spreading value, amylose content and gel consistency suggesting a lesser influence of the environment. Traits like kernel length, kernel length after cooking, alkali spreading value and gel consistency had high heritability coupled with high genetic advance which indicates the role of additive genes in the inheritance of these traits. Correlation studies revealed that, grain yield plot-1 had a significant and positive association with quality traits such as hulling, milling and head rice recovery. Therefore, simultaneous improvement for these characters is possible through selection. Binadhan 17, DR 714-1-2R, DRR Dhan 44, IR 64 and JGL 18047 were found to be the best five genotypes for grain quality parameters.

The influence of priming methods, planting dates, and weed interference levels on the vegetative growth, yield, and yield components of AS71 hybrid corn

By carrying out a laboratory experiment, the influence of priming methods, including ZnSO4, BSN, and hydropriming was evaluated on the seed germination of hybrid AS71 corn. Then, the main and interaction effects of the priming methods, planting dates, and weed interference levels were surveyed on the vegetative growth traits, yield, and yield components of corn in a field experiment. Based on the lab experiment, although the maximum germination percentage (100%) was observed in the treated plots by hydropriming 22 h after treatment (HAT), the greatest seedling vigor index (122.99) was recorded with treated seeds by ZnSO4 (0.03 mg L–1) at 8 HAT. The greatest emergence index was observed in the treated plots by hydropriming on both planting dates of June 1 and 11. The interaction of planting dates and weed interference levels revealed that the highest emergence index (14%–17%) occurred in the weed-free plots on both planting dates. BSN recorded the greatest corn 1000-grain weight that was significantly higher than the control plots by 28%. Furthermore, BSN enhanced the corn grain yield compared with the control plots by 63% and 24.9% on the planting dates of June 1 and 11, respectively. BSN, as a nutri-priming approach, by displaying the highest positive effects in boosting the corn grain yield in both weedy and weed-free plots as well as both planting dates, could be a recommendable option for growers to improve the crop yield production.

Critical levels and nitrogen fertilizer equivalencies for grain protein in winter wheat

AbstractPrecision nitrogen (N) application methods have been developed for dryland wheat that utilize site‐specific measurements of grain protein concentration (GPC) to determine N fertilizer recommendations for the next season. The objectives of this study were to determine the critical protein level and N equivalent to a unit change in GPC from relationships between GPC, and grain yield or plant‐available N in soft white winter wheat (SWW, Triticum aestivum L.), and assess the consistency of these relationships across SWW cultivars grown under a wide range of precipitation. A 3‐year study was undertaken near two sites: Lexington (225 mm of mean annual precipitation) and Adams (450 mm) in Oregon. Differences in precipitation and N fertilization rates between sites were used to induce variability in grain yield and GPC of four cultivars. A critical protein concentration of 117.5 g kg−1 was defined by Cate–Nelson analysis of scatter plots of relative yield versus GPC. Critical protein among cultivars ranged between 105 and 118 g kg−1 suggesting that 117.5 g kg−1 might be used as a general indicator of N sufficiency. Slopes of the regression of available N on GPC were consistent across cultivars and revealed that 4.2–8.4 kg N ha−1 is equivalent to a unit change protein (1 g kg−1) in lower precipitation areas of the region where SWW is under water stress during grain filling. This information is useful in calculating the N to apply from the GPC in the previous season to meet crop requirements in the next season.

Performance of F2 Generation Lines of Soybean (Glycine max. L) as Backcross Results of GHJ-4 and GHJ-5 with Ryoko as A Donor Parent

The breeding of new high-yielding varieties is one of the solutions to the low productivity of soybeans in Indonesia. Superior genotypes of ‘GHJ-4 (A)’ and ‘GHJ-5 ’ were obtained in the previous study with an average weight of 13 g/100 seeds and a potential yield of 3 tons/ha. The attempt to increase the weight and size of the seeds of ‘GHJ-4’ and ‘GHJ-5’ was continued using the backcrossing method with ‘Ryoko (>35 g/100 seeds) as a parent donor. F1 plants were obtained with an average weight of 15 g/100 seeds. This study aimed to determine the performance of the F2 generation of backcross in terms of the number of filled pods, the weight of 100 seeds, yield per plant (g), yield per plot (kg), and potential yield per hectare (tons/ha), as well as the heritability value of the genotypes. In this particular study, the F2 seeds from F1 plants were then planted and observed. This study used a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 11 soybean genotypes, each consisting of 3 replications. The results showed that the F2 generations (GHJ-4XRyoko, RyokoXGHJ -5, and GHJ-4XGHJ-5) are considered as prospective new high-yielding varieties with a potential yield of ≥ 3.5 tons/ha, which have successfully restored the trait of ‘Ryoko’ and surpassed the performance of ‘GHJ-4’ and ‘GHJ-5’ as their parents in all parameters. The heritability value of the genotypes tested belongs to the high category, on the parameters of the number of filled pods (96.937 %), yield per plant (98.102 %), the weight of 100 seeds (99.132%), yield per plot (92.605 %) and potential yield per hectare (92.257 %). For the parameters observed, the back cross yields of harvest age were 72-74 HST, the weight of 100 grains was 17-18 grams and the yield per hectare was around 4 tons/ha. The heritability value shows that the observed traits are inherited from parents on average more than 90% and the selection that will be used is pedigree selection.

Yield analysis of spring barley varieties under conditions of environmental variability

In conditions of increasing continentality of climate in recent decades, spring barley breeding should be aimed at creating drought-resistant, early-ripening, high-yielding varieties with sufficiently high technological qualities of grain. In addition to the economic and biological properties of the variety established by the breeders, external conditions in the region of cultivation also have a significant impact on the stabilization of the yields. The variability of productivity of spring barley varieties was assessed in terms of such traits as stability, ecological plasticity and adaptability in different ecological and geographical conditions. The research was conducted in 2020–2022 on 17 varieties of spring barley in ecological trial in Samara and Rostov regions. The experiment was laid in fourfold repetition with a plot area of 10 m². In the years of research, the "growing region" factor (98.7%) had the greatest influence. Evaluation of the index of environmental conditions (Ij) revealed that the best conditions for the vegetation of spring barley plants were formed in the experiment in the Rostov region (Zernogradsky district) (Ij = +0.99). The yield of the varieties depended not only on the location of the seed-trial ground but also on the year of cultivation. The linear regression coefficient ranged from 0.67 to 1.36, dividing the varieties into responsive, weakly responsive and adaptive to changes in the cultivation conditions. The varieties Zernogradsky 1717 and Zernogradsky 1724 formed the highest yield in the experimental plots and were classified as stable under cultivation under different soil and climatic conditions, with high breeding value, stress tolerance and level of variety stability.

PSII-4 Effects of Rye or Triticale with or without Crimson Clover on Forage Yield and Quality, and Gestating Beef Female Performance

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effects of rye or triticale with or without crimson clover on forage yield and quality, and gestating beef female performance. In experiment 1, four cover crop treatments (trt) were randomly assigned to plot (0.49 ha/plot; 6 plots/trt) in a 2×2 factorial design. Treatments included cereal rye or triticale with or without crimson clover. Plots were seeded mid-September (rye or triticale: 101 kg/ha; crimson clover inclusion: 84 kg/ha cereal and 9 kg/ha legume). Treatments were mechanically harvested for haylage at the end of May. Plot yield was determined by total forage mass collection. Prior to ensiling, samples (12/plot) were composited within plot to evaluate forage quality. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Forage yield was greater (P < 0.01) with inclusion of crimson clover than without (3,208 vs. 2,654 kg/ha, respectively). Forage yield was not different (P = 0.17) between cereal type. Crimson clover inclusion reduced dry matter (P < 0.01). Between cereal types, rye had greater (P < 0.01) DM than triticale. Crimson clover inclusion increased CP (P < 0.01; 9.6% vs 8.6%, respectively). Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were greater (P < 0.01) in rye compared with triticale. In experiment 2, spring-calving cows and heifers (n = 105; BW = 633 ± 100 kg; gestation = 198 ± 17 days) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment diets in a 42-day feeding trial to determine feed value of cover crops. Four diets were based on cover crops (60% inclusion) from experiment one with an additional control diet (CON; 85% alfalfa hay and 15% modified wet distillers grains). All treatments were limit fed (11.3 BW∙animal-1∙d-1/). Body weights (BW) and body condition scores (BCS) were assessed at trial initiation and conclusion. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Female final BW and BW change were greater (P < 0.01) in cover crop treatments compared with CON. Body weight change did not differ (P ≥ 0.21) between cereal type or with inclusion of crimson clover. Initial BCS was not different (P ≥ 0.47); however, final BCS was greater (P < 0.01) in cover crop treatments compared with CON. Crimson clover inclusion increased (P = 0.02) BCS change. In summary, inclusion of crimson clover increased forage yield, CP, and female BCS. Although rye cover crops had decreased quality prior to ensiling, there were no differences in cow performance compared with triticale. Substituting cover crops for alfalfa hay resulted in increased cow BW and BCS, suggesting the cover crops evaluated have greater feed value than alfalfa hay.

Determination and gas-phase stability evaluation of metal complexes by nanoelectrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry.

The structures of metal complexes determine their stable functioning in product performance. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is used in studying metal complexes despite exhibiting limitations in analyzing labile complexes. Therefore, identifying a method for detecting unstable complexes and evaluating their stabilities is necessary, providing a theoretical basis for material selection and performance evaluation. The standard complexes Zn(BTZ)2 , Fe(acac)3 , and Sn(Oct)2 were analyzed using nanoESI quadrupole orbitrap MS (nanoESI-MS) and compared with ESI-MS for two temperature modes. The three complexes and alkylamine-Ag+ complexes were analyzed using nanoESI and collision-induced dissociation MS/MS (CID-MS/MS). Breakdown plots of the survival yield against collision energies expressed in terms of the center-of-mass were constructed according to the obtained product ion spectra. Quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory were performed to calculate the binding energies between the alkylamines and Ag+ . The three standard complexes were detected in the native structures using nanoESI-MS, confirming the advantage of nanoESI over ESI for detecting unstable complexes. The gas-phase stabilities of the amine-Ag+ complexes, estimated using the breakdown plots constructed by plotting the data obtained via nanoESI and CID-MS/MS, were consistent with the established theories, previous studies, and binding energies calculated using computational methods. NanoESI-MS is suitable for detecting labile complexes and enables the structural analyses of unknown complex additives. A novel approach based on nanoESI and CID-MS/MS was developed to determine the gas-phase stabilities of complexes, enabling their quantification and comparison and providing a technical basis for product improvement, which is essential in developing industrial materials.

Effect of Foliar Application of Plant Growth Regulators on Quality and Economics of Broccoli Production under Walk-In-Tunnel

An experiment was conducted at “Center of Excellence on Protected Cultivation, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (CG)” to find out the possible effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators with different concentration levels on yield of broccoli. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. It was consisted of ten treatments including T0: Control (without spray of PGRs), T1: GA3 @ 40 ppm, T2: GA3 @ 60 ppm, T3: GA3 @ 80 ppm, T4: NAA @ 60 ppm, T5: NAA @ 120 ppm, T6: NAA @ 180 ppm, T7: GA3 @ 40 ppm + NAA @ 60 ppm, T8: GA3 @ 60 ppm + NAA @ 120 ppm and T9: GA3 @ 80 ppm + NAA @ 180 ppm”. Two foliar applications were performed at 20 days after transplanting and 40 days after transplanting. The important parameters encompassed in the study were gurd diameter (cm), primary curd weight (g), secondary curd weight (g), curd yield per plant, curd yield per plot and curd yield per hectare. Data was recorded three times during investigation that is 30 DAT, 60 DAT and at the time of harvest. Although all treatments showed a positive effect on yield among all the treatments, T9 was showed better performance which may be due to the elongation of cells and cell division, increased dry matter accumulation in plants. Therefore, foliar application of GA3 80 ppm + NAA 180 was optimum among all treatments for getting higher yield in broccoli crop.