Yield Of Turmeric Research Articles

The application of organic mulch and chicken manure for improving soil water availability and yield of turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val) in an Inceptisol of Jambi, Indonesia

Turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val) is one of the agricultural commodities being developed by the Jambi Province of Indonesia. However, despite the high value of turmeric, its productivity in Jambi Province is low. This is because the crop is mostly cultivated in marginal lands dominated by Inceptisol, which has low fertility and low water availability. Organic mulch and chicken manure have the potential to be used to improve soil water availability and crop yield. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of organic mulch cover and chicken manure on soil water availability and turmeric yield. The treatments tested were combinations of various percentages of organic mulch cover (30%, 60%, and 90%, and chicken manure dosage (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha-1). The twelve treatment combinations were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the combination of the percentage of organic mulch cover and chicken manure dosage affected soil organic matter content, soil bulk density, soil pore size distribution, soil water availability, and turmeric yield. The application of 30% cover of organic mulch and 10 t ha-1 of chicken manure was found to be the best combination to improve soil available water and turmeric yield. The regression analysis results showed that soil bulk density, organic carbon, fast-drainage pores, and slow-drainage pores simultaneously affected the soil water content, with an R2 value of 0.85. The results of this study proved that soil available water is also closely correlated with turmeric yield.

Sustainable Methods for Growing Turmeric: Evaluating the Effects of Synthetic and Organic Fertilizers on vegetative and reproductive attributes

This study aimed to assess the influence of various bio-fertilizer sources on turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivation in Eastern Nepal. The research was conducted at G.P Koirala College of Agriculture and Research Centre, Sundarharaicha, Morang, Nepal, from April 2023 to January 2024. The experiment utilized a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments including T1: Recommended dose (RD) of NPK, T2: Goat manure, T3: Organic manure, T4: Poultry manure, T5: Vermicompost, T6: Farmyard manure, T7: Control, replicated three times. Turmeric cultivation practices were implemented following standard agronomic procedures. The recommended dose of synthetic fertilizer, NPK, exhibited the highest enhancement across multiple vegetative and reproductive growth parameters of turmeric, with notable increases in plant height, leaf number, tillers per plant, primary and secondary fingers per clump, fresh rhizome yield, dry yield, and dry recovery percentage. Among the organic sources, goat manure and poultry manure also showed promising results in enhancing turmeric yield and quality. Specifically, NPK recorded the highest fresh rhizome yield at 21.30 tons/ha, while goat manure and poultry manure yielded 20.35 tons/ha and 18.69 tons/ha, respectively. In contrast, the lowest fresh rhizome yield was observed in the control group, indicating minimal enhancement in yield without fertilizer supplementation. The results highlight how organic farming methods may be a good substitute for traditional chemical fertilizers in the context of sustainable turmeric production.

Enhancing turmeric yield and quality: An evaluation of organic and inorganic fertilizer applications

Enhancing turmeric yield and quality: An evaluation of organic and inorganic fertilizer applications

Tree spacings and nutrient sources effect on turmeric yield, quality, bio-economics and soil fertility in a poplar-based agroforestry system in Indian Himalayas

Tree spacings and nutrient sources effect on turmeric yield, quality, bio-economics and soil fertility in a poplar-based agroforestry system in Indian Himalayas

Impact of Seed Rhizome Size on Growth and Yield of Turmeric

In India, spices occupy an important place among the agro products exported. Spices are the low volume and high value crop. Spices can improve the palatability and appeal of dull diets and they have anti-bacterial and preservative action. Spices are not only used for culinary purpose, most of the spice crops are used as a medicine as they posses high medicinal value. Curcuma longa known as yellow turmeric (Manjal in Tamil) is an important, sacred and ancient spice of India. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous plant belonging to the family Zingeberaceae. Curcumin is the pigment that lends the bright stunning yellow colour to turmeric which can be used as a dye. Because of its brilliant yellow colour, it is also known as “Indian saffron”. It is a sterile triploid and it is vegetatively propagated by dibbling the seed rhizomes [1]. Rhizome is of two types’ viz., mother rhizomes and finger rhizomes also known as daughter rhizomes. The traditional method of propagation using 15g mother or seed rhizomes. Traditional method requires the seed rate of 2000-2500 kg ha-1 of rhizomes if it is sown as a sole crop. It makes the cultivation expensive for large scale production. The cost of planting material amounts to 50% of crop production in turmeric. Since rhizome multiplication is slow and maintenance of planting material is expensive, there is a need to review the effect of size of seed rhizomes on growth and yield of turmeric to reduce the cost of cultivation.

Effects of different doses of micro-organic and phosphorus fertilizers on growth and yield of red turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

The objective of the study was to determine the appropriate doses of micro-organic and phosphorus fertilizers for good growth, high rhizomes yield and enhancing the economic efficiency of red turmeric cultivated in gray soil in Thu Duc city. The two factor experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of four doses of phosphorus fertilizer as 30, 60 (control), 90, & 120 kg P2O5/ha. The sub-plots included three doses of micro-organic fertilizer (2, 4, & 6 tons/ha) and a control with cow dung of 10 tons/ha. A common dose of 500 kg lime, 90 kg N, 120 kg K2O/ha was applied in all treatments The results showed that red turmeric was applied at the dose of 120 kg P2O5 combined with 6 tons of micro-organic fertilizer/ha exhibited the highest growth, yield and economic outcomes including a plant height of 41.2 cm, stem diameter of 16.2 mm, leaf length of 24.4 cm, leaf width of 8.5 cm, leaf count of 7.0, soil plant analysis development index of 35.6, the profit of VND 386.32 million/ha, and the benefit cost ratio of 2.4.

The Effect of Different Mulches and Bed Sizes on Growth, Yield and Quality of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Under the Mid-Hill Zone of Himachal Pradesh

The present investigation was carried out in the Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India during kharif, May, 2020–January, 2021 to examine the effect of different mulches and bed sizes on the growth, yield and quality of turmeric. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (factorial) with 9 treatment combinations, including 3 mulches (silver-black mulching film, pine needles and dry grass) with 3-bed sizes (9×1 m2, 6×1 m2 and 3×1 m2), which were triplicated. Turmeric yield proved to be significantly affected by mulching materials with silver-black mulching film producing the highest yield (32.01 t ha-1) whereas pine needles produced the lowest yield (23.85 t ha-1). Rhizome length and breadth, the number of primary and secondary rhizomes, dry recovery, essential oil, oleoresin and curcumin content were some of the yield and quality characteristics that have been improved by the use of silver-black mulching film. Bed size also provided a significant effect on the yield of turmeric with the highest (29.03 t ha-1) in bed size 9×1 m2 whereas lowest in 3×1 m2 (25.75 t ha-1). A combination of silver-black mulching film and 9×1 m2 bed size provided the significantly highest turmeric yield (33.56 t ha-1). This study recommends that farmers in Himachal Pradesh’s mid-hill zone to produce turmeric using silver-black mulching film on beds measuring 9×1 m2 for better growth, yield and improved quality of turmeric.

Patterns in genetic variation and character association of yield components in turmeric (curcuma longa L.)

Understanding genetic variability patterns of turmeric yield traits is essential to develop new genotypes with improved traits. The objective of the present study was to investigate the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and association of various yield components in turmeric genotypes. The experiment was conducted for two seasons during 2021-22 and 2022-23 using 21 turmeric genotypes at ICAR-IISR, Experimental farm, Peruvannamuzhi, Kerala. The results indicate that the genotypes exhibited significant variation across two seasons for most traits, with the exception of collar girth, weight of primary rhizomes per clump, and number of primary rhizomes per clump, which suggests the presence of genetic variability in the genotypes. Maximum fresh rhizome yield per clump was recorded in the genotype, IISR Pragati. The Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) was found to be moderate to high for most of the traits except plant height, leaf lamina length, collar girth and fresh rhizome yield per plant, whereas, Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was found to be moderate to high for all the traits except plant height. Heritability was observed moderate to high for all the traits except collar girth, number of primaries per clump, weight of primaries rhizomes per clump and fresh rhizome yield per plant. The petiole length, total leaf area, weight of mother rhizomes per clump and number of mother rhizomes per clump showed high heritability along with genetic advance. Correlation analysis suggested that weight of mother rhizomes per clump had a strong positive association with plant height, number of leaves, leaf lamina length, leaf lamina width, leaf area, total leaf area, and collar girth and had a weak positive relationship with fresh rhizome yield per plant and petiole length. The path analysis revealed, total leaf area, fresh rhizome yield per plant and number of primaries per clump have high direct positive effects with weight of mother rhizomes per clump. The high heritability and genetic advance observed for above mentioned traits suggest that exercising a simple selection could indirectly improve the low heritable low genetic advance traits such as fresh rhizome yield per plant as indicated by correlation and path analysis.

Effect of Drip Irrigation Levels and Weed Management Practices on Quality Parameters and Yield of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) under Mango Orchard

A field experiment, aimed to study the effect of drip irrigation levels and weed management practices on quality and productivity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in mango orchard was carried out at Pt. K.L. S. College of Horticulture and Research Station, Rajnandgaon (Chhattisgarh) during two consecutive years (2019-20 and 2020-21). The results indicated that all the quality parameters like total carbohydrate in rhizomes, volatile oil yield in rhizomes, oil yield and curcumin content in turmeric were significantly higher values observed when the crop imposed to drip irrigation at 1.0 Epan and hand weeding thrice at 25, 50 and 75 DAP in 2019-20 and 2020-21. However, flood irrigation at 1.0 Epan and weedy check plot recorded the lowest values of these parameters during both years. The combination of drip irrigation at 1.0 Epan with hand weeding thrice at 25, 50 and 75 DAP recorded significantly the highest fresh rhizomes yield (29.10, 32.40 and 30.75 t ha-1) and cured rhizomes yield (6.58, 6.93 and 6.76 t ha-1) during kharif -rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21and on mean basis, respectively.

Assessing changes in soil quality indicators, turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) yield, and monetary returns under different years of organic nutrient management

Assessing changes in soil quality indicators, turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) yield, and monetary returns under different years of organic nutrient management

Bacterial derived biopolymer to alleviate nutrient stress and yield enhancement in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) by mediating physiology and rhizosphere microbes on poor soils of semi-arid tropics

ABSTRACT Biopolymers (BP) are the unexploited eco–friendly microbial derivatives which regulate soil moisture and nutrient mobility. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted for two years (2017–18 and 2018–19) to determine the beneficial effects of BP in reducing nutrient stress and yield enhancement in turmeric. The study was laid out in a split-plot design with each of four levels of nutrients (control, 50%, 75%, and 100% of Recommended Dose of Nutrients; RDN) and BP (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 kg ha–1). Results indicated that BP application (7.5 kg ha–1) significantly improved the soil moisture content (40.31%) and microbial colonization (total microbes, N fixers, and P solubilizers). As a result, combined application BP with either 75% or 100% of RDN enhanced the photosynthesis (22.95–24.50 μmol m−2 s−1) and lowered the canopy temperature (24.47–24.67°C) of turmeric. Thus, higher yield (7.05–7.82 t ha−1) and partial factor productivity were achieved. Supplementing BP with 100% RDN enhances the turmeric yield by up to 29–49% over 100% RDN alone. Therefore, biopolymer maintains the equivalent turmeric yield of 100% RDN even at 25–50% less nutrients in the nutrient-poor soils of semi-arid Tropics.

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) under drip irrigation and Fertigation levels in Jalgaon, Maharashtra

An attempt was made to determine the actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of turmeric at various growth stages under drip irrigation and fertigation scheduling during 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Jalgaon, Maharashtra. The results revealed that cured rhizome yield of turmeric increased significantly at each higher levels of drip irrigation up to 100% Epan and fertigation of 100% dose of N and K. Peak seasonal ETc (3.04 to 4.40 and 3.50 to 5.11 mm day-1) of turmeric was recorded at rhizome initiation stage (91-20 DAS) and rhizome development stage (121 to 210 days). The mean seasonal ETc of turmeric ranged from 770 to 1090 mm. The highest seasonal ETc and ETc rate was recorded in surface check basin irrigation at IW/CPE 1 and lowest in deficit irrigation schedule i.e. drip irrigation at 60% Epan. Each higher level of fertigation from 50% to 125% recommended dose of N and K increased ETc and ETc rate of turmeric with increase in cured rhizomes yield of turmeric. The measured Kc values were different up to some extent from the FAO reported values; corrected crop coefficient values for Jalgaon region was recorded at 100% Epan through drip were slightly higher over the FAO Kc values.

Effects of nitrogen and potassium rates on growth and yield of red turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on the gray soil in Ho Chi Minh City

The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate rates of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers for growth, yield and economic efficiency of red turmeric cultivated on the gray soil in Ho Chi Minh City. The field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research Station in Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City from December 2020 to October 2021. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replicates. The main plots included four nitrogen rates 60, 90 (control), 120 and 150 kg N/ha. The subplots included four potassium rates 90, 120 (control), 150, and 180 kg K2O/ha. All treatments were basally applied with 500 kg lime, 10 tons cow manure and 60 kg P2O5/ha. The results showed that growth attributes and yield were significantly affected by the rates of nitrogen and potassium. Red turmeric applied with 150 kg N/ha combined with 180 kg K2O/ha obtained the outstanding results in growth, yield and profit, such as the plant height of 43.0 cm, stem diameter of 19.7 mm, a number of leaves of 8.6 (180 DAP), soil plant analysis development index of 42.1 (120 DAP), actual fresh yield of 33.9 tons/ha, the profit of VND 370.17 million/ha and the benefit-cost ratio of 2.68.

Impact off INM on Yield and Economics of Turmeric in Gangetic Alluvial Zone of West Bengal

Impact off INM on Yield and Economics of Turmeric in Gangetic Alluvial Zone of West Bengal

NPK REQUIREMENTS OF TURMERIC FOR CULTIVATION IN PUNJAB

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is an important commercial crop grown since ancient times because of its aromatic rhizomes mainly used for medicinal, culinary and cosmetic purposes. Turmeric is cultivated nearly throughout Pakistan and Punjab province is a major contributor to turmeric production. Fertilizer rates are great determinants of the yield of turmeric. Therefore, this study was conducted at this standing point on the nutritional requirements (NPK) to produce high turmeric yield and suggest a solid adequate NPK dose for turmeric production following long-term field experiments including confirmatory studies. Thus, in 2009 to 2011, five experiments were performed on farmers' fields, with treatments consisting of five nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 Kg ha-1 ), four phosphorus rates (0, 40, 80, and 120 Kg ha-1 ) and three potassium rates (0, 40, and 80 Kg ha-1 ) repeated three times in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to assess fertilizer requirement. Based on results obtained from 2009 to 2011, two experiments were performed in 2012 with treatments consisting of one nitrogen rate (180 Kg ha 1 ), five phosphorus levels (80, 120, 160, 200, and 240 Kg ha-1 ) and two potassium rates (40 and 80 Kg ha-1 ) with three replications as a confirmatory study-1 to confirm the NPK requirement. In 2013 to 2016, five studies on farmers ' fields were performed with treatments consisting of one nitrogen rate (180 Kg ha-1 ), six phosphorus levels (80, 120, 160, 200, 240, and 280 Kg ha-1 ) and two potassium rates (40 and 80 Kg ha-1 ) with three replicates as a confirmatory studies 2, 3, 4 & 5 to confirm the NPK requirement. The results showed that by applying NPK @180:280:80 Kg ha-1, the maximum significant fresh turmeric rhizome yield was obtained and can be recommended with trust for the farmers. It is also established that phosphorus requirement of the turmeric crop is much higher than that of N and K particularly on the soil deficient in available phosphorus.

Exploring the potential of P solubilizing rhizobacteria for enhanced yield and quality in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

The study focused on isolation and characterization of a bevy of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and exploring the effects of the most promising PSB on yield and quality of turmeric. For this purpose, several bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of turmeric grown across India were assessed for their capacity to solubilize tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) and di-calcium phosphate (DCP) under in vitro condition and in liquid medium. The soluble P turnover by the promising PSB was then investigated in soil per se and their effects were further validated in turmeric under both green house and field conditions for two successive years. The results revealed that Bacillus safensis (NCBI-MT192800), B. marisflavi (NCBI-MT 192801), B. cereus (NCBI- MT192803) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCBI-MZ 540872) released significantly greater levels of labile P in the liquid medium due to their capacity to produce appreciable amounts of organic acids (gluconic, α ketogluconic, succinic, oxalic and tartaric). Green house studies on turmeric indicated that soil available P was significantly higher in the treatments involving PSB suggesting enhanced P solubilization and the treatment with B. safensis + 75 % P as rock phosphate (RP) increased rhizome yield by 129.0 % compared to the treatment with 100 % P applied as RP. The positive effects of PSB were also reflected in field experiments, wherein the treatments with combined application of B. safensis with 50 % or 75 % or 100 % P significantly increased soil available P by 143.0 – 246.0 %, rhizome yield by 29.0 – 120.0 %, P uptake by 51.0 – 223.0 % and curcumin content by 30.0 – 32.5 % compared to control (100 % P as RP). The use of B. safensis ensured 25.0 % reduction in exogenous inorganic P application while simultaneously enhancing turmeric yield and quality in P deficient soil.

Genotypic and Environmental Influence on Fresh Rhizome Yield of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and related Curcuma species have been used traditionally in India, China, Hawaii, and other cultures for millennia. Today they are used around the world for spice, medicine, dye, and religious purposes. Recent biomedical studies have corroborated the long-known traditional medicinal values of turmeric and its constituent curcuminoid compounds, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties. As part of statewide research and extension efforts to support an expanding turmeric industry, we examined yield of 14 accessions across different climatic zones in Hawaii to observe and describe Genotype × Environmental influences. Fresh turmeric yield differed significantly among genotypes. The overall yields observed in this work ranged 11.3–57.22 t ha−1 and generally agree with those in the literature. Data from the different sites suggest that fertility and water management are able to mitigate moderate stress imposed by climate change within a certain range, but suboptimal temperatures associated with high elevation in the tropics (>1000 m) are an important driver of lower yields. This suggests that high yielding turmeric varieties may possess wide adaptability and may perform well across diverse environments. However, site-specific evaluations will still be necessary, particularly in environments outside turmeric’s environmental optima and in the presence of high pest pressure.

Determinants of organic turmeric (Curcuma longa) cultivation in hill states of India: A logit approach

The study demonstrates the economic and social determinants in adoption of organic cultivation of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in the states of Mizoram, Meghalaya, Manipur and Sikkim. The turmeric production through organic method demonstrated high yield and returns. The yield and returns of turmeric crop were found significantly higher in the adopter state than non-adopter states of the region. The analysis of economic returns showed organic cultivation of turmeric to be economically feasible but it also suggested policy implications like post-harvest arrangements. The factor share analysis stressed on need of pre-harvest arrangements on the turmeric farm of adopter as well as non-adopter states to make the crop more remunerative across the states of NEHR. The ANOVA analysis of yield contrasts provided the way forward to the capability and ability of turmeric yield across the states in the region. The identified technical as well as social factors and determinants through logit analysis have provided the researchable issues to enhance the productivity and production of organic turmeric in the region.

Synergistic integration of crop residue mulch and cultural practices with herbicides for managing weed complex in turmeric in North-Western India

Turmeric being a wide spaced and long duration crop, weeds pose a serious problem due to its delayed emergence and slow initial growth which provide ideal environment for weeds to grow. This warrants for synergistic integration of residue mulch, cultural practices, and herbicides for effective weed management. Two field experiments were conducted during 2012-13 - 2013-14 and 2014-15 - 2015-16 at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Karnal to evaluate different approaches involving integration of crop residue mulch and cultural practices with herbicides for effective and economical weed management in turmeric. The uncontrolled weeds caused 42-66% turmeric yield loss. Based on four years studies, it may be concluded that pre-emergence (PE) application of metribuzin 700 g/ha or pendimethalin 1000 g/ha or atrazine 750 g/ha integrated with rice straw mulching (10 t/ha) after herbicide application at 3 days after sowing (DAS) and hand weeding at 50 or 75 DAS provided effective control (86-100%) of complex weed flora in turmeric with improved rhizome yield (14.29 to18.60 t/ha), which was comparable to weed free, better economic returns without phyto-toxicity on the crop and detectable herbicidal residues in the turmeric rhizomes and soil at harvest. Integration of 2-hoeing with metribuzin 700 g/ha PE or pendimethalin 1000 g/ha PE were the two other viable options of integrated weed management (IWM) strategy. Among post-emergence (PoE) herbicides, fenoxaprop 67 g/ha 45 DAS, was safe to turmeric while metsulfuron 4 g/ha PoE was toxic. Glyphosate 0.3% PoE at 25 DAS could also be integrated with hoeing twice at 45 and 75 DAS for effective weed management in turmeric. Use of rice straw in IWM strategies in turmeric will also help in reducing herbicide dose, crop residue management without burning, conservation of soil moisture and other natural resources which will helps in long term sustainable and economical production system.

Evaluation of Productivity, Quality and Economics of Turmeric Under Different Moisture Regime and Integrated Nutrient Management at Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains, India

An experiment was carried out during 2011 and 2012 at the Gangetic alluvial soils of West Bengal, India to assess the impact of four irrigation schedules and three nutrient sources on productivity, quality, water use efficiency (WUE) and economics of turmeric. The results showed that maximum yield was observed due to the main effects of irrigation schedule at 0.9 irrigation water (IW)/cumulative pan evaporation (CPE), nutrient schedule at 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 25% farmyard manure (FYM) + 25% vermicompost and their interactions at harvest stage during both years. The higher fresh (24.61 and 26.81 t ha−1) and cured (5.12 and 5.23 t ha−1) rhizome yield during both years, respectively, were registered under 0.9 IW/CPE with 50% RDF + 25% FYM + 25% vermicompost. The WUE was higher under 0.9 IW/CPE with 50% inorganic + 25% FYM + 25% vermicompost, resulting in a considerable increase in turmeric yield during both years. The irrigation and nutritional schedules (0.9 IW/CPE with 75% RDF + 25% FYM) had significantly higher return per rupee investment than other treatments. This study confirmed that application of irrigation at 0.9 IW/CPE and combine application organic and inorganic nutrient sources improved rhizome yield, WUE, quality and return per rupees investment, could be obtained more precisely from the knowledge of irrigation scheduling and integrated nutrient management.