Total Phenolic Content Yield Research Articles

Extraction Optimization of Polyphenols from Waste Kiwi Fruit Seeds (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties.

Kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) seeds, present as a by-product in the food and pharmaceutical industries, remain underutilized. In this study the extraction conditions for the maximum recovery of total phenolic content (TPC) with high DPPH scavenging capacities (DPPHsc) were analyzed for kiwi fruit seed polyphenols (KSP) by response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for the highest yield of TPC (53.73 mg GAE/g DW) with 63.25% DPPHsc was found by using an extraction time of 79.65 min with an eluent containing 59.45% acetone at 38.35 °C and a 1:11.52 (w/v) solid/liquid ratio. Compared with butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT), a synthetic antioxidant, the extracted KSP showed higher DPPHsc and ferric reducing antioxidant power, but was less efficient than grape seed polyphenols extracted under the same optimum conditions. We also showed that the extracted KSP exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. High performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD) analysis of the extracted KSP under optimized conditions revealed that the extract was mainly composed of five polyphenolic compounds. Our work showed the development of an optimal extraction process of the KSP, which presented excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, indicating that kiwi fruit seeds may further be utilized as a potential source of natural biological active compounds.

Optimization of Microwave‐Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Coriolus versicolor Mushroom Using Response Surface Methodology

AbstractResponse surface methodology was applied to optimize microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity from fruiting bodies of Coriolus versicolor mushroom, and to compare its efficiency with conventional reflux extraction. A central composite design was employed for the optimization of three MAE parameters including extraction time (X1, min), ethanol concentration (X2, %) and microwave power (X3, W) for the highest yield of TPC and antioxidant activity measured by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays in C. versicolor extracts. The optimum conditions were predicted as 3.8 min extraction time, 40% ethanol concentration and 125 W microwave power to obtain maximum values of TPC (470 mg GAE/100 g dm) and antioxidant activity measured by DPPH (773 µM TE/g dm), ABTS (2,930 µM TE/g dm) and FRAP (1,710 µM TE/g dm) assays, which were statistically verified by comparing with the experimentally observed values.Practical ApplicationsIn this study, microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) showed significant potential as a green extraction method for obtaining Coriolus versicolor mushroom extract rich in polyphenols with higher antioxidant activity as compared to the extracts obtained by reflux extraction. Furthermore, MAE resulted in reduced consumption of energy, time and solvent with higher extraction yield and efficiency. This work demonstrated further feasibility studies on MAE of phytochemicals including polyphenols‐rich extracts at industrial scale. Moreover, successful application of response surface methodology has opened future research avenues for optimization of bioactive components from other mushrooms of medicinal importance.

Optimised microwave-assisted biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Nothapodytes foetida leaf extracts and its anti-microbial activities

ABSTRACTThe present investigation reports the biogenesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using extracts of a medicinal plant Nothapodytes foetida. Total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were carried out for the microwave-assisted extract (MAE) of N. foetida using methanol as solvent and the conditions for extraction were optimised by response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of operating variables such as extraction time, temperature and ratio of sample to solvent were studied using central composite design (CCD). A mathematical model with a high determination coefficient (R2) for TPC (0.991) and FRAP (0.995) was obtained. The optimal conditions of extraction for TPC were 48.6 ºC, 23.15 min and 2.04:30 (g/mL) and for FRAP 52.31ºC, 12.32 min and 1.67: 30 (g/mL). Under these conditions, the experimental yields of TPC and FRAP were 2.426 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry powder and 14.985mg of FeSO4·7H2O/g of dry powder, respectively. Ag NPs were characterised using UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The synthesised Ag NPs have also shown potent activity against the human pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus.

Enhanced Extraction of Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity from Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Shell Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Ethanol-Water Binary Solvent

Sorghum shell is a rich source of phenolic compounds. Traditionally used organic solvents for these compounds extraction are toxic and are not acceptable for food industry. This study examined the ultrasonic-assisted ethanol–water binary solvent extraction of phenolic compounds from sorghum shell. The results showed that extraction factors had significant effects on the yields of phenolic compounds. The optimum extraction conditions were solids to 80% ethanol solvent ratio of 1:15 at 50C in a 0.32-W cm−2 ultrasonic intensity bath lasting 10 min in duration and extracted twice. Under these conditions, the yield of total phenolic content (TPC) was 52.23 mg GAE/g with values of 53.22 μmol TE/g for 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 77.01 μmol Fe/g for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). TPC was positively correlated with ABTS and FRAP. The present study would provide theoretical basis for the deep processing and functional food development of sorghum shell comprehensive utilization. Practical Applications An investigation into the effects of ethanol concentration, ultrasonic power, extraction time, ratio of solvent to raw material, temperature and number of extraction steps on the extraction yields of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and proanthocyanidins content (PAC) from sorghum shell were performed using a single-factor experiment by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE). The UAE optimum process parameters were optimized with regard to the extraction temperature, the amount of solvent and the duration of sonication using orthogonal array design (OAD). Sorghum shell exhibited good antioxidant activity and could be a potentially useful natural source of antioxidants. The present study would provide theoretical basis for the deep processing and functional food development of sorghum shell comprehensive utilization.

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Cereal Bran Enriched Ready to Eat Breakfast Cereal Porridge

Background: In the current study, porridges were analyzed for antioxidant properties (total phenolic content-TPC, DPPH radical scavenging activity-DPPH-RSA and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity-TEAC) extracted with acetone, methanol and hexane under conventional and microwave assisted extraction. Methods: Two extraction methods (traditional and microwave assisted) with different solvents (acetone, hexane and methanol) were followed for potential extraction of antioxidants. Results: The effect of system solvents and different types of brans employed for the precise quantification of antioxidant properties showed that for various types of bran enriched porridge; methanol gave the highest yield of total phenolic content followed by acetone and hexane under both extraction methods. The level of supplementation of brans increased the total phenolic content of porridge significantly (P≤0.05). Methanolic extracts of all cereal bran enriched porridge showed the highest values for percent inhibition of DPPH-RSA. With the ABTS method (TEAC), wheat bran enriched methanolic extracts showed the highest values (up to 8.88 TEµmole/g). Conclusion: Bran enriched porridge showed high phenolic content having high antioxidant activity, which could be serve a potential ingredient for consumer health. Moreover, methanol was found to be effective in solvent extraction of phenolic compounds. Keywords: Cereal brans, porridge, antioxidant properties, DPPH-RSA, TEAC.

Encapsulation of aqueous leaf extract of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni with sodium alginate and its impact on phenolic content

Abstract The aim of this study was to encapsulate aqueous leaf extract of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni with sodium alginate and evaluate the effect on the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant stability. An experimental design was initially performed in order determine the best extraction conditions on yield of TPC from stevia leaves. The encapsulation of the optimised extract was conducted through extrusion technology. Wet and lyophilised calcium alginate beads were examined and compared in relation to their TPC and entrapment efficiency based on the effects caused by storage conditions. High encapsulation efficiency values were obtained for the wet (69.8%) and for the lyophilised (97.7%) beads stored in the optimised extract. A high correlation was observed between the TPC of the optimised extract and its antioxidant activity values, determined in terms of the ability to scavenge free radicals and its ferric reducing ability (r=0.99 and 0.97, p

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids and phenolic compounds from Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized for extraction of flavonoids and phenolics from dried leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum using response surface methodology with a central composite rotatable design and independent variables of ethanol concentration (30-70%), sonication time (5-15 min), and ultrasonic energy density (UED) (0.15-0.35 W/cm3). A significant (p 0.05). Linear and quadratic effects of independent variables significantly (p<0.001) influenced flavonoid content (FC) and total phenolic content (TPC) yields. Optimized UAE conditions of ethanol concentration, sonication time, and UED were 55.34%, 11.71 min, and 0.26 W/cm3, respectively, resulting in predicted FC and TPC yields of 6.69 mg of quercetin equivalents QE/g and 9.41 mg of gallic acid equivalents GAE/g, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed different phenolic and flavonoid compounds. UAE extracts exhibited better in vitro antioxidant activities and thermo-oxidative stability values than conventional solvent extracts.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Natural Antioxidants from Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Peel Using Response Surface Methodology.

Sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) is a popular tropical fruit and its peel is a municipal waste. An ultrasound-assisted extraction method was developed for the recovery of natural antioxidants from sugar apple peel. Central composite design was used to optimize solvent concentration (13.2%–46.8%), ultrasonic time (33.2–66.8 min), and temperature (43.2–76.8 °C) for the recovery of natural antioxidants from sugar apple peel. The second-order polynomial models demonstrated a good fit of the quadratic models with the experimental results in respect to total phenolic content (TPC, R2 = 0.9524, p < 0.0001), FRAP (R2 = 0.9743, p < 0.0001), and TEAC (R2 = 0.9610, p < 0.0001) values. The optimal extraction conditions were 20:1 (mL/g) of solvent-to-solid ratio, 32.68% acetone, and 67.23 °C for 42.54 min under ultrasonic irradiation. Under these conditions, the maximal yield of total phenolic content was 26.81 (mg GA/g FW). The experimental results obtained under optimal conditions agreed well with the predicted results. The application of ultrasound markedly decreased extraction time and improved the extraction efficiency, compared with the conventional methods.

Analysis of Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in &lt;i&gt;Garcinia mangostana&lt;/i&gt; Using Response Surface Methodology

This study investigates the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content on different parts of Garcinia mangostana which are pericarp, leaf, fruit, and seed. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Response surface method (RSM) was used to determine the effect of the two extraction variables: extraction time (30-120 minutes) and extraction temperature (30-50°C) on yield of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different parts of Garcinia mangostana. The significant factors on each experimental design response were identified from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The best condition for total phenolic content of different parts of Garcinia mangostana was chosen based on the desirability obtained by using extraction temperature of 30°C and extraction time of 60.09 minutes, which resulted in 0.0274 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content in pericarp, 0.2501 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content in leaf, 0.0202 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content in fruit, and 0.0198 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content in seed of Garcinia mangostana. Under this conditions, it was found that the antioxidant activity of pericarp, leaf, fruit, and seed of Garcinia mangostana were 89.45%, 86.58%, 93.33%, and 78.80% of radical scavenging activity, respectively.

Microwave-assisted extraction of Eucalyptus robusta leaf for the optimal yield of total phenolic compounds

Eucalyptus robusta (E. robusta) has a significant value in traditional medicine and recently has been shown to possess many pharmacological properties in vitro. This study was designed to utilise microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to yield optimal total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), proanthocyanidin levels and antioxidant capacity from E. robusta using water as the solvent, facilitated by the use of response surface methodology (RSM). A three-level-three-factor Box–Behnken design was implemented to elucidate the effect of irradiation time, power and sample-to-solvent ratio on the yields of these phytochemicals. The results highlighted the accuracy and reliability of RSM as a tool for predicting the yields of TPC, TFC, proanthocyanidins and total antioxidants using MAE. Sample-to-solvent ratio had the greatest impact on the TPC yield followed by power and irradiation time. The optimal MAE conditions for TPC and TFC were 3min, 600W power and 2g/100mL sample-to-solvent ratio. The experimental yield of TPC was 58.40±1.03mg GAE/g, and 19.15±1.06mg RE/g of TFC was obtained under these optimal conditions. These conditions, optimised for maximum TPC yield also liberated 62%, 64.6%, 66.3% and 67% of the maximum proanthocyanidins, ABTS, DPPH and CUPRAC values, respectively. This study revealed that MAE is a reliable and efficient method for extracting high yields of phytochemicals from E. robusta, with significant potential to be up-scaled for industrial, nutraceutical or pharmaceutical applications.

Effect of Extraction Method on Total Flavonoid, Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Anti-bacterial Activity of Zingiberis Officinale Rhizome

This research aims to compare between decocta and maceration method using water and ethanol as a solvent on total flavonoid, total phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Zingiber officinale rhyzome extract. The Rhyzome was dryed by oven method on 50°C for 24 hours and 48 hours. Total flavonoid, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were assay by spectrophotometric method. The antibacterial activity was determined by difussion agar method against Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and Escherichia colli InaCC B5 (Ec). Ethanol extract from dried rhyzome processed for 24 hours (R-24) indicated the best result for total flavonoid, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The yield of total flavonoid for R-24 was 286 μg/mL. The yield of total phenolic content for R-24 was 504 μg/mL and the yield of IC50 antioxidant activity for R-24 was 5.753 μg/mL. The extract should antibacterial activity againts Bs with inhibition diameter of 10% and 20% of samples concentration are 10 and 11.5 mm respectively. Meanwhile, The inhibition diameter result against Ec for 10% and 20% of samples concentration are 7.5 and 8.5 mm respectively.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Phytochemical Compounds from Mimosa pudica Linn

The extraction of phytochemicals from Mimosa pudica Linn (MPL) using supercritical CO2(SC-CO2) has been studied, and the results are presented in this article. The significant variables affecting this extraction were investigated by design of experiment analysis. The effect of temperature and pressure on phytochemical yields was explored by measuring the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total alkaloid compound (TAC). The maximum yield of TPC, TFC, and TAC extracted from MPL was 74.83 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry MPL, 30.93 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry MPL, and 14.23 mg hyoscyamine (HE)/g dry MPL, respectively. The work of Chrastil was used to correlate the experimental data. It was found that temperature and pressure greatly affected the yield of phytochemicals, whereas the effect of extraction time on the extraction yield diminished after 2 h. Qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals extracted from MPL was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The SC-CO2 extraction was more selective than Soxhlet extraction based on the HPLC spectra.

Optimization of total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) and total phenolic content (TPC) extractions from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) hull using ultrasonic treatments

The extraction yields of anthocyanins (TMA) and total phenolics (TPC) from mangosteen hull were optimized by varying the amplitude and time of ultrasonic treatment. The highest TMA recovery of 2.92mg cy-3-glu/g hull powder was achieved using methanol aqueous solvent when direct ultrasonic treatment was applied for 15min at 20% amplitude. For the TPC, 245.78mg GAE/g hull powder was obtained in ethanol with sonication time of 25min and at 80% amplitude. These TMA and TPC yields obtained are respectively 45.6% and 8.8% higher (p<0.05) when compared to those without ultrasonic treatment. The ultrasonic treatment is able to improve anthocyanin extraction more effectively than the total phenolics from mangosteen hull.

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Germinated, Popped, and Cooked Huauzontle (Chenopodium berlandieri spp. nuttalliae) Seeds

ABSTRACTRaw, germinated, popped, and cooked huauzontle (Chenopodium berlandieri spp. nuttalliae) seeds were analyzed for the contents of phenolics extracted with water (WE), methanol, 1:1 (v/v) methanol/water (MWE), and 1.2M HCl in 1:1 (v/v) methanol/water (HMWE); radical scavenging capacity measured by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) methods was studied. The effect of the system solvents used for the accurate quantification of antioxidant content and capacity showed that for raw, germinated, and cooked extracts, water gave the highest yield of total phenolic content, and MWE could recover the highest yield in popped extracts. Thermal treatments increased the flavonoid content more in all extracts than did the germinating process, with values ranging from 10 to 620 μg/g db of quercetin equivalents. However, all treatments significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the total phenolics (from 3,010 μg of gallic acid equivalents/g db in raw seeds WE to 710 μg/g db in germinated seeds MWE). HMWE in all treatments showed the highest values (up to 95.41%) by the DPPH method. With the ABTS method, germinated and popped MWE showed the highest values (up to 2,740mM Trolox/kg db). Based on these results, huauzontle seeds represent a useful potential ingredient for consumer health, because it has been shown to be a good source of total phenolic content having high antioxidant activity; moreover, for further studies, water appears to be effective as an extraction solvent of phenolic compounds.

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION AND LC/MS ANALYSIS OF PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS IN SWEET APRICOT (PRUNUS ARMENIACA L.) KERNEL SKINS

Sweet apricot kernel skins, the byproduct of sweet apricot kernel processing, contain high levels of phenolic antioxidants. This research aimed at optimizing the extraction procedure of antioxidants from sweet apricot kernel skins, investigating the relationship of antioxidant activity with total phenolic content (TPC) and preliminarily analyzing the composition of phenolic compounds in extract with LC/MS. The extraction condition at the assistance of microwave was optimized with response surface methodology both for antioxidant activity and TPC. The study results showed that the antioxidant activity of extract is higher than those of ascorbic acid and Butylated hydroxytoluene and correlated with TPC although a difference was existent in optimized extraction conditions. Compared with ultrasonic-assisted extraction and solvent soak extraction, microwave-assisted extraction had much higher extraction yield of TPC. HPLC-MS analysis revealed that the phenolic compounds in the extract of sweet apricot kernel skins were mainly chlorogenic acids, procyanidins, and propelargonidins.

Phenolic contents and antioxidant properties from aerial parts of achyranthes coynei sant

Aim of the study was to evaluate antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Achyranthes coynei; an endemic plant used in treatment of several diseases in the same lines that of Achyranthes aspera by traditional practitioners of Belgaum region. Efficiency of extraction methods was studied for aerial parts (leaves, stem, and inflorescence) extracted in methanol using continuous shaking, microwave assisted and ultra sonic extraction technique, by exposing it for different time period. Total phenolic content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity using 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Extracts of A. coynei revealed highest yield of total phenolic content in continuous shaking method compared to other methods. Significantly higher amount of phenolic content (467.07±23.35 tannic acid equivalent and 360.83±18.04 caffic acid equivalent mg/100 g FW) was estimated at 360 min of continuous shaking extraction. In 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, inflorescence and leaf showed highest potential activity, respectively. Stem extracts showed lower yield of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Results also showed 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging assay had significant correlation with total phenolic content. This is first report of total phenolic content and antioxidant studies in A. coynei.

Optimization of total phenolic content extracted from Garcinia mangostana Linn. hull using response surface methodology versus artificial neural network

The optimum conditions of extraction time, solid to solvent ratio, and methanol concentration for extracting total phenolic content (TPC) from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) hull powder have been investigated using response surface methodology. The experimental data obtained was adequately fitted into second-order polynomial models with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.897. Response surface analysis showed that the optimal extraction parameters which gave a maximum TPC yield of 140.66mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g powder were from a 2h extraction with 0.05 solid to solvent ratio and at 69.77% methanol concentration. Analysis using artificial neural network (ANN) predicted data which showed a higher R2 value of 0.945 and average absolute deviation (ADD) values of 4.01% versus 5.37% for the RSM. This suggests that ANN is a better modelling technique for nonlinear data for predicting TPC extracted from mangosteen hull powder compared to the response surface methodology (RSM).

Optimization of extraction time and temperature on antioxidant activity of Schizophyllum commune aqueous extract using response surface methodology

Central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the extraction time (X 1 : 99.5-290.5min) and temperature (X 2 : 30.1-54.9°C) of Schizophyllum commune aqueous extract with high antioxidant activities and total phenolic content (TPC). Results indicated that the data were adequately fitted into four second-order polynomial models. The extraction time and temperature were found to have significant linear, quadratic and interaction effects on antioxidant activities and TPC. The optimal extraction time and temperature were: 290.5min and 35.7°C (DPPH(•) scavenging ability); 180.7min and 41.7°C (ABTS(•+) inhibition ability); 185.2min and 42.4°C (ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP); 290.5min and 40.3°C (TPC). These optimum conditions yielded 85.10%; 94.31%; 0.74mM Fe(2+) equivalent/100g; 635.76mg gallic acid equivalent/100g, respectively. The yields of antioxidant activities and TPC obtained experimentally were close to its predicted values. The establishment of such model provides a good experimental basis employing RSM for optimizing the extraction time and temperature on antioxidants from S. commune aqueous extract.

Effect of gamma irradiation on total phenolic content yield and antioxidant capacity of Almond skin extracts

Almond ( Prunus amygdalus) skins are agricultural by-products that are a source of phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds from gamma-irradiated almond skins were extracted with 40% ethanol. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu (F–C) method. Almond skin extracts (ASE): soybean oil (1:4 v/v) mixtures containing 0.08% FeCl 3 were prepared. Antioxidant activity was determined by conjugated dienes and trienes (CD and CT, respectively) measurements, peroxide value (PV), Trolox ® equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and Photochemiluminescence (PCL). Phenolic content yield ( p < 0.05) was higher in ASE irradiated at doses greater than 4 kGy (trial I) or 12.7 kGy (trial II) compared to the control. Increased antioxidant activity was observed in TEAC assay and PCL with lipid-soluble antioxidant capacity reagents in ASE irradiated above 4 kGy (trial I) and 12.7 kGy (trial II) compared to 0 kGy. Gamma irradiation of almond skins thus increased the yield of total phenolic content as well as enhanced antioxidant activity of extracts.