Yield Of Soybean Plants Research Articles

Growth and Yield of Soybeans in Various Growing Media Composition and Inoculation of Rhizobacteria on Marginal Soils

Soybean is one of the leading commodities that is being developed in Indonesia. Today, the increase of soybean needs is not followed by its production capacity. Meanwhile, the area of productive land for soybean farming is decreasing due to land conversion for non-agricultural needs. One effort that can be an alternative is using marginal land by applying appropriate technology such as manure and biofertilizer. So that, it was necessary to know the composition of manure and biofertilizer, which was appropriate to increase the growth and yield of soybean plants on marginal soils. Complete Randomized Design was used in the experiment with two factors. The first factor was the ratio of manure: soil (v:v) there are 0:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The second factor was rhizobacteria inoculum, which included without rhizobacteria, exogenous rhizobacteria, and indigenous rhizobacteria. Results showed that the composition of the best planting medium for growth and yield of soybean is manure: soil 1: 1 and 1: 2. The source of the rhizobacteria inoculum is not a significant difference to the soybean’s growth and yield. Manure and soil 1: 2 with indigenous inoculum tended to produce the best total number of nodules and effective root nodules. Manure and soil 1:1 with indigenous inoculum produce the best of seeds number. Manure and soil 1:2 or 2:1 with exogenous inoculum tended to produce the best seed index weight (g per 100 seeds).

Effects of autumn and spring primary tillage on soybean yield and 1000-grain weight in the agro-ecological conditions of Serbia

Soybean yield depends on the selection of cultivars, soil fertility, applied cultivation practices, and agroclimatic conditions over the years. High-quality and timely primary tillage is essential for stable development and high yields of soybean plants. The effect of autumn and spring primary tillage on soybean yield and 1000-grain weight was examined in a three-year study (2013-2015). The trial included cultivars with different maturity periods, developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad: Valjevka and Galina 0 maturity group, Sava and NS Maximus I maturity group, Rubin and Venera II maturity group. Trial subplots were prepared using different periods of primary tillage, which was conducted in autumn (November, 01–05) and spring (March, 25–31). The highest yields and 1000-grain weight were obtained after autumn primary tillage in all the three study years. Yield decrease by 2.72% to 38.91% and 1000-grain weight decrease of 1.33%-11.93% were recorded after spring primary tillage.

Pengaruh Silica Gel dan Waktu Pengeringan Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Air dan Viabilitas Benih Kedelai Anjasmoro

Soy plant (Glycine max L.) has an important meaning to meet food needs in order to improve the nutrition of the society. Based on previous research, the provision of seeds in sufficient and timely quantities is often constrained due to improper seed processing and the initial moisture content of seeds before relatively high storage. This then attracted the attention of the authors to research to find out whether there is an interaction between silica gel treatment with drying duration to decreased moisture content and seed viability and the growth and yield of soybean varieties of Anjasmoro using experimental methods with Complete Random Design (RAL) 2 factors and the treatment is repeated 3 times so that 12 samples are obtained. The results achieved from this study are that there is an interaction between silica gel treatment and the duration of drying of seed moisture content, seed viability, and the growth and yield of soybean plants (Glycine max L.). The tallest plant of 68 cm is achieved by control treatment with a drying length of 2 weeks. The highest yield weight per plant of 147 grams was achieved by the Control s0 treatment with a drying duration of 2 week.

Response of Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max l. Merril) to the Method and Dose of Leachate Liquid Organic Fertilizer Application

The high demand for soybeans cannot yet be met by domestic production. Thus, a way to increase soybean production is necessary, one of which is to use liquid organic fertilizer derived from landfill leachate. This study aimed to examine the application method of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) from landfill leachate to the soil and leaves and to determine the concentration giving the best growth and yield of soybean plants. The study was a field-research arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of six treatments and four replications, which was carried out in a greenhouse. The treatments include A (0 LOF/L water), B (20 ml LOF/L water), C (30 ml LOF/L water, D (40 ml LOF/L water), E (50 ml LOF/L water) and F (60 ml LOF/L water). The liquid organic fertilizer was applied through the soil and leaves at a dose according to the treatments. The results showed that the application of liquid organic fertilizer from landfill leachate was better applied to the soil than to the leaves. The liquid organic fertilizer given had a significant effect on the leaf area (cm2), crop weight (g), and plant seed weight (g), but not on the plant height (cm) and stem diameter (cm). Liquid organic fertilizer application is better given to the soil than to the leaves based on the independent T test. The liquid organic fertilizer from landfill leachate at a concentration of 40 ml/L of water had the best effect on the growth and yield of soybean plants.

Growth Response of Soybean (Glycine max L Merrill) to NPK Fertilizer Dosage and Distance Planting in the Field

In The effort to increase soybean production, various treatments can be applied, one of which is cultivation in which spacing between the plants is adjusted to obtain ideal production. Spacing is determined depending on seed growth, soil fertility, season, and the variety of plants. Apart from spacing, the use of compound fertilizer is also very important in the growth and production of soybean plants. One way to reduce production costs and improve the soil and crop yield quality is applying a compound fertilizer such as NPK Mutiara (16:16:16). NPK (16:16:16) fertilizer has a balanced composition of nutrients and dissolves slowly until the end of the growth process. The purpose of this study is to discover the effect of plant spacing and dosage of NPK Mutiara (16:16:16) fertilizer, and the best interaction between spacing and NPK Mutiara (16:16:16) fertilizer dosage, on the growth and yield of soybean plants (Glycine max (L) Merrill). The research was conducted in a farmer’s experimental garden, in Jalan Eka Suka 11, Pangkalan Mansur Village, Medan Johor District, at a height of ± 15 meters above sea level. The method used is a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with the first factor being plant spacing, and the second -factor being NPK fertilizer dosage. The results of the research show that NPK fertilizer dosage and plant spacing both have a significant effect on plant height and the number of branches. The highest plant height, 75.50 cm, was obtained using the treatment J3 (40 cm x 40 cm spacing), compared with the other two treatments. The lowest plant height, 61.08 cm, was obtained using the treatment J1 (30 cm x 30 cm spacing). The highest number of branches was seen in the treatment K3, with 7.00 stalks, while the lowest number of branches was found in the treatment K0, with 6.03 stalks.

Growth and Yield of Soybean with Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Ultisols

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) is the third most important food crop after rice and corn which contains protein and other nutrients essential for the body. Ultisol soil is a less fertile soil that has many limitations on its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Efforts that can be made include the use of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This research was conducted from February to May 2020, in Beringin Raya, Muara Bangka Hulu District, Bengkulu City with an altitude of + 10 m above sea level. The purpose of this study was to explain the growth and yield of soybeans due to the application of liquid organic fertilizers and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Ultisols. The research design used was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 2 factors with three replications. The first factor is the LOF dose which consists of four levels, namely: 0, 20, 40, and 60 mL L-1. The second factor is the AMF dose with three levels, namely; 0, 5, and 10 g plant-1. The results showed that there was no interaction between LOF and AMF. Giving a LOF concentration of 60 mL L-1 gave the highest yield on the growth and yield of soybeans, as well as the optimum concentration for seed/plant weight, which was 28.114 mL L-1, and the number of seeds was 37.589 mL L-1. AMF dosage of 10 g plant-1 gave the best growth and yield of soybean plants.

Potensi mikroba penambat nitrogen dan pelarut fosfat untuk optimalisasi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kedelai

This study aims to evaluate the effect of nitrogen-fixing microbes and phosphate solubilizing microbes on the growth and yield of soybean. Research conducted in practicum land Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Majalengka from January to May 2019. The method used in this research was a factorial randomized block design consisting of 16 treatments repeated three times. The first factor was inoculant of nitrogen-fixing microbial (n), which consists of n0 (without inoculation), n1 (5 g inoculation MPN/kg seeds), n2 (10 g inoculation MPN/kg seeds), n3 (15 g inoculation MPN/kg seeds). The second factor was phosphate solubilize microbe (b) consists of b0 (0 kg/ha of phosphate solubilizing microbes), b1 (50 kg/ha of phosphate solubilizing microbes), b2 (100 kg/ha of phosphate solubilizing microbes), and b3 (150 kg/ha of phosphate solubilizing microbes). The differences between average were tested using Duncan's multiple range test. The analysis showed that the application of both nitrogen-fixing microbial and phosphate solubilize microbes was an effect on the growth and yield of soybean plants. N-fixing microbes and phosphate solvents effect on plant height, the number of productive branches, leaf area index, except on the number of filled pods, the number of grain per plant, weight of 100 grains, the weight of grain per plant, and weight of grain/plot, most optimal dose is 150 kg/ha MPF. The most optimal dose is 5 g for MPN inoculation and 100 kg/ha for MPF on the mean of the observed variables.

Can light intensity modulate the physiological, anatomical, and reproductive responses of soybean plants to water deficit?

Little is known about the role of light intensity in modulating plant responses to stress due to water deficit (WD). Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the WD and contrasting irradiance effects on the physiology, anatomy, and grain yield of soybean plants. The experimental design was a randomized block in a growth chamber and a 2× 2 factorial treatment arrangement: 90% (well-watered, WW) and 40% (WD) of soil field capacities (FC); and 750 (medium irradiance, MI) and 1500 (higher irradiance, HI) μmol (photons) m-2 s-1 irradiance. The WD caused a lower photosynthetic rate - as well as observed in the light curve and in the relative parameters, such as apparent quantum efficiency -, less investment in shoot biomass and pollen grain germination, resulting in lower grain yield. However, there was an increase in non-photochemical energy dissipation, a higher concentration of total soluble sugars, proline, and malondialdehyde. The WD+ MI-soybean plants developed thicker spongy parenchyma (related to higher mesophilic conductance of CO2 ). In the WW + HI condition the palisade parenchyma was thicker, conferring maintenance of photosynthetic efficiency. In addition, there was an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase antioxidant enzymes in leaves due to HI, regardless of FC. This induced higher energy expenditure, reflected in the reduction of the number of leaf and branches, leaf area, dry mass of leaves and stem in the WW + HI. Interestingly, these strategies of osmotic adjustment, photoprotection, and antioxidant defenses act together in the WD + HI.

Effect of post-emergence applications of imazapyr and imazapic on the growth and grain yield of AHAS-transgene soybean plants

One of the factors that limit grain yield in soybean crops is weed competition. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of an AHAS-transgene soybean cultivar (BRS 397; Cultivance®) subjected to different rates of Soyvance® (525 g kg-1 imazapyr, and 175 g kg-1 imazapic). Two field experiments were conducted in the 2015-2016 crop season in two sites with different soil and weather characteristics located in the state of Paraná, Brazil. A completely randomized block design was used, with 11 treatments consisted of different rates of Soyvance®. Phytotoxicity, chlorophyll index, first pod height, plant height, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, and grain yield were evaluated. The use of high rates of the herbicide decreased the final height and grain yield of soybean plants in approximately 25% in both locations, but did not affect their 100-seed weight and chlorophyll index. The use of rates of the commercial product higher than that recommended by the manufacturer (100 g ha-1) may affect the agronomic performance of AHAS-transgene soybean plants

The Impact of Road Light on Growth and Result of Soybean Plant

Until now, soybean is still one of the priority food commodities in Indonesia. in the agricultural revitalization program launched by the government in 2005, due to the high price volatility that did not rule out the possibility of shaking the Indonesian economy. Soybean plants can provide positive and negative responses to environmental changes growing above and in the soil. This response can be known from phenotypic and physiological changes in plants. The environment on land which influences the growth of soybean plants mainly is the duration and intensity of irradiation, air temperature, CO2 content in the atmosphere. The study aims to determine the impact of street lighting on the growth and yield of soybean plants. The study used a Randomized Block Design Method with 3 treatments, and each treatment was repeated 9 times, so that it takes 27 treatment plots. J0= Distance of street lighting to soybean land (meters), J1: 50 meters, J2: 60 meters, and J3: 70 meters. Observations were made one week after planting at 7-day intervals for growth parameters (plant height and number of leaves), while for the production parameters (Number of Content Pods/Plants, Dry Weight (DW) 100 Seeds, DW Seeds/Plots, and DW Seeds/Ha) are carried out after harvest. From the results of the study it can be concluded that there are real differences in the parameters of growth and production (number of filled pods, DW 100 seeds, DW seeds/plot, and DW seeds/ha), where the J3 treatment is capable of producing 2.89 tons/ha (an increase in dry weight of seeds/ha by 28.4%), compared to J1 2.24 tonnes/ha , although not significantly different from Treatment J2

Agronomic performance of soybean crops under integrated production systems in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon biome

ABSTRACT Soybean is an alternative crop to be used in intensified land use systems and recovery of degraded areas in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean crops under integrated production systems in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon biome. Soybean crop was grown in alleys with widths of 18, 30, and 42 m between the 4-row tree sets of eucalyptus and evaluated in two agricultural years (2016-2017 and 2017-2018). Plant height, first pod insertion height, number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, 100-grain weight, and grain yield of soybean plants at maturation stage were evaluated in different distances from the eucalyptus (10, 20, 30 and 45% of the alley width). The lowest mean grain yield was found for the alley of 18 m in the 2017-2018 agricultural year. The proximity of soybean plants to eucalyptus trees affects negatively the grain yield, plant height, first pod insertion height, plant population, and number of pods per plant. The crop-livestock-forest integration system, with the forest component consisting of 5-year-old eucalyptus trees (technical age for harvest), resulted in higher soybean grain yields for the alley of 42 m. The growth of soybean crops in alleys of 18 m between 4-row tree sets of 5-year-old eucalyptus trees is not recommended for the Southwestern region of the Brazilian Amazon biome.

Effect of Bio-Fertilizer, Organic and Mineral Fertilizaters on Soybean Yield and Nutrients Uptake under Sandy Soil Conditions

During the two consecutive summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 at Faculty of Agric.; Damietta University, Damietta Governorate, Egypt, two pot experiments were conducted to examine the effect of phosphorus fertilization, organic fertilization and inoculation with Azotobacter as well as their interactions on nutrient uptake and yield of soybean plants (Glycine max L.). The experiment was performed using split-split plot design with 18 treatments in three replicates, three treatments of organic manure in form of chicken manure (without, 8 and 12 ton.fed-1) as the main plot, three rates of phosphorus fertilization (0, 36 and 54 kgp 2o5.fed-1) as subplot and all treatments were studied twice; once in the presence of Azotobacter strains inoculants and the other without it as sub-sub plot. Individual organic manure increased N, P and K uptake by the plant, yield and its component (100-seed, g/plant, seed yield, g/plant, pod length, cm and pods weight, g/plant) and chemical composition of seed (N, P, K, protein and total carbohydrates%). Obtained results declare that phosphorus fertilizer treatments at 54 kg P2O5.fed-1 recorded the highest values of the mentioned parameters. Bio-fertilizers increased the traits especially in presence of Azotobacter comparing with the un-inoculated plant. So, the interaction between 12 ton.fed-1 chicken manure and 54 kg.fed-1 P2O5 in presence of Azotobacter was the best treatment to achieve the highest values of parameters under investigation during two seasons.

Physiological and biochemical responses of soybean (Glycine max L.) to cysteine application under sea salt stress

BackgroundShortage of water is a major problem facing Egypt; thus, it becomes necessary to use non-traditional sources of water such as saline water in irrigation. Overcoming the adverse effects of saline water and enhancing plant tolerance to salinity stress is the main challenge for increasing plant growth and productivity. Using a natural compound such as cysteine amino acid has an important effect in alleviating the adverse effect of salinity stress on different plant crops.Materials and methodsTwo pot experiments were carried out during two successive summer seasons to study the beneficial role of cysteine (0, 20, and 40 mg/l) in enhancing growth, some metabolic process, and seed yield quality and quantity of soybean plant grown under salinity stress (0, 3000, and 6000 mg/l).ResultsSalinity stress (3000 and 6000 mg/l) caused decreases in soybean growth criteria (plant height, number of branches and leaves/plant, dry weight of leaves and stem/plant), photosynthetic pigments and some element contents (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)), and seed yield and yield components (number of pods/plant, weight of pods/plant and number of seeds/plant) as well as oil%. Meanwhile, proline, H2O2 and MDA contents, and superoxide dismutase activity were gradually increased by increasing salinity level. On the other hand, cysteine treatments improved growth and yield of soybean plant either irrigated with tap water or saline water. Cysteine treatments could alleviate the adverse effect of salinity stress on growth and yield of soybean plant through increasing photosynthetic pigments; proline content; N, P, and K contents; superoxide dismutase and catalase activities; and oil% accompanied by decreases in H2O2 and MDA contents as compared with their corresponding controls. In addition, cysteine treatments and/or salinity stress exhibited differences in protein pattern from 112 to 19 kD molecular weight. The appearance of new protein bands reflected the expression of cysteine treatments and salinity stress.ConclusionCysteine treatments had a beneficial role in alleviating the adverse effect of salinity stress on soybean plant. Forty milligrams per liter of cysteine was the most effective treatment in enhancing salinity tolerance of soybean plant.

Pengaruh Dosis Rhizobium Serta Macam Pupuk NPK Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max) Varietas Anjasmoro

<p><em>Efforts to increase the growth and yield of soybean plants can be done through the use of cultivation technology, namely by providing biological fertilizer treatments such as N-fixing bacteria, namely Rhizobium. The study aims to determine the effect of the right Rhizobium dose and type of NPK fertilizer on the growth of the Anjasmoro variety of soybean (Glycine max). This research uses a factorial randomized block design with two factors and three repetitions. The first factor is Rhizobium inoculation consisting of I0: No inoculum, I1: Rhizobium inoculum (5 g / kg seed), I2: Rhizobium inoculum (7 g / kg seed), I3: Rhizobium inoculum (9 g / kg seed). The second factor is the type of NPK fertilizer, namely P0: No fertilizer, P1: solid NPK fertilizer (0.8 g / plant), P2: liquid NPK fertilizer. The results showed that the dose of Rhizobium that could affect soybean growth was a dose of 9 grams/kg of seed that significantly affect ed the number of leaves and leaf color but did not significantly affect plant height, number of branches, number of root nodules and root nodules weight. NPK fertilizer that can affect soybean growth is liquid NPK fertilizer, and only has a significant effect on leaf color. The interaction of Rhizobium inoculation treatment and NPK fertilizer types significantly affected most parameters but did not significantly affect the number of branches and weight of root nodules.</em></p>

Growth and yield of soybean plants on intercropping systems with different phosphorus dosage

The intercropping system with the right dose of phosphorus will show higher yields than the monoculture planting system. The study was carried out with the aim of: (i) comparing crop yields between intercropping and monoculture planting systems, (ii) comparing the efficiency of land use of each planting system, and (iii) phosphorus doses which provide the highest yield for each cropping system. The study was conducted at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa Cikuya Karang Kitri District Serang, starting from April to July 2019. The experiment used a factorial randomized block design. The first factor is the planting system consisting of three levels, namely the system of soybean monoculture planting, maize monoculture planting system, and intercropping system of soybean+corn. The second factor is the dose of phosphorus fertilizer consisting of two levels, namely 25 kg.ha−1 and 100 kg.ha−1. Each treatment combination was repeated three times. To find out the purpose of the study used the Land Equity Ratio (LER) indicator and Variant Analysis of observational data which included: plant height, number of leaves, weight per plant, crop weight per plot and seed dry weight. The plant growth with corn monoculture is better than intercropping system. The yield of plants with intercropping systems is higher than that of monoculture systems. Plant yields in both cropping systems (intercropping and monoculture) were higher by giving phosphorus doses of 100 kg.ha−1 compared to 25 kg.ha−1.

Pemberian Berbagai Dosis Bokashi Jerami Padi yang Difermentasikan dengan PGPR Akar Bambu pada Tanaman Kedelai

Soybeans will usually grow well at an altitude of no more than 500 to 600 m above sea level. Thedry climate is preferred by soybean plants compared to the humid climate. Straw is a vegetative part ofrice plants (stems, leaves, pan stalks) that are not collected when the rice plants are harvested. -One ofthe bokashi rice straw organic fertilizers. Bokashi rice straw contains some essential organic elementsneeded by plants. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), is one of the biological agents that hasbeen widely used and tested to control various plant pathogens, utilizing bamboo roots as decomposersbecause in the bamboo roots there are bacteria Pseudomonas flourescent and Bacillus polymixa whichcan help the fermentation process. The aim of the study (i) was to find out the effect of giving and (ii) toget the best bokashi rice straw dose on the growth and yield of soybean plants. The study was carried outin Pembakulan Village Batang Alai Timur District, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency from April to August2018. This study used a single factor randomized design (RBD), grouping based on sunlight distribution.The factors examined were 4 bokashi rice straw doses (j) consisting of j1 = 1.3 kg per plot, j2 = 2.6 kgplot, j3 = 3.9 kg per plot and j4 = 5.2 kg per plot plot. Factors observed were plant height, leaf number,flowering age, number of pods, number of seeds, and dry weight of 100 soybeans. The results of the studydid not indicate the effect of bokashi rice straw on soybean plants.

Improvement of growth and yield of soybean plants through the application of non-thermal plasmas to seeds with different health status

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a globally important crop, providing oil and protein. Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex includes seed-borne pathogens that affect this legume. Non-thermal plasma treatment is a fast, cost-effective and environmental-friendly technology. Soybean seeds were exposed to a quasi-stationary (50 Hz) dielectric barrier discharge plasma operating at atmospheric pressure air. Different carrying gases (O2 and N2) and barrier insulating materials were used. This work was performed to test if the effects of non-thermal plasma treatment applied to healthy and infected seeds persist throughout the entire cycle of plants. To this aim, lipid peroxidation, activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase, vegetative growth and agronomic traits were analysed. The results here reported showed that plants grown from infected seeds did not trigger oxidative stress due to the reduction of pathogen incidence in seeds treated with cold plasma. Vegetative growth revealed a similar pattern for plants grown from treated seeds than that found for the healthy control. Infected control, by contrast, showed clear signs of damage. Moreover, plasma treatment itself increased plant growth, promoted a normal and healthy physiological performance and incremented the yield of plants. The implementation of this technology for seeds treatment before sowing could help reducing the use of agrochemicals during the crop cycle.

Вплив різних способів обробітку ґрунту на агрофізичні показники чорнозему типового Правобережного Лісостепу України

В статті подані значення та завдання різних способів та систем обробітку за вирощування сої за різних попередників. Встановлено, що мінімізація обробітку веде до підвищення щільності оброблюваного шару ґрунту і зменшення загальної щілинності (пористості). Найкращі умови для росту і розвитку сої складалися за проведення оранки та чизельного обробітку на 20–22см, де показники щільності і пористості ґрунту, залежно від попередника, варіювали від 1,28 до 1,33 г / см 3 і від 49,0 до 50,9 % відповідно. За мілкого безполицевого і поверхневого обробітків ґрунту щільність формувалася у межах 1,36–1,39 г / см 3 залежно від попередника, а пористість знижувалась до 46,5–47,8 %. Найвища серед досліджуваних обробітків щільність складення (1,38–1,43 г / см 3 ) і найнижча пористість (44,9–46,9 %) ґрунту були на варіанті за прямої сівби. Найвища урожайність сої отримана після зернових колосових (3,5 0–3,70 т / га) за проведення безполицевого обробітку ґрунту на 20–22 см. Після кукурудзи на зерно і соняшнику найвищу урожайність культури 2,83 і 3,12 т / га отримано за проведення оранки на 20–22 см. За своєчасного і якісного проведення технологічних процесів попередник соя забезпечує урожайність рослин сої на рівні 3,33–3,42 т / га.

Variation of nitrogen accumulation and yield in response to phosphorus nutrition of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

ABSTRACTPhosphorus (P) is essential macronutrient for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and function. The objective of this study was to determine effect of phosphorus nutrition (including phosphorus nutrition level and interruption of phosphorus supply) on nitrogen accumulation, nodule nitrogen fixation and yield of soybean plants by 15N labeling with sand culture. The results showed that they all presented a single peak curve with improvement of phosphorus nutrition level, when phosphorus concentration of nutrient solution was about 31 mg/L, they all reached the maximum and effect of phosphorus nutrition level on nodule nitrogen fixation was lower than that on yield formation level. Interruption of phosphorus supply during soybean growth period, nitrogen accumulation and nodule nitrogen fixation were seriously inhibited, and yield was decreased significantly when interruption of phosphorus supply during V3-R1 and R1-R5 period, while interruption of phosphorus supply during R5-R7 period had no significant effect on nitrogen accumulation, nodule nitrogen fixation and yield. So soybean nitrogen metabolism and yield were sensitive to phosphorus nutrition in the V3-R5 period, those were not sensitive to phosphorus nutrition after R5 period.

EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN LYSIMETER UNTUK MENDUGA EVAPOTRANSPIRASI STANDAR DAN EVAPOTRANSPIRASI TANAMAN KEDELAI (GLYCINE MAX (L) MERRIL)

The purpose of this research was to evaluate estimating method of standard evapotranspiration and crops evapotranspiration using lysimeter than be compared with estimation result of evaporimeter pan and Penman – Monteith model who recommendated by FAO. Standard evapotranspiration was estimated using reference crops and crops evapotranspiration was estimated using soybean Kaba varieties which planted in lysimeters. Rainfall data and standard evapotranspiration of evaporimeter pan be obtained from Agroclimate stations of Masgar in Pesawaran distric in Lampung, and evapotranspiration Penman – Monteith model was estimated by CROPWAT using climate data during 2007 – 2011 from Agroclimate stations of Masgar. The estimating result of standard evapotranspiration and crops evapotranspiration using lysimeter were higher than evaporimeter pan and model. The estimation results of standard evapotranspiration and crop evapotranspiration of Lysimeter was higher than the estimation evaporimeter pan and model. The average of standard evapotranspiration during nine dasarian is 6.14 mm/day, average of crop evapotranspiration is 7.54 mm/day, while the standard evapotranspiration of evaporimeter pan is 3.55 mm / day, and standard evapotranspiration estimation results with CROPWAT for November to February are 3.27; 3.20; 3.63; 3.51 mm/day. Crop coefficient (Kc) estimation results of each phase was 0.96 in the initial phase, 1.16 in the development phase, 1.67 in the mid season phase, and 1.18 at the end season phase. Crop coefficient (Kc) Soybean lysimeter estimation results are higher than FAO Crop coefficient recommendation. However observed from the growth and yield of soybean plants seen their best with 10.73 gr of 100 seeds of yield. So that suggested for further research with direct ET o measurement method can be applied with modification or regenerated of lysimeter specifications and construction to consider other parameters of water balance in lysimeter. keywords : standard evapotranspiration, crops evapotranspiration, lysimeter, soybean