Rutin Yield Research Articles

Mechanochemical-assisted efficient extraction of rutin from Hibiscus mutabilis L.

Abstract Mechanochemical-assisted extraction (MCAE) technique was developed for the efficient extraction of rutin from Hibiscus mutabilis L. This process was carried out via mechanochemical pretreatment in AGO-2 high intensity planetary mill. Highest yield of rutin was obtained by grinding H. mutabilis with Na2CO3 (15.0 wt.%) and Na2B4O7·10H2O (1.5 wt.%) for 4 min, extraction temperature at 25 °C, total extraction time of 15 min (two cycles of 10 min and 5 min), acidification pH 5.0 and solvent/material ratio of 25 mL/g. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and diffuse-reflectance UV–Vis spectrum were applied to identify the physicochemical property changes. These changes mainly included the enhanced diffusivity and water solubility of rutin resulting from the breakage of cell walls and its transformation into a water-soluble salt form by the mechanochemical pretreatment. Compared with heat reflux and superfine grinding extraction, MCAE showed the advantages of efficiency, no organic solvent consumption and much lower extraction temperature. Industrial relevance In this study, mechanochemical-assisted extraction of rutin from H. mutabilis was developed and the physicochemical changes in this process were supervised. Owing to its great potential to transform the target compounds into water-soluble forms, MCAE provided a good alternative for efficient aqueous extraction of bioactive compounds, especially some poorly water-soluble natural products.

Extraction of Rutin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus with an Aqueous 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Solution

The study presented in this paper concerns the extractability of rutin into an aqueous 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl) solution. The effects of the concentrations of BMIM-Cl, amounts of Flos Sophorae Immaturus (FSI), extraction temperature and time on the rutin yield were examined. Under optimized extraction conditions, the rutin yield obtained by using aqueous BMIM-Cl corresponded to that obtained by using methanol. A newly established extraction method, followed by HPLC with ultraviolet detection, was applied to FSI samples with good recoveries and high repeatability.

Application of the MSPD Technique for the HPLC Analysis of Rutin in Sambucus nigra L.: The Linear Correlation of the Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Process

This paper presents possibilities of estimating the true value of an analyte concentration in a plant material by means of the matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) based on the law of the partition process and on the properly adapted equations associated with this process. This idea has been developed for analysis of rutin amount in Sambucus nigra L. (elderberry). The effects of experimental variables, such as the mass ratio of sorbent to plant matrix and buffer pH, have been studied. Rutin amounts estimated using MSPD were verified with the amounts obtained by employing pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To obtain the true value of rutin concentration in elderberry, the MSPD process should be carried out in the conditions for which the dependence between the reciprocal of the analyte yield and sorbent mass/plant mass ratio is linear. Rutin yield estimated by MSPD in such conditions equal 2.90% w/w and is almost the same as the amount obtained by PLE (2.88% w/w). The results show that PLE, which recently has been more and more frequently used in the analysis of herb material and which requires the application of expensive PLE equipment, can be replaced by the relatively cheap and effective MSPD process.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of rutin and quercetin from Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb

An ultrasonic method for the extractions of rutin and quercetin from Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb was investigated. The influence of four extraction variables on extraction yield of rutin and quercetin was discussed. The optimum extraction conditions found were: 70% aqueous ethanol; solvent: sample ratio 40:1 (v/w); extraction time 3×30min. The recovery of rutin and quercetin and the reproducibility of the extraction method were determined. The optimized ultrasonic extraction conditions were applied to extract rutin and quercetin from dried stalks of E. alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. The application of sonication method was shown to be highly efficient in the extraction of rutin and quercetin from E. alatus (Thunb.) Sieb, compared with classical methods. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs provided evidence of more rapid opening of plant cells treated by UAE in contrast to maceration.

Extraction of rutin fromSophora japonica buds using surface-active agents

An increase in the yield of rutin from the extraction of Japanese pagoda tree buds on the use of surface-active agents because of a facilitation of the wetting process and an acceleration of the swelling of the raw material has been demonstrated.

Enzymatic method of obtaining rutin

The possibility has been shown for the first time of using enzymes for increasing the yield of rutin. The processes of fermentation and extraction have been optimized with the aid of mathematical methods of planning experimentation.

Study of the kinetics of the extraction of flavonoids from plant raw material I. Extraction of rutin fromSida hermaphrodita

The influence of the concentration of ethanol (50, 60, and 70%, of the degree of grinding of the plant raw material, and of the time of maceration, on the yield of rutin from the epigeal part ofVirginia sida, family Malvaceae has been studied. It has been established that the highest yield of rutin can be obtained from raw material ground to 2.5–3.0 mm with the use of 70% ethanol and a time of maceration of 12 h. In an investigation of the influence of the concentration of ethanol and the time of steeping on the yield of rutin from raw material ground to 2.5–2.0 mm, regression equations for 50, 60, and 70% ethanolic extractions have been derived.

ルチン原料蕎麦の栽培試験 (第2報)

Cultivation tests on Japanese summer and autumn buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench var. aestivum and var. autumnale Makino), diploid and tetraploid buckwheat, and Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum Gaertner) were carried out at Kasukabe during 1951 for the purpose of examining rutin-content. Relationship between the sowing time and yield of crop, rutin-content, and yield of rutin per 10 ares was chiefly examined with the diploid, tetraploid, and Tartary buckwheat. The results obtained were as follows:1) Both the rutin-content and yield of rutin per 10 ares were larger in the summer and autumn buckwheat cultivated in the spring than those cultivated in autumn, and it was confirmed that the spring cultivation of autumn buckwheat gave better results than that of summer buckwheat (cf. Tables I and II).2) Both rutin-content and yield of rutin per 10 ares were found to be larger in the diploid and tetraploid buckwheat cultivation during the spring than those sown in autumn. Comparison of the diploid and tetraploid cultivation at the same time showed no re-markable difference in the yield of crop per 10 ares but the rutin-content and yield of rutin per 10 ares were smaller in the tetraploid (maxima, 3.21% and 1.693kg.) than in the diploid (maxima, 5.61% and 3.589kg.) (cf. Table III).3) Tartary buckwheat gave better results in the point of fresh useful crop than the summer and autumn buckwheat. While the yield of fresh crop, rutin-content, and yield of rutin per 10 ares of Tartary buckwheat cultivated during the spring was inferior to those of Japanese buckwheat, those cultivated in the summer and autumn showed better results (cf. Table IV).

フラボノイドの可溶化に関する研究 (第8報)

During the cold extraction of rutin from the Chinese crude drug, Flos Sophorae japonicae, with aqueous solution of borax, it was found that extraction at5-10° yielded rutin while that at 37° yielded quercetin. Pretreatment of the drug by heating at 80-85° for 3 hours resulted in the yield of rutin even by extraction at 37°. The cold extract of Flos Sophorae japonicae was then applied to rutin at 37° by which quercetin was obtained. The same treatment with solution of rutin by the addition of borax gave quercetin from rutin. This decomposition does not occur if the cold extract of the drug is applied at 5-10° or heated at 100° for one hour. Examination of the sugars obtained by the decomposition showed them to be glucose and rhamnose but no rutinose was detected. From these results, it has been clarified that a group of glucosidase is present in Flos Sophorae japonicae which decomposes rutin to quercetin, glucose and rhamnose, the enzymatic reaction of which is not obstructed by the presence of an excessive amount of borax.

SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE DURING THE ADMINISTRATION OF RUTIN

Rutin, a flavone glucoside first isolated in 1842, is found in many plants. Dr. James F. Couch of the Eastern Regional Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, noting the structural similarity of rutin to hesperidin, advanced the possibility of its use in the treatment of some forms of bleeding. As a result of a series of chemical investigations, he found that the unripe buckwheat leaf gave the highest yield of rutin, and this is the plant from which our present supply is extracted. Rutin was given in initial doses of 60 mg. daily to a series of 66 patients in the course of a clinical investigation. In the four months during which this study has been followed, in 2 of the patients who were taking the rutin there developed subconjunctival hemorrhages. During the same period, only 1 patient of a much larger group being treated similarly (with the exception

Under-channel oil line

Mechanochemical-assisted extraction (MCAE) technique was developed for the efficient extraction of rutin from Hibiscus mutabilis L. This process was carried out via mechanochemical pretreatment in AGO-2 high intensity planetary mill. Highest yield of rutin was obtained by grinding H. mutabilis with Na2CO3 (15.0 wt.%) and Na2B4O7·10H2O (1.5 wt.%) for 4 min, extraction temperature at 25 °C, total extraction time of 15 min (two cycles of 10 min and 5 min), acidification pH 5.0 and solvent/material ratio of 25 mL/g. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and diffuse-reflectance UV–Vis spectrum were applied to identify the physicochemical property changes. These changes mainly included the enhanced diffusivity and water solubility of rutin resulting from the breakage of cell walls and its transformation into a water-soluble salt form by the mechanochemical pretreatment. Compared with heat reflux and superfine grinding extraction, MCAE showed the advantages of efficiency, no organic solvent consumption and much lower extraction temperature.In this study, mechanochemical-assisted extraction of rutin from H. mutabilis was developed and the physicochemical changes in this process were supervised. Owing to its great potential to transform the target compounds into water-soluble forms, MCAE provided a good alternative for efficient aqueous extraction of bioactive compounds, especially some poorly water-soluble natural products.