Quinoa Yield Research Articles

Enhancing Soil Physicochemical Properties, Quinoa Yield, and Nutrients through Intercropping of Quinoa with Legumes

Enhancing Soil Physicochemical Properties, Quinoa Yield, and Nutrients through Intercropping of Quinoa with Legumes

Early Flowering and Maturity Promote the Successful Adaptation and High Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Temperate Regions

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) can offer an alternative for staple food considering its tolerance to abiotic stresses and high seed quality. However, its cultivation in temperate regions has not been successful due to its photoperiod sensitivity and low seed yield. This study investigated the agronomical performance and quality traits of 48 accessions for cultivation in northern Europe. We conducted two-year field trials and phenotyped traits related to phenological development, plant architecture, yield components, seed quality, and disease resistance. The major determinants of seed yield in this study were days to flowering, days to maturity, thousand-kernel weight, and panicle density, while downy mildew susceptibility and stem lodging showed a negative correlation with seed yield. We developed a selection index to enable simultaneous selection based on different important agronomical traits. We evaluated the stability of different accessions over the two years of the experiment. Finally, we provided a list of 10 selected accessions that can be directly integrated and serve as new crossing parents in quinoa breeding programs for temperate regions.

Differential growth, morphological characters, and yield of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes grown on salt degraded soil

AbstractQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a high‐value halophytic crop, is a promising candidate to ensure food security in the scenario of increasing soil salinization due to climate change. In a 2‐year field study (during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020), 18 quinoa genotypes of different origins (Q‐4, Q‐6, Q‐9, Q‐7, Q11, Q‐15, Q‐22, Q‐24, Q‐27, Q‐45, Q‐50, Q‐51, Q‐52, Q‐76, Q‐81, Q82, Q‐124, and Q‐126) were grown at two different locations (salt‐affected and normal soil having electrical conductivity (EC) of 16.24 and 1.76 dS m−1, respectively). Morphological, physiological, and yield parameters were recorded to assess the impact of salinity on different genotypes of quinoa. All the tested genotypes performed better in normal soil (37% more yield) than salt‐affected soils. Under salt‐affected conditions, differential salt tolerance responses of quinoa genotypes were observed. Among tested genotypes, Q‐7 achieved the highest chlorophyll content index, biological mass (7905 kg ha−1), and seed yield (1916 kg ha−1) under salt‐affected conditions, it was followed by Q‐81. Salt stress caused up to 94% reduction of seed yield in the salt‐sensitive genotype (Q‐11), while the salt‐tolerant genotype (Q‐81) showed only 15% reduction in seed yield. Morphological characteristics of quinoa genotypes were differently influenced by salt stress. The salt‐tolerant accessions Q‐7 and Q‐81 exhibited similar morphological characteristics. Based on the findings of this study, salt‐tolerant quinoa genotypes can be successfully grown in salt‐degraded soils (with EC ≤ 16.24 dS m−1) in extreme winter seasons with arid climatic conditions.

Characterization and Agronomic Evaluation of 25 Accessions of Chenopodium quinoa in the Peruvian Coastal Desert

Quinoa is a healthy food that possesses high levels of protein that is enriched for dietary essential amino acids. The crop is highly diverse and well-adapted to changing climatic conditions. In spite of being vulnerable to pests and diseases, the development of new resistant varieties is possible. Taking advantage of this genetic variability is crucial for breeding programs, especially to adapt quinoa to the shifting needs of producers. In this study, 25 Peruvian accessions and two commercial varieties were characterized and agronomically evaluated in the Peruvian Pacific desert. Specific methodologies and descriptors of existing crops were used, analyzing a total of 24 quantitative and 23 qualitative variables with 15 repetitions per accession. The data were processed using descriptive statistics and a multivariate analysis. The results showed a high variability in morphological characteristics, with an area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of the presence of mildew between 529 and 1725, highlighting ACC06 with a lower severity of mildew. The percentage of saponins varied between 0.04 and 0.21 percent, with ACC06 being the one with the lowest percentage. Regarding the crop yield, it ranged between 0.35 and 8.80 t ha−1, highlighting the high-yielding accessions ACC55 and ACC14. These results were promising for the improvement of quinoa yield in the production conditions of the Peruvian Pacific desert.

Mitigation of Drought Stress for Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Varieties Using Woodchip Biochar-Amended Soil.

Drought stress deteriorates agro-ecosystems and poses a significant threat to crop productivity and food security. Soil amended with biochar has been suggested to mitigate water stress, but there is limited knowledge about how biochar affects the physiology and vegetative growth of quinoa plants under soil water deficits. We grew three quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) varieties, Titicaca (V1), Quipu (V2), and UAFQ7 (V3) in sandy loam soil without (B0) and with 2% woodchip biochar (B2) under drought conditions. The drought resulted in significant growth differences between the varieties. V3 performed vegetatively better, producing 46% more leaves, 28% more branches, and 25% more leaf area than the other two varieties. Conversely, V2 displayed significantly higher yield-contributing traits, with 16% increment in panicle length and 50% more subpanicles compared to the other varieties. Woodchip biochar application significantly enhanced the root development (i.e., root biomass, length, surface, and projected area) and plant growth (i.e., plant height, leaf area, and absolute growth rate). Biochar significantly enhanced root growth, especially fresh and dry weights, by 122% and 127%, respectively. However, biochar application may lead to a trade-off between vegetative growth and panicle development under drought stress as shown for V3 grown in soil with woodchip biochar. However, V3B2 produced longer roots and more biomass. Collectively, we suggest exploring the effects of woodchip biochar addition to the soil on the varietal physiological responses such as stomatal regulations and mechanisms behind the increased quinoa yield under water stress conditions.

Effect of Alternating Irrigation Using Freshwater and Drainage Water on Quinoa Yield and Soil Quality

Effect of Alternating Irrigation Using Freshwater and Drainage Water on Quinoa Yield and Soil Quality

Effects of Nitrogen Accumulation, Transportation, and Grain Nutritional Quality and Advances in Fungal Endophyte Research in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Plants.

This study aims to understand the influence of nitrogen accumulation, fungal endophyte, yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and grain nutritional quality parameters on the yield of quinoa in some areas of China. The endophytic microbial community in plants plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and health, especially in quinoa plants under different nitrogen fertilizer levels. The results from the present study indicated that appropriate nitrogen application significantly enhanced the nitrogen accumulation and yield of quinoa grains during maturity, increasing by 34.54-42.18% and 14.59-30.71%, respectively. Concurrently, protein content, amylose, total starch, ash, and fat content also increased, with respective growth rates of 1.15-18.18%, 30.74-42.53%, 6.40-12.40%, 1.94-21.94%, and 5.32-22.22%. Our constructed interaction network of bacterial and fungal communities revealed that bacteria outnumbered fungi significantly, and most of them exhibited synergistic interactions. The moderate increase in N150 was beneficial for increasing quinoa yield, achieving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of over 20%. The N210 was increased, and both the yield and NUE significantly decreased. This study provides novel insights into the impact of nitrogen fertilizer on quinoa growth and microbial communities, which are crucial for achieving agricultural sustainable development.

Residual Effects of Compost and Manure Fertilizers on Quinoa Production and Nutrient Uptake

Organic fertilizers have the potential to improve soil quality and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) yields, but their long-standing benefits are unknown. Therefore, a three-years field experiment (2019–2022) was conducted in Morocco to investigate the residual effects of organic fertilizers on the productivity and mineral status of quinoa. Compost and manure were applied during the first season at 5, 10, and 20 t ha− 1 and 10, 20, and 40 t ha− 1, respectively. Soil organic matter (SOM), plant growth, and quinoa yield were monitored during the year of organic fertilizer applications and two and three years after the applications. 40 t ha− 1 of manure produced the highest SOM, plant height, and chlorophyll content index. Compost at 20 t ha− 1 produced the highest grain yield (4.6 t ha− 1) during the first year, but the residual effect of 40 t ha− 1 of manure exceeded other treatments in the second and third years (3.4 t ha− 1 and 1.4 t ha− 1, respectively). Average quinoa grain yield over the three years was highest with 10 and 20 t ha− 1 of compost and 20 and 40 t ha− 1 of manure and average quinoa nutrient content was 1.8 kg N, 0.3 kg P, 4.1 kg K, 0.5 kg Ca, 0.6 kg Mg, 0.5 g Cu, 1.9 g Zn, 7.9 g Mn, and 7.9 g Fe per 100 kg of total biomass. A single application of manure at 20 t ha− 1 was optimal to increase quinoa productivity for three growing seasons, promoting agricultural sustainability in arid regions.

Effect of sowing date and planting method on yield and yield components of three varieties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)

The most important parameter for the adaptability a crop to different climates is the sowing date, as this has the greatest influence on the phonological characteristics of the plant. This study was conducted to determine the potential yield of different quinoa varieties sowed at various dates in hot and dry climates. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications over two crop years, 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. The sowing date was considered as the main factor at four levels (October 21, October 31, November 10 and November 20), the sowing method (transplanting and seed sowing) as the sub-factor and the quinoa varieties (Gizal, Q26 and Titicaca) as the sub-sub-plot. The results showed that delays in sowing date reduced leaf area index (LAI), plant height, grain yield components, grain yield and biological yield of quinoa. The highest values for these traits were recorded for the first sowing date of October 21. Late transplanting was superior to direct seed sowing. Among the varieties studied, the Q26 variety was superior to the other two varieties in terms of growth, yield components and grain yield. The highest grain yield (2786 kg/ha) was recorded direct sowing on October 21 and the lowest (896 kg/ha) for under direct sowing on November 20 and 30, respectively. Overall, early autumn sowing was suitable for growing different quinoa varieties in the Khuzestan province due to the longer growing period and avoidance of heat stress at the end of the growing period. Transplanting did not have much advantage over early seed sowing, but was better than delayed seed sowing.

Deficit Irrigation-Based Improvement in Growth and Yield of Quinoa in the Northwestern Arid Region in China

Given the current global water scarcity issues, which particularly affect arid regions such as northwestern China, it is crucial to find crop planting patterns that result in efficient water resource utilization. Quinoa, as a drought-resistant and highly nutritious crop, has garnered significant attention from agricultural researchers in recent years. From 2019 to 2020, a series of experimental studies were conducted under non-mulching drip irrigation conditions to investigate the growth adaptability and the response to different irrigation levels of quinoa in an arid region in northwestern China. A comparative analysis of quinoa’s dry matter accumulation, yield, thousand-grain weight, harvest index, and water use efficiency under varying irrigation levels revealed that increasing irrigation significantly enhanced quinoa’s dry matter accumulation and yield. By optimizing the irrigation strategies, we found that the water-saving practice of initiating moderate irrigation in the sensitive water-demanding stages (flowering and fruiting) of quinoa increased the yield. The experiment results showed that, in 2020, the optimal irrigation amount was 3675 m3·ha−1 during a 14-day irrigation cycle, meeting quinoa’s growth requirements while improving water resource utilization efficiency. This study not only provides a scientific basis for the efficient cultivation of quinoa in the arid regions of northwestern China, but also offers new insights into and technical support for agricultural water resource management in the region, contributing to the sustainable development of agriculture in arid areas.

Effects of Different N Fertilizer Doses on Phenology, Photosynthetic Fluorescence, and Yield of Quinoa

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is gaining recognition as a pseudocereal due to its nutritional attributes and adaptability to challenging conditions and marginal soils. However, understanding the optimal fertilization for quinoa growth remains a challenge. This study investigates the effects of nitrogen fertilization (0, 90, 120, and 150 kg using urea) on quinoa phenology, growth, and photosynthesis in the Loess Plateau region of China, a critical area facing soil erosion and ecological degradation. The results showed that nitrogen fertilization significantly influenced quinoa phenology, prompting early flowering and shorter growth at an optimum rate of 120 kg ha−1. Nitrogen application enhanced growth traits such as plant height, stem diameter, and chlorophyll content, particularly at the heading and flowering stages. Photosynthesis-related parameters, including net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration, were affected by nitrogen application, with higher values observed at 120 kg ha−1. Non-photochemical quenching was significantly increased by nitrogen application, indicating the efficient dissipation of excess energy. The study demonstrated a positive correlation between grain yield and growth traits, photosynthesis-related traits, and chlorophyll content. In conclusion, quinoa yield could be significantly improved at the Loess Plateau region under rainfed conditions by an optimal nitrogen fertilizer rate of 120 kg ha−1, which reduces the growth duration while increasing photosynthesis traits.

Study on the Mechanism of Slow-Release Fertilizer and Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Senescence Characteristics of Quinoa Leaves

The objective of this study was to investigate how nitrogen and slow-release fertilizers affect the traits of leaf senescence and quinoa production in order to explore the optimal slow-release fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer ratios suitable for quinoa production, as well as to provide theoretical references for the planting of quinoa fertilization methods and fertilizer amount. In this experiment, the main local strain Quinoa 77 was selected as the experimental material, and six treatments were set up: CK: no nitrogen fertilizer; T1: 100% urea (N); T2: 100% slow-release fertilizer (C); T3: 5:5 (C5N5); T4: 3:7 (C3N7); and T5: 7:3 (C7N3). This was done in order to investigate how various treatments affect the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD); malondialdehyde (MDA) content; and yield of quinoa leaves. The findings revealed the following: (1) As the reproductive period progressed, the activities of CAT, POD, and SOD in quinoa leaves treated differently showed a tendency to increase and subsequently decrease, and they reached the peak value at the early stage of filling. The activity of CAT, POD, and SOD in the T3 treatment was the highest, and the average activities were 3148.74 U·g−1, 2197.84 U·g−1, and 118.51 U·g−1, respectively, which increased by 78.90%, 101.99%, and 108.14%, respectively, compared with CK. The content of MDA continued to increase with the progress of fertility. The average T3 treatment was 36.41 nmol·g−1, which was 46.87% lower than that of CK. (2) Out of all the treatments, T3 had the highest yield with an average of 3829.43 kg·hm−2, T5 the second with an average of 3313.52 kg·hm−2, and T4 the third with 2847.47 kg·hm−2, which increased yields by 96.18%, 69.75%, and 45.87%, respectively, compared with CK. (3) Yield was highly significantly and positively correlated with thousand kernel weight; number of grains per spike per plant; and the early filling stages of CAT, POD, and SOD sports, and it had a negative, extremely significant correlation with MDA content. Comprehensive analysis showed that slow-release fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer can improve the antioxidant enzyme activity of quinoa leaves, inhibit MDA content, improve the physiological characteristics of quinoa, and delay the purpose of leaf senescence, with a better effect of yield and income, of which the T3 treatment had the high-quality impact of increasing yields and was a more scientific and reasonable fertilization method.

Soil properties and quinoa yield as affected by irrigation and vermicompost application under a drip-tape irrigation system

IntroductionQuinoa a crop with high nutritional value has the widespread adaptability to different climates and there is an increased demand for this product in the world. Characterized by roots with extensive penetration capabilities and wide, alternate leaves giving rise to diverse inflorescences, quinoa plants exhibit variable heights ranging from 20 to 300 cm. The duration of their growth phase spans 95 to 125 days’ contingent upon cultivar selection and prevailing climatic conditions.Materials and methodsIn order to reduce chemical fertilizers consumption through using organic fertilizers a two-year study was conducted at the Research Farm of the University of Kurdistan, Iran, during the 2021–2022 growing seasons. In this study the effects of varying levels of irrigation and vermicompost application on soil characteristics and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) yield were investigated. The experiments were arranged as split plots within a randomized complete block design. The main factor consisted of four irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of quinoa’s water requirement), while the sub-factor encompassed four vermicompost application rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 tons per hectare). The irrigation method employed was a drip-tape irrigation system with a seven-day interval between irrigations, and water quantities were measured using a volumetric meter on the main pipeline.ResultsThe results demonstrated that the highest levels of available soil phosphorus (21.83 mg kg−1) and soil ammonium (36.08 mg kg−1) were observed in the treatment receiving 50% of quinoa’s water requirement combined with 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost. Additionally, the application of 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost led to the highest concentrations of soil nitrate (14.16 mg kg−1), available potassium (144.62 mg kg−1), and quinoa seed yield (1784.01 kg ha−1)). Over both years, the greatest activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase enzymes was noted in the treatment receiving 125% of quinoa’s water requirement in combination with 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost. Vermicompost application was found to enhance yield and ameliorate drought stress by enhancing soil physical and chemical properties and improving soil moisture retention.

The effect of the harvest management on the yield and quality of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the timing and harvest method of three quinoa varieties on changes in the seed yield and the quality of quinoa seeds. After harvest, the plants were divided into two groups: the first, after weighing, was left in unheated room to dry out. This method of harvest was referred to as "whole plant drying out". While in the second group, the infructescence was separated from the stem after the whole plant was cut. The described harvest method is hereinafter referred to as "only infructescence drying out". Seed quality assessment included weight thousand grain (WTG), energy (after 96 h) and germination capacity (168 h). Prior to the 2nd - 3rd sampling dates, there was a large amount of precipitation in both years of the study. High humidity contributed to pre-harvest sprouting(PHS) and reduced the seed quality. The share of seeds in the biomass yield decreased and was lower than at previous dates by 11.9 %. In the Vikinga variety, germination capacity decreased by 10 percent point (pp) (from date I to date VI). In the Titicaca variety, by 23 pp. In the Zeno variety, the decrease was the greatest - by 27 pp.

Seed priming with selenium improves growth and yield of quinoa plants suffering drought

Drought stress is a worldwide threat to the productivity of crops, especially in arid and semi-arid zones of the world. In the present study, the effect of selenium (Se) seed priming on the yield of quinoa under normal and drought conditions was investigated. A pot trial was executed to enhance the drought tolerance in quinoa by Se seed priming (0, 3, 6, and 9 mg Se L−1). The plants were exposed to water stress at three different growth stages of quinoa, viz. multiple leaf, flowering, and seed filling. It was noticed that drought significantly affected the yield components of quinoa, however, Se priming improved the drought tolerance potential and yield of quinoa by maintaining the plant water status. Se priming significantly increased main panicle length (20.29%), main panicle weight (26.43%), and thousand grain weight (15.41%) as well as the gas exchange parameters (transpiration rate (29.74%), stomatal conductance (35.29%), and photosynthetic rate (28.79%), total phenolics (29.36%), leaf chlorophyll contents (35.97%), water relations (leaf relative water contents (14.55%), osmotic potential (10.32%), water potential (38.35%), and turgor potential (31.37%), and economic yield (35.99%) under drought stress. Moreover, Se priming markedly improved grain quality parameters i.e., phosphorus, potassium, and protein contents by 21.28%, 18.92%, and 15.04%, respectively. The principal component analysis connected the various study scales and showed the ability of physio-biochemical factors to describe yield fluctuations in response to Se seed priming under drought conditions. In conclusion, a drought at the seed-filling stage has a far more deleterious impact among other critical growth stages and seed priming with Se (6 mg L−1) was found more effective in alleviating the detrimental effects of drought on the grain yield of quinoa.

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield, structure and quality of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Field experiments were conducted in 2021-2022 at the Russian State Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev (Moscow). The reaction of quinoa varieties (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to the use of various doses of nitrogen fertilizers was studied. The effect of nitrogen doses N60, N120, as well as the timing and frequency of their application on yield, crop structure, payback of nitrogen fertilizers when applied to culture and protein content in grain in agroecological conditions of the Central region of Russia has been established. Studies have shown that quinoa forms a higher yield and accumulates more protein in the grain when using nitrogen fertilizers. The use of fertilizers in a dose of N120 for fertilizing plants provides an average of 2.32 t, 2.50 t and 3.02 t/ha of Regalon, Vanilla Cherry and Titicaca grain varieties, respectively, for two years.

Reduced Nitrogen Loss and Sustained Seed Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) by Optimizing the Use of NPK, Cow Manure, and Vermicompost

Reduced Nitrogen Loss and Sustained Seed Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) by Optimizing the Use of NPK, Cow Manure, and Vermicompost

The critical period for yield and grain protein determination in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Context or problemDespite its global significance as a highly nutritious food, the critical period for grain yield and grain protein determination of quinoa has not yet been identified. Objective or research questionThis study aimed to determine the critical period of grain number, yield, and grain protein of quinoa in contrasting environments of South America. MethodsFive experiments were conducted in contrasting South American environments, including Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru, from latitudes 4°S to 39°S, and between 19 and 2165 m.a.s.l. Treatments consisted of the factorial combination of two quinoa cultivars (except in Peru, where only one genotype was used) and 4–9 shading treatments (50–85% shade) applied over 10–20 days throughout the crop cycle, depending on the site and the length of the crop cycle. We evaluated how GY, its components, and grain protein responded to the reduction of the source-sink ratio at different phenological stages. ResultsYield of unstressed controls varied from 2.2 t ha−1 in Lima to 9.8 t ha−1 recorded in Valdivia. The grain protein concentration ranged between 12.6% in Lima and 16.8% in Loja. The most sensitive yield-determining period was between –26 and 445 °Cd from flowering across genotypes and environments. Grain protein concentration increased by up to 19% when the source of assimilates was reduced after anthesis; however, this was insufficient to compensate for the protein yield that was affected by the reduction in grain yield due to shading. ConclusionsThe critical period for quinoa grain yield was determined throughout the flowering and grain-filling stages across genotypes and environments, mainly due to a decrease in both grain number and above-ground biomass. Implications or significanceIdentifying the critical period provides a useful target for breeding and management strategies to increase the quinoa crop yield.

Vermicompost-based amendment compensated for the reducing effect of water stress on growth and yield of quinoa by improving soil moisture characteristic

Vermicompost-based amendment compensated for the reducing effect of water stress on growth and yield of quinoa by improving soil moisture characteristic

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management and Salicylic Acid Application on Relative Water Content, Plant Height and Grain Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Aims: A field study was conducted to quantify the effect of moisture deficit stress at different critical stages of quinoa and different mitigation approaches were adopted in order to alleviate moisture deficit stress.
 Study Design: The experiment was designed in split plot design comprising of six main plots (water management) and four sub plots (stress mitigation approaches). The treatments in main plots viz., no irrigation at branching (M1), at ear formation (M2), flowering (M3), grain filling (M4) stages, irrigating at all four stages (M5) and irrigating as and when required (M6), and sub plot treatments viz., soil test-based fertilizer recommendation (STBFR) (S1), STBFR + Salicylic acid spray at 100 ppm (S2), STBFR + rice straw mulching (S3) and integrated nutrient management (S4) were tested.
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during Rabi 2021-22.
 Methodology: Moisture deficit stress was imposed by withholding irrigation water and not irrigating in the defined period. The treatments in the subplots were imposed as per the schedule.
 Results: Optimal results, including significantly taller plants, elevated relative water content, and increased grain yield, were achieved when irrigation was applied on an as-needed basis (M6). Conversely, the lowest grain yield was observed when moisture deficit stress was imposed during the branching stage of quinoa. This outcome was primarily linked to a more substantial reduction in both relative water content and plant height. Among the various stress mitigation approaches, integrated nutrient management (S4) emerged as the most effective management practice, followed closely by STBFR + Salicylic acid spray at 100 ppm (S2).
 Conclusion: The result indicated that branching stage is the most critical stage for irrigation in quinoa and integrated nutrient management could be the best approach under moisture deficit stress in quinoa among the other treatments.