Yield Of Pigeonpea Research Articles

Effect of land configuration, growth regulators and integrated nutrient management on yield and economics of pigeonpea

Effect of land configuration, growth regulators and integrated nutrient management on yield and economics of pigeonpea

Influence of integrated crop management practices on yield, PAR interception, resource-use-efficiency and energetics in pigeonpea in North Indian Plains

Influence of integrated crop management practices on yield, PAR interception, resource-use-efficiency and energetics in pigeonpea in North Indian Plains

Integrated Disease Management for Pigeonpea Wilt Caused by Fusarium udum

Field experiments were conducted during Kharif seasons of 2013 and 2014 in the farmer's field of Gariyaband, Chhattisgarh, India to find out different integrated management levels of control schedule for pigeonpea wilt disease. All treatments had a significant effect on germination percent, disease incidence, seed yield and disease index in both the consecutive years of experimentation. T4–Seed treatment with Thiram + Carbendazim+ Trichoderma viride + Rhizobium + Soil application of Trichoderma viride, resulted in higher germination percentage (96.8 and 97.2), wilt incidence percent at 60 DAS (2.97 and 3.15), wilt incidence per cent at 150 DAS (9.68 and 7.65) and seed yield (15.10 and 16.28 q ha-1) during 2013 and 2014, respectively and was found superior over rest of the treatments. The loss in pigeonpea yield was up to the tune of 18.86 to 54.24% due to the incidence of wilt disease.

Response of Nutrient Management to Growth, Yield and Economics of Pigeonpea+Radish Intercropping System in Odisha

Response of Nutrient Management to Growth, Yield and Economics of Pigeonpea+Radish Intercropping System in Odisha

Influence of Weather and Growth Parameters on Yield of Pigeon pea in an Alfisol of Karnataka

In field trials for six years, the influence of weather parameters on pigeon pea was studied in the Alfisols of Bengaluru, Karnataka. Pooled analysis revealed that for delay in sowing by each day, the normal sowing month from June resulted in decreased yield of pigeon pea by 11.13 kg ha-1, thus indicating the importance of early and timely sowing to get the advantage of higher rainfall, rainy days (RD), length of growing period (LGP in days), growing degree days (GDD) and leaf area duration (LAD in days). Among the above RD, LGP, GDD, LAD were found to have influenced the yield of pigeon pea in Alfisols significantly. For achieving maximum yield, the optimum values of the above parameters obtained from the fitted quadratic curves, were 90 RD, 2600 GDD and 300 LAD during the cropping period. Among the 10 multiple linear regression (MLR) models established, model V was found to be the most reliable in judging the yield potential of pigeon pea.

Soil Carbon Stock under Different Agro-climatic Zones and its Economic Valuation for Productivity Enhancement of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) in Southern Deccan Plateau

Soil Carbon (SC) storage is a key indicator of soil function used to monitor and predict crop response to management decisions. Under the SUJALA-3 Watershed Development Project, a total of 202 soil series representing major pigeon pea-growing soils were studied in seven agro-climatic zones of Karnataka. The organic and inorganic carbon stocks status were estimated at different soil depths to arrive at the economic value and assessed its relation with crop production. The SOC and SIC stock was 23.8 and 11.2 t ha-1 at 0-30 cm, 42.0 and 32.1 t ha-1 at 30-100 cm and 66.9 and 42.8 t ha-1 at 0-100 cm depth, respectively. The yield of pigeon pea was high (12.18 q ha-1) under high OC status of clay textured soils followed by medium SOC (11.11q ha-1) and low OC soils (11.52 q ha-1) in NETZ region. Using the agglomeration method, five groups were derived to determine the soil organic carbon management clusters. The soil organic carbon deficit (t ha-1) calculated to arrive investment requirement showed the order of cluster-4>cluster-3>cluster-1>cluster-5>cluster-2 and the investment required to bridge the gap of Rs. 30228, 26508, 26190, 22674 and 21990, respectively. As soil structure stability has an important role in carbon sequestration, the polynomial equation was constructed between soil carbon density and soil structural stability index, which yielded a threshold soil carbon stock value of 66.6 t ha-1 to attain a stable soil structure index value of nine. The ANOVA analysis showed statistically significant differences in SOC stock between regions (p = 0.022) and soil subgroups (p = 0.001). The study concludes an average investment of ₹ 25,000 ha-1yr-1 for 20 yr is required for enhancing the soil carbon status in Karnataka and to achieve the Pigeon pea potential yield of 20 q ha-1

Genetic variability and character association in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] core collection

An experiment was conducted in fifty seven pigeonpea genotypes to study the variability, correlation and path coefficient in pigeonpea at Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during kharif, 2015. The highest GCV was recorded for number of secondary branches/plant (111.73) followed by number of pods/plant (40.73). Heritability in broad sense ranged from 94.66 (pod size) to 99.93 (number of pods per plant). High genetic advance were observed for number of secondary branches/plant (230.00), number of pods per plant (83.88), single plant yield (80.89) and number of racemes (60.41) indicating the prevalence of additive gene action for inheritance of these traits. Character association studies indicated that number of racemes, number of secondary branches, number of primary branches per plant, clusters per plant, pods per plant, pod length, seeds per pod, and 100 seed weight were strongly associated with seed yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that days to 50 per cent flowering and number of pods per plant had high positive direct effect on seed yield. Pod size had moderate direct effect on seed yield. Hence due emphasis should be given on number of pods per plant for improvement of seed yield in pigeonpea.

Yield and economics of pigeon pea based intercropping systems as influenced by different land configurations

A field experiment was conducted at experimental farm of AICRP for Dry Land Agriculture, V.N.M.K.V., Parbhani during kharif season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 to study yield and economics of pigeon pea based intercropping systems as influenced by different land configurations. Soil of experimental field was medium deep black with low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three main plot treatments and four sub plot treatments. The main plot treatments were three land configurations as (L1) Broad bed furrow (BBF), (L2) Ridges and furrow and (L3) Flat bed method. Sub plot treatments were four intercropping systems i.e. (I1) pigeon pea + soybean (2:1), (I2) pigeon pea + greengram (2:1), (I3) pigeon pea + black gram (2:1) and (I4) pigeon pea + Cowpea (2:1). The highest pigeon pea equivalent yield and net returns of Rs. 67814 ha-1 were obtained with broad bed furrow (L1), which was closely followed by treatment L2 (ridges and furrow) with net returns of Rs. 64095 ha-1. Among intercropping systems the highest pigeon pea equivalent yield and net returns of Rs. 68908 ha-1were obtained in pigeonpea+greeengram (2:1) intercropping system and was followed by pigeonpea+blackgram and pigeonpea+soybean intercropping system.

Sustainable Intensification with Cereal-Legume Intercropping in Eastern and Southern Africa.

Much research has been conducted on cereal-legume intercropping as a sustainable intensification (SI) practice in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA). However, the role of inorganic fertilizers in sustainably intensifying intercropping systems has not been systematically analyzed. Therefore, the objective of the present analysis was to assess the role of inorganic fertilizer use in cereal-pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) intercropping in terms of SI indicators, namely, yield, production risks, input use efficiency, and economic returns. The data used for this analysis were gathered from over 900 on-farm trials across Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. All SI indicators assessed showed that intercropping combined with application of small amounts of inorganic fertilizers is superior to unfertilized intercrops. Fertilizer application in the intercropping system improved cereal yields by 71–282% and pigeon pea yields by 32–449%, increased benefit–cost ratios by 10–40%, and reduced variability in cereal yields by 40–56% and pigeonpea yields by 5–52% compared with unfertilized intercrops. Improved yields and reduced variability imply lowering farmers’ risk exposure and improved credit rating, which could enhance access to farm inputs. We conclude that the strategic application of small amounts of inorganic fertilizers is essential for the productivity and economic sustainability of cereal-pigeonpea intercropping under smallholder farming in ESA.

Integrated weed management using row arrangements and herbicides in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in Australia

In Australia, efforts are under way to revive the pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) industry, which has high export potential because of an increased demand in the international market. However, weeds are a major constraint to achieve high yield in pigeonpea. This study was designed to assess the effect of row arrangement and herbicide treatment on weed suppression and pigeonpea grain yield. Row arrangements included row spacing (narrow, 25 cm; wide, 50 cm) and paired rows (rows 25 cm apart within a pair, each pair separated from the next by 75 cm). Herbicide treatments were: untreated control; pre-emergent pendimethalin at 910 g a.i. ha–1; post-emergent imazapic at 84 g a.i. ha–1; and pre-emergent pendimethalin followed by post-emergent imazapic (rates as above). In the first year, Trianthema portulacastrum was the dominant weed, and infestation was 100% in the non-treated control plots. In the second year, other weeds (Setaria viridis, Eragrostis cilianensis and Chloris virgata) comprised 30% of the weed population. Averaged over row arrangements, grain yield varied from 2088 to 2689 kg ha–1 in 2017 and from 835 to 2145 kg ha–1 in 2018, and was lowest in the untreated control and highest in the plots treated with the sequential application of pendimethalin and imazapic. Averaged over years and herbicide treatments, yield was lower in paired rows (1850 kg ha–1) than in narrow (2225 kg ha–1) and wide (2165 kg ha–1) row spacings. In the first year, all herbicide treatments provided >50% control of T. portulacastrum in the narrow and wide row spacings and increased yield by >22% over the untreated control. In the second year, the single application of imazapic proved inferior for controlling weeds, resulting in a 21% reduction in grain yield compared with sequential application of pendimethalin and imazapic. In both years, grain yield was similar for the single application of pendimethalin and sequential application of pendimethalin and imazapic. Despite the complex weed flora in 2018, the single application of imazapic provided acceptable weed control only when the crop was planted at 25 cm row spacing. Our results suggest that the single application of pendimethalin was effective on T. portulacastrum. However, in a complex weed flora situation, the sequential application of pendimethalin and imazapic provided effective weed control and resulted in improved yield.

Genetic diversity in land races of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

A study was conducted to determine the genetic diversity among sixteen pigeonpea land races for eleven characters. Highly significant differences existed among the genotypes for all the eleven characters studied. Phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were found to be higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. PCV and GCV values were low to moderate for the traits viz., plant height, the number of primary branches per plant, 100 seed weight and single plant yield. High heritability was observed for days to 50% flowering, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, shelling percent, days to maturity, single plant yield and seed fibre content. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for 100 seed weight and single plant yield indicating the additive gene effect, hence further improvement of these characters would be possible through direct selection. The genotypes were grouped into seven distinct clusters upon cluster analysis based on eleven traits. Cluster III was the largest and consisted of seven genotypes indicating considerable variability among the land races of pigeonpea. The genotypes with specific traits could be selected and used in the crossing programme to improve the yield and protein content in pigeonpea.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) in changing climatic condition of Bihar

A field experimental was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Khodawandpur as well as Gadhpura and Barauni blocks of Begusarai district to study the effect of integrated nutrient management for sustaining the productivity of pigeon pea [Canjanus cajan (L) mill sp.] under rainfed conditions. Growth and yield attributing characters viz., plant height, yield induced such as days to 50% flowering , branches/plant, leaf area, pods/plant, pod length, number of grains/pod, 100 seed weight, grain and stalk yield and benefit-cost ratio were significantly higher at recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) than organic manure and bio fertilizer. Application of RDF with vermi compost @ 2 tones/ha, Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @ 5.0 tones/ha and bio-fertilizer singly and combined enhanced the yield attributes grain yield parameters. Seed inoculation with Rhizobium + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) alone or combined inoculation were found effective and significantly enhanced the yield attributing and grain and stalk yield of pigeon pea.

Effect of intra-seasonal variation in temperature and rainfall on seed yield of pigeon pea cultivars using CROPGRO model

Three years (2014-15 to 2016-17) experimental data collected at Pulse Research Station, Vadodara was used to calibrate and validate the CROPGRO- pigeon pea model for three cultivars of pigeon pea (BDN 2, AGT 2 and Vaishali). The validated model was used to simulate the seed yield by changing the maximum and minimum temperature (-30 to +30C) in different months (June to January)and rainfall (-25% to +25%) during July, August and September. Results revealed that the elevated temperature had negative effect on seed yield and reduced temperature had positive effect. Among the varieties, AGT 2 was least affected by the temperatures and rainfall. Vaishali was found to be most sensitive to elevated temperature.Higher rainfall during August was beneficial on seed yield of pigeon pea. Pigeon pea sown in June was most affected due to elevated temperatures and July sown was most affected by rainfall. The effect of minimum temperature on seed yield was less than that observed with maximum temperature.

Productivity and nutrient uptake of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in pigeonpea based intercropping systems as influenced by planting pattern and nutrients levels applied to intercrops

The experiment was conducted at students’ research farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2015 and 2016 to study the effect of planting pattern and levels of nutrient applied to intercrops on growth, yield and nutrient uptake in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] based intercropping systems. Pigeonpea seed yield and biological yield were not significantly influenced by different planting pattern and nutrient level applied to intercrops under different intercropping systems during both the years. Pigeonpea equivalent yield was significantly affected by planting pattern and nutrient levels. Highest pigeonpea equivalent yield (1.84 and 1.90 tonnes/ha) was observed under planting pattern of pigeonpea (50 cm × 25 cm) + maize fodder during during both the years. Pigeonpea equivalent yield increased with increase in levels of nutrient to intercrops and maximum pigeonpea equivalent yield of 1.63 and 1.73 tonnes/ha was obtained with 100% of recommended dose of nutrients applied to intercrop. N, P and K uptake by pigeonpea was not affected by different planting pattern but N (75.3 and 80.8 kg/ha), P (16.0 and 17.2 kg/ha) and K (70.0 and 78.4 kg/ha) uptake was maximum with 100% nutrients applied to intercrops during both the years, respectively. Similar trend was observed with available N, P and K in soil at harvest.

Validation of QTLs for plant ideotype, earliness and growth habit traits in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan Millsp.).

Pigeonpea productivity is greatly constrained by poor plant ideotype of existing Indian cultivars. Enhancing pigeonpea yield demands a renewed focus on restructuring the ideal plant type by using more efficient approaches like genomic tools. Therefore, the present study aims to identify and validate a set of QTLs/gene(s) presumably associated with various plant ideotype traits in pigeonpea. A total of 133 pigeonpea germplasms were evaluated along with four checks in the augmented design for various ideotype traits i.e. initiation of flowering (IF), days to 50% flowering (DFF), days to maturity (DM), plant height (PH), primary branches (PB), seeds per pod (SP) and pod length (PL). We observed significant genetic diversity in the germplasm lines for these traits. The genetic control of IF, DFF, DM and PH renders these traits suitable for detection of marker trait associations. By using residual maximum likelihood algorithm, we obtained appropriate variance-covariance structures for modeling heterogeneity, correlation of genetic effects and non-genetic residual effects. The estimates of genetic correlations indicated a strong association among earliness traits. The best linear unbiased prediction values were calculated for individual traits, and association analysis was performed in a panel of 95 diverse genotypes with 19 genic SSRs. Out of five QTL-flanking SSRs used here for validation, only ASSR295 could show significant association with FDR and Bonferroni corrections, and accounted for 15.4% IF, 14.2% DFF and 16.2% DM of phenotypic variance (PV). Remaining SSR markers (ASSR1486, ASSR206 and ASSR408) could not qualify false discovery rate (FDR) and Bonferroni criteria, hence declared as false positives. Additionally, we identified two highly significant SSR markers, ASSR8 and ASSR390 on LG 1 and LG 2, respectively. The SSR marker ASSR8 explained up to 22 and 11% PV for earliness traits and PB respectively, whereas ASSR390 controlled up to 17% PV for earliness traits. The validation and identification of new QTLs in pigeonpea across diverse genetic backgrounds brightens the prospects for marker-assisted selection to improve yield gains in pigeonpea.

Impact of Establishment Techniques and Maturity Duration of Pigeon Pea Cultivars on Yield, Water Productivity and Properties of Soil

India is the leading country with respect to area and production of pulse crop pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.). However, the productivity of this crop is too low and almost static for the last five decades due to cultivation of long-duration cultivars that are prone to climatic variations causing temporary water logging, drought and frost. Proper selection of the cultivar and use of appropriate crop establishment may help in enhancing productivity. Therefore, a field investigation was carried out for 3 consecutive years to determine the impact of establishment techniques on cultivars of two maturity durations—long (250–280 days; cv. JA-4) and short (130–145 days; cv. ICPL-88039), grown using the conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), zero tillage (ZT) and broad bed furrow (BBF). The BBF method significantly improved the growth, biological yield, harvest index ratio, water productivity and physicochemical properties compared to the CT, MT and ZT. The yield of pigeon pea seed and stalk under the BBF increased 9.9 and 4.1% compared to the CT. The short-duration cultivar produced higher yield (16.8%) in frost-affected year (2012–2013) but was at par with the long-duration cultivar during the normal climatic condition year (2013–2015). Overall, the short-duration cultivar produced significantly higher yield. Land use efficiency and total water use were significantly higher for the long-duration cultivar a compared to the short-duration cultivar, whereas production efficiency and water productivity were higher for the short-duration cultivar. Compared to the other tillage practices, BBF showed significantly higher organic carbon and infiltration rate but decreased pH. The trend of infiltration rate was in the order BBF > ZT > MT > CT. The bulk density of surface (0–15 cm) and sub-surface (15–30 cm) layers were significantly lower under the BBF compared to the other tillage practices. Maximum increment of available N, P, K and S in surface soil (0–15 cm) was recorded under the BBF. For the short-duration maturity cultivar of pigeon pea the BBF method appeared beneficial in terms of assured higher yield, improved water productivity and physicochemical properties of soil under variable climatic conditions in Central India.

Impact of biotic stress management technologies on yield, economics and energy indices of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) grown in Central India

The major biotic stresses limiting productivity of pigeon pea includes weeds and various diseases like wilt, sterility mosaic virus, blight and pests as pod-borer, pod-fly in field and bruchids in field as well as in storage. Results of on farm trials revealed significant impact of adoption of management techniques of biotic stresses on seed yield, net profit and benefit cost ratio as compared to existing practices of pigeon pea cultivation. Scientific management of weed, pod borer and wilt was increased in seed yield by 26.2, 46.1 and 12.2%, while saving of seed by 23.6% from bruchids compared with existing practice, respectively. Among biotic management practices, higher additional cost was observed on weed management (Rs. 2,974 ha-1) and it was minimum on pod borer management (Rs. 798 ha-1) compared with existing practices. Accordingly, additional maximum net returns were obtained with pod borer (Rs. 24,805 ha-1) and minimum with wilt (Rs. 9,401 ha-1). Interventions of biotic stresses management were significantly influenced the output, use-efficiency, productivity and net gains of energy compared to existing practices. Maximum additional net energy gain was in management of weed (25,649 MJ ha-1) followed by pod borer (13,349 MJ ha-1), bruchid (8,390 MJ ha-1) and wilt (5,325 MJ ha-1). After harvest of second crop of pigeon pea, organic carbon, bulk density, infiltration rate and available N, P, K, S and Zn were significantly increased with weed and wilt management over existing practice. Management of biotic stresses by proper technologies increased the productivity of pigeon pea of three folds (2.12 to 2.33 t ha-1) compared to its average productivity of India and also increased economic benefits and energy outcomes.

Plant Hormones enhance the yield by altering the physio-biological parameters in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)

A field trial was conducted using three varieties viz., VBN 1, APK 1 and VBN 3 to study the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) namely napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Benzyl adenine (Cytokinin), gibberellic acid (GA3), ethrel, triacontanol, triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA,) mepiquat chloride (MC), salicylic acid (SA) and brassinolide (brassinosteroid (BR) in enhancing the yield potential of pigeonpea. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications. PGRs have significantly enhanced the yield by influencing biochemical and physiological parameters. The variety VBN 3 outperformed the other varieties by recording highest yield. Among different PGR’s tested, BR proved its worthiness in terms of yield and its components by enhancing growth parameters and yield. It can be concluded that foliar application of BR can be used as a physiological intervention to enhance the overall photosynthetic efficiency, total dry matter production, harvest index and grain yield in pigeonpea.

Productivity, Nutrient, and Soil Enzymes Influenced with Conservation Agriculture Practices in Peanut

Core IdeasPeanut–wheat–Sesbania cropping system recorded the highest peanut–pod equivalent yield.Peanut–wheat–Sesbania/ green gram markedly increased soil enzymatic activities.Bulk density decreased in peanut‐CTW and peanut + pigeonpea crop rotations.Peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.) is a soil‐C depleting crop under a continuous monocropping system. A study was conducted comprising combinations of tillage practices (zero tillage [ZT] or conventional tillage [CT]), crop rotation (sole peanut, peanut‐wheat [Triticum aestivumL.], or peanut+pigeonpea [Cajanus cajanL.]), and green manuring (GM) (green gram [Vigna radiataL.], sesbania [Sesbania aculeataWilld.], or wheat straw incorporation [WSI]). Peanut pod yield was found higher in peanut followed by wheat either zero tilled (ZTW) or conventional tilled (CTW), and GM either with sesbania/green gram/WSI. Green manuring in peanut–ZTW and peanut+pigeonpea recorded higher grain yield of wheat (3.11 t ha−1) and pigeonpea (1.76 t ha−1), respectively. Sesbania GM increased root biomass of peanut, wheat, and pigeonpea in all the systems. Peanut‐pod equivalent yield recorded significantly higher in peanut–ZTW or CTW when included GM with either sesbania or green gram (3.64 t ha−1). Found higher accumulation of soil N in peanut–ZTW–sesbania (33.8 kg ha−1), P in peanut–CTW (6.4 kg ha−1), and S in peanut–CTW (3.7 kg ha−1) crop rotations. Activities of urease, β‐glucosidase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase were increased in all the crop rotations that included green manuring or WSI over sole peanut. Soil bulk density (0–15 cm depth) was recorded lower in peanut–CTW, however, higher in peanut–ZTW. Peanut followed by ZTW or CTW and green manuring either with sesbania or green gram found more sustainable than sole peanut in terms of peanut‐pod equivalent yield and improved soil enzyme activities.

Effect of nutrient supply system on biometry and rhizosphere microflora of soybean, pigeon pea and sorghum.

A field experiment was conducted at farm of Agriculture College, Latur (Maharashtra) to study the Effect of Nutrient Supply System on Biometry i.e. Plant height, functional leaves, grain yield and straw yield of Soybean, Pigeon pea and Sorghum as well as to study the azotobactor,phosphate solubilizing bacteria , fungi, actinomycetes and total microorganism in the rhizosphere microflora of soybean, pigeon pea and sorghum. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments combinations replicated two time. The treatments were - T1-organic ( 100% R.D.F.) ,T2-Inorganic nutrient supply system.(Rhizobium + PSB + Azotobactor + FYM ), T3—Integrated nutrient supply system.( 50% R.D.F. +50% FYM + Rhizobium PSB + Azotobactor ), T4- maximum yield nutrient supply system. T5- biodyamics or Ecofriendly nutrient supply system.. T6- natural (No fertilizer) ,T7-fallow . The fertilizer were applied as a basal dose as per the treatments. The observation on growth i.e. height of plant and number of functional leaves and yield were recorded by using five randomly selected plants of soybean,pigeon pea and sorghum in each treatment plot. The selected plants were labelled and all subsequent biometric observations were recorded on labelled plants during the course of investigation.The judicious use of biofertilizers like rhizobium, azotobactor ,phosohate solubilizing bacteria with organic manures helped in building up of soil microflora .It also help to augment the availabity of nutrient that could be easily assimilated by plants. The results revealed that the Maximum Yield nutrient supply system ( MYNSS ) is significantly superior to other system and it was at par with integrated nutrient supply system.