Yield Of Pigeonpea Research Articles

Effect of planting pattern and intercrop on yield and economics of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) based intercropping system

A field experiment was conducted from 1997 98 to 1999 2000 to work out the suitable planting pattern with different intercrops in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.1 based intercropping system for Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh under rainfed conditions. Overall soybean [Glysine max (L.) Merr.] intercropped with pigeonpea gave the highest net returns (Rs 19,465tha). In general, replacement series resulted in significantly higher pigeonpea equivalent yield than additive series. Highest net profitlrupee investment was recorded with blackgram (Phasolus mungo L.) pigeonpea (1.45). Key words : Additive series, Replacement series, Intercropping, Pigeonpea equivalent

Weed control studies in pearlmillet (Pennisetum g1aucum)- pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) intercropping system under rainfed condition

A field experiment was carried out during rainy (kharif) season of 1997 and 1998 to assess the production potential of intercropping of pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntz] with pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] in relation to various measures of weed control. Treatments consisted of 3 intercropping systems (sole pearlmillet, sole pigeonpea and pearlmillet+ pigeonpea) and 4 methods of weed control (control hand-weeding twice, fluchloralin @ 1.0 kg/ha and pendimethalin@ 1.0 kglha). lntercropping did not influence the population and dry-matter accumulation by weeds. Grain yield of pearlmillet did not vary significantly due to various methods of cropping. However, sole pigeonpea gave significantly higher yield than pearlmillet + pigeonpea intercropping. Highest total productivity in terms of pearlmillet equivalent was recorded with pearlmillet + pigeonpea intercropping system. Weeding caused significant reduction in weed infestation and improvement in grain yield of pearlmillet and pigeonpea and total productivity compared with the control. Best results were achieved with hand-weeding twice closely followed by fluchloralin @ 1.0 kgha.

Effect of phosphorus and bioinoculants on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of long duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the response of phos- phorus (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P O /ha) and bioinoculants (control, PSB, PGPR and PSB + PGPR) on yield and yield 2 5 attributes, nutrient uptake and economics of pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan L.). Application of 75 kg P O /ha recorded 2 5 the highest grain yield (2.19 t/ha) and yield attributes, nutrient uptake, gross returns ( 1,19,858/ha), net returns ( 90,500/ha) and B:C ratio (3.09), which was significantly superior over 25 kg P O /ha. Agronomic (AEp), recovery 2 5 (REp) and physiological (PEp) efficiency was the highest with 25 kg P O /ha, followed by 50 and 75 kg P O /ha. 2 5 2 5 REp was the highest with 50 kg P O /ha. Dual seed inoculation with PSB + PGPR produced the highest yield (2.24 2 5 t/ha) and yield attributes, nutrient uptake, gross returns ( 1,22,377/ha), net return ( 93,498/ha) and B: C ratio (3.23), being significantly superior over PGPR, PSB and control. AEp and REp was the highest with PSB followed by PSB + PGPR and PGPR, while PEp was the maximum with PGPR. The available phosphorus in soil after har- vest of the crop was the highest (22.2 kg/ha) with application of 75 kg P O /ha. 2 5

Production potential and economic feasibility of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and pigeonpea (Cajnnus cajan) intercropping system on rainfed upland condition

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 1999 and 2000 at Baruipur, to evaluate different planting patterns of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] intercropping. Various growth and yield attributes and yield of sunflower and pigeonpea were superior under sole cropping. Inter cropping of sunflower and pigeonpea in 3:l row proportion and in 2:2 row proportion showed better manifestation of growth and yield attributes in sunflower and pigeonpea respectively. All the intercropping patterns were superior in terms of sunflower equivalent yield and income equivalent ratio (IER) values to sole crops. Intercropping of sun flower,and pigeonpea in 3:l row proportion was the best system, recording the highest sunflower equivalent yield (2,480 kglha), land equivalent ratio (1.38), product of crowding coefficient (k 5.94), income equivalent ratio (1.73), benefit : cost ratio (2.06), gross (Rs 19.840lha) and net returns (Rs 10,212lha) and monetary advantage (Rs 5,463/ha).

Effect of spatial arrangement and phosporus fertilization in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)soybean (Glycine max) intercropping system

A 2-year experiment was conducted on a clayey deep Vertisols of Bhopal to study the effect of row ra- tios and phosphorus fertilization on pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan 6 . ) Millsp.]soybean [Glycine mar 6 . ) (Merr.)] intercropping system. At 120 cm row spacing higher, number of branches, graindpod and yield were recorded in sole croppirig compared with intercropping systems. Among intercropping, 1 : 3 ratio gave significantly higher number of branches, pods, graindpod, 1,000-grain weight and grain yield than 1 : 1 ra- tio, and pigeonpea-yield equivalent increased by 31.6 and 35.3% over 1 : 1 ratio and sole pigeonpeaat 60 cm row spacing respectively. The highest landequivalent ratio (1.39), monetary yield advantage (Rs 6,712/ hala) and benefit : cost ratio of 2.8 were recorded at 1 : 3 row ratio, followed by 1 : 2 row ratio (27.5% higher pigeonpea-grain-yield equivalent over sole pigeonpea at 60 cm row spacing). Consumptive water use and water-use efficiency also increased with intercropping at higher row ratios of 1 : 2 and 1 : 3. lncrease in the dose of 30 kg to 90 kg P@Qa resulted in increase of grain yield of both pigeonpea and soybean. The pigeonpea-grain-yield equivalent was increased by 28.2%, the water-use efficiency by 7.7 kgha-cm, net profit by Rs 5,733rna and benefit : cost ratio by 3.45.

Yield and economics of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-based inter- cropping system on rainfed upland of Chotanagpur plateau

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Effect of planting systems and phosphorus with bio-fertilizers on the performance of sole and intercropped pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) under rainfed conditions

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2007 and 2008 for two consecutive years at New Delhi, to study the effect of planting systems and phosphorus management in sole and intercropped pigeonpea [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under rainfed conditions. The treatment comprised of 2 cropping systems [pigeonpea sole and pigeonpea + mungbean (2:1) { Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek}] and 3 planting systems (uniform row planting, broad-bed and furrow planting and paired row planting) as main plots and 4 levels of phosphorus and biofertilizers (control, 40 kg P O /ha. 40 kg P O /ha + PSB +AM and 80 kg P O /ha) as sub-plots replicated thrice in a split-plot 2 5 2 5 2 5 design. Significant improvement in the yield attributes and yield of component crops was observed under modified planting systems (BBF and paired row planting) over the uniform row planting. On an average, BBF and paired row planting recorded 16.0 and 11.1% increase in pigeonpea equivalent yield and 20.1and 13.8% in net returns over flat row planting. Sole and intercropped pigeonpea recorded statistically similar growth and yield attributes and yields during both the seasons. Pigeonpea equivalent yield (1.71 and 2.01 t/ha) of intercropped stand was 14.0 and 16.1% higher than sole stand in respective season. In term of net returns, the increase was 12.6 and 12.5% respectively. Application of 80 kg P O /ha, being on par with 40 kg P O /ha + PSB + AM, recorded signifi- 2 5 2 5 cantly higher growth parameters, yield attributes (except 1,000-grain weight), grain yield (1.67 and 1.87 t/ha) and stalk yield of pigeonpea over control (1.18 and 1.41 t/ha) and 40 kg P O /ha (1.43 and 1.64 t/ha). Similar effect of 2 5 these treatment was observed on P content and total P uptake in grain (12.31, 13.75 kg/ha) and in stalk (11.82, 13.19 kg/ha) of pigeonpea over rest of treatments. Application of 80 kg P O /ha, being on par with 40 kg P O /ha + 2 5 2 5 PSB + AM, recorded significantly higher pigeonpea equivalent yield (1.84 and 2.11 t/ha) over rest of treatments. On an average, 40 kg P O /ha + PSB + AM, recorded higher net returns and B:C ratio over remaining treatments. 2 5

Productivity and economics of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) + urdbean (Phaseolus mungo) intercropping system under various planting geometry and fertilizer man- agement in rainfed condition of Chhattisgarh

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 1998, 1999 and 2000 at the Instruc- tional Farm: lndira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, to study the pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] + urdbean (Phaseolus mungo L.) intercrop management under various planting geometry and fertil- izer levels in rainfed conditions of Chhattisgarh. The treatment comprised 2 sole stands of pigeonpea and urdbean and 9 stands of intercropping combination of pigeonpea and urdbean with different planting geometry and fertilizer dose. On the basis of 3 years results, the highest seed yield of pigeonpea (1,190 kglha) and urdbean (415 kglha) was recorded under their sole treatment. Sole pigeonpea gave the highest net return (Rs 20,0171ha) and benefit : cost rario (6.29). The next best performing treatment was pigeonpea paired row (with full recommended dose of fertilizer) + urdbean (with one-third of recommended fertilizer) with pigeonpea-.equivalent yield (1,141 kglha), net return (Rs 18,845/ha), benefit : cost ratio (4.73), land-equivalent ratio (1.45), monetary advantage (7,076) and production etficiency (6.22 kglday).

Integrated nutrient management for sustaining the productivity of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) based intercropping systems under rainfed condition

A field experiment to study the effect of integrated nutrient management for sustaining the productivity of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] based intercropping systems was conducted for six consecutive years dur- ing 2005-06 to 2010-11 at Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Bihar. Pigeonpea+urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] intercropping system, recorded higher yield of pigeonpea (1.85 t/ha), pigeonpea equivalent yield (2.17 t/ ha), LER (2.29), production efficiency (8.56 Kg/ha/day), water use efficiency (2.96 Kg grain/ha/mm), fruiting effi- ciency (17.16%) net return ( 67.3103/ha) and net return per rupee investment (3.05) as compared to pigeonpea + maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping and sole pigeonpea. Pigeonpea + urdbean intercropping enhanced total ni- trogen uptake and reduced total potassium uptake by the system, than pigeonpea + maize intercropping. Integra- tion of FYM 5.0 tonnes or vermicompost 2.5 tonnes together with RDF proved effective and recorded significantly higher yields of pigeonpea, pigeonpea equivalent yield, LER, production efficiency, fruiting efficiency, water use efficiency, net returns and total NPK uptake by the system than RDF alone. However, higher net returns per rupee investment was recorded in combined application of FYM 5.0 t/ha and RDF (3.01). Seed inoculation with PSB ex- erted significant effect only on net return ( 64.4103/ha) than un inoculated seed ( 60.2103/ha). Lower value of aggressivity was recorded under combined application of FYM 5.0 tonnes/ha or vermicompost 2.5 tonnes/ha and RDF. Pigeonpea + Urdbean intercropping and combined application of FYM 5.0 tonnes/ha or vermicompost 2.5 tonne/ha and RDF improved bulk density and organic carbon and increased available N,P, K content of the soil over initial soil value.

Weed shift in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system

A study was carried out to examine the shift in weed flora in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.1-wheat (Triticum aeslivum L. emend. Fiori & Wol.) cropping system due to weed-control practices. Fluchloralin due to effective control of weeds compared with hand-weeding, where regiowth of weeds e s p cially of Cyperus was observed, recorded significantly higher yield of pigeonpea. Isoproturon and 2,4-D due to,better weed control recorded higher yield of wheat compared with the con- trol. Shift in weed florr: was noticed from dicots in the first year to monocots in the second year only during the rainy season.

Evaluation of intercropping patterns of soybean (Glycine max) in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 1995, 1996 and 1 997 to evaluate the intercropping pattern of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under protective irrigation. The highest soybean yield was obtained in sole soybean, however, it was at par with paired planting of soybean (30190) + 1 row of pigeonpea and planting of soybean and pigeonpea in 3:1 row proportion. Sole planting of pigeonpea gave significantly highest pigeonpea yield. Planting of soybean and pigeonpea in 3:1 row proportion recorded the highest soybean-equivalent yield, land-equivalent ratio, benefit : cost ratio and maximum gross as well as net retumslha.

Utilization of apatite in fresh volcanic ash by pigeonpea and chickpea

Volcanic ash from Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines (1991) contained 1.7 g P2O5 kg−1 of P mostly as apatite. Dissolution of this apatite was significantly increased by (1) low pH (< 4.5) and (2) the existence of chelating organic acids in soil. Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were selected as test plants to examine the possibility of utilizing apatite in the Pinatubo volcanic ash because of their ability to exude chelating organic acids. These two plants were grown in a greenhouse with and without P application. N was applied as NH4 + or NO3 − to examine the effect of N forms on plant growth and on pH in the volcanic ash (NH4 plots, NO3 plots). Lower pH and higher soil solution P concentration were observed in the NH4 plots than in the NO3 plots of pigeonpea. In the NH4 plots, dry matter yield of pigeonpea without P was similar to that with P. Dry matter yield of chickpea grown in the NO3 plots without P was 75% of that in the P-amended plots. Soil solution pH of the NO3 plots was maintained between 7 and 8, and the citric acid concentration of the soil solution was mostly higher in the NO3 plots without P than in the NH4 or P-amended plots for both plants. It was suggested that plant P uptake in the NO3 plots without P was caused by organic add exudation by these plants.

Stepwise regression technique to predict pigeonpea yield in Varanasi district

Stepwise regression technique to predict pigeonpea yield in Varanasi district

Effects of NPK fertilizer combinations on yield and nitrogen balance in sorghum or pigeonpea on a vertisol in the semi-arid tropics

A long-term experiment was carried out on a Vertisol from 1986 to 1992 to examine the combined effects of NPK fertilizers on yield using sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. CSH 5) and short-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. cv. ICPL 87). The fertilizer treatments were as follows: 0 (no fertilization), N (150 kg N ha-1 ), P (65.5 kg P2O5 ha-1), K (124.5 kg K2O ha-1), and all possible combinations (NP, NK, PK, and NPK). In this study we continued this experiment during the period 1993 to 1994 and analyzed the crop yield response to fertilizers and the N balance. The amount of N derived from the atmosphere and fertilizer was estimated by the 15N natural abundance method and l5N isotope dilution method, respectively. A combined application of Nand P fertilizers gave the highest grain yield for the two crops under the 8th and 9th continuous croppings, unlike the application of K fertilizer. The values of total N for the two crops were significantly higher in the NP and NPK plots. These crops took up N mainly from soil. There was a significant positive relationship between the uptake of Ndff and Ndfs by each crop. Pigeonpea or sorghum took up more N from the soil in the N fertilizer plots than in the plots without N, suggesting that soil N fertility was enhanced and the amount of N supplied from soil increased in the plots with consecutive application of N fertilizer for 7 y. Even pigeonpea, which fixes atmospheric N inherently, needed N fertilizer to achieve high grain yield, suggesting that N fixation by the nodules was not always sufficient to meet the N requirements of the crop under these conditions. Although fertilizer N exerted a beneficial effect on plant growth and yield in the two crops, the values of fertilizer N recovery (FNR) by the two crops were considerably low. Therefore, it is suggested that the development of N fertilizer management which could maximize FNR of each crop should be promoted.

Insect pests of pigeonpea and their management.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is an important crop in semi-arid tropical and subtropical farming systems, providing high quality vegetable protein, animal feed, and firewood. Insect pests feeding on flowers, pods, and seeds are the most important biotic constraint affecting pigeonpea yields. This review summarizes the biology and ecology of the three most important groups of pests: flower- and pod-feeding Lepidoptera, pod-sucking Hemiptera, and seed-feeding Diptera and Hymenoptera. Recent research investigating the complex interactions among pigeonpea, its key pests, and their natural enemies is also reviewed. These relationships have implications on the pest status of individual species and on possible control strategies. Pigeonpea pest management research has focused until recently on the identification and development of resistant cultivars and on chemical control. Future research must focus on environmentally sound pest management strategies that are compatible with the needs and limitations of pigeonpea farmers. Several priority areas for research are suggested.

Efficiency of P utilization by pigeonpea and wheat grown in a rotation

Field experiments were conducted for three years to investigate the effect of direct, residual and cumulative P application on the grain yield, P removal and P use efficiency of pigeonpea and wheat grown in rotation. Four levels of P, i.e. 0, 13, 26, and 39 kg P ha-1 were applied to either pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L., cv. AL 15) or wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. WL 711) or to both crops. Maximum increase in wheat grain yield ranged from 1.5 to 1.9 t ha-1 and in pigeonpea from 0.28 to 0.36 t ha-1. On average, the grain yield of pigeonpea was 8–15% higher in the residual P treatment than by direct application. In wheat, cumulative P application (to both crops) resulted in highest grain yield, but it did not differ significantly from the direct effect. However, the residual effect of P (applied to previous pigeonpea) on wheat proved to be significantly inferior to direct application. Percent recovery of P from applied fertilizer decreased with P level. Total recovery in the complete rotation was higher where P was directly applied to wheat compared to pigeonpea. The P use efficiency was also highest in the treatment comprising direct application to wheat. Pigeonpea could utilize the residual P more efficiently, indicating that fresh application to this crop can be omitted without any reduction in yield.

EFFECT OF WATER AND LIGHT STRESS AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF AUXINS ON FLOWER ABSCISSION AND SEED YIELD OF PIGEONPEA

A field experiment to study the effect of water and light stresses imposed at flowering stage and foliar application of auxins on flower abscission and yield of pigeonpea short duration cv. ICPL 288 indicated a significant increase of 5 and 8 per cent of flower drop with concomitant decrease of 28 and 42 per cent seed yield with water and light stresses respectively. In general, foliar application of NAA 20 ppm enhanced pods plant and reduced the flower drop to an extent of 15 per cent and resulted in an increased seed yield by 23% over control plants indicating a favourable impact of NAA nutrition on seed yield of pigeonpea.

INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN PIGEONPEA + BLACK GRAM SYSTEM

Field experiments were conducted to study the impact of integrated approach on weed flora, weed dry matter production and the yield of pigeonpea + black gram intercropping systems at the National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban during the rainy seasons (kharif) of 1994 and 1995. Pre-emergence application of fluchloralin 1 kg/ha followed by hand weeding on 25 days after sowing offered good scope for significant reduction in weed density and weed dry matter production and registered significantly higher yield in main crop as well as inter crops.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in association with Rhizobium sp. improves nodulation, N 2 fixation, and N utilization of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), as assessed with a 15N technique, in pots

Nodulation and grain yield of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) were significantly increased due to Rhizobium sp. and Glomus fasciculatum (AM) inoculation when the plants were grown in pots of unsterilized soil, especially when fertilized with 50 kg P 2O 5 ha -1. Soil inoculation with AM fungi alone increased the nodulation of pigeon pea. Using the 15N dilution technique [( 15NH 4) 2 SO 4] at the rate of 20 kg N ha -1 it was possible to determine the increase in total N yield of the crop, utilization of fertilizer N, and biologically fixed N 2 with AM inoculation, which was about equivalent to Rhizobium sp. inoculation. More N 2 was fixed with a combination of Rhizobium sp. and VAM. The effects were more pronounced when P (50 kg P 2O 5 ha -1) was applied in combination with N (20 kg N ha -1) in the form of super phosphate and ammonium sulphate, respectively. However, biologically fixed N 2 was estimated to be higher in straw than in grain which indicates a difference in translocation and utilization of fixed N 2.

EFFECT OF SORGHUM AND NITROGEN LEVELS ON LEGUME INTERCROPS

A 2 year rainfed experiment consisting of intercropping of 3 legumes, black gram Vigna mungo (Linn) Hepper) pigeonpea (Cajanus cajun (Linn. Millsp.) and soybean Glycine max (linn) Merr.) in between wide (60 cm) and paired (30/60 cm) rows of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (Linn). Moench) with 4 N levels i.e. 0.40, 80 and 120 kg/ha applied to sorghum crop showed that grain and straw yields of legume were higher in wide row inter cropping system as compared to paired row intercropping. Application of N to sorghum crop reduced pods/plant, grain weight/plant, grain and straw yield of black gram and pigeonpea while soybean remained unaffected. Maturity period of black gram and pigeanpea was also delayed by N application to sorghum crop.