Oleoresin Yield Research Articles

Supercritical CO(2) and subcritical propane extraction of pungent paprika and quantification of carotenoids, tocopherols, and capsaicinoids.

Ground paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) and subcritical propane at different conditions of pressure and temperature to estimate the yield and variation in carotenoid, tocopherol, and capsaicinoid contents and composition. The yield of paprika extract was found to be affected by the extraction conditions with SC-CO(2) but fairly constant at different conditions with subcritical propane. The maximum yields of oleoresin were 7.9 and 8.1% of ground paprika by SC-CO(2) and subcritical propane, respectively. The quantitative distribution of carotenoids, tocopherols, and capsaicinoids between paprika extract and powder was influenced by extraction conditions. SC-CO(2) was inefficient in the extraction of diesters of xanthophylls even at 400 bar and 55 degrees C, whereas tocopherols and capsaicinoids were easy to extract at these conditions. Under mild conditions subcritical propane was superior to SC-CO(2) in the extraction of carotenoids and tocopherols but less efficient in the extraction of capsaicinoids.

Paprika (Capsicum annuum) oleoresin extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide.

Paprika oleoresin was fractionated by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (SCF-CO(2)). Higher extraction volumes, increasing extraction pressures, and similarly, the use of cosolvents such as 1% ethanol or acetone resulted in higher pigment yields. Within the 2000-7000 psi range, total oleoresin yield always approached 100%. Pigments isolated at lower pressures consisted almost exclusively of beta-carotene, while pigments obtained at higher pressures contained a greater proportion of red carotenoids (capsorubin, capsanthin, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin) and small amounts of beta-carotene. The varying solubility of oil and pigments in SCF-CO(2) was optimized to obtain enriched and concentrated oleoresins through a two-stage extraction at 2000 and 6000 psi. This technique removes the paprika oil and beta-carotene during the first extraction step, allowing for second-stage oleoresin extracts with a high pigment concentration (200% relative to the reference) and a red:yellow pigment ratio of 1.8 (as compared to 1.3 in the reference).

Study on the pilot-scale extraction of onion oleoresin using supercritical CO2

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was used to produce oleoresin from dried onion by pilot-scale extraction. The results showed that the extraction pressure and temperature affected the yield and sulphur concentration of onion oleoresin. Increase of the temperature from 45 to 65°C at 300 bar resulted in an increase of the yield and the sulphur concentration of oleoresin. At the same temperature (45°C) the yield was also higher at 300 bar than 100 bar while sulphur concentration of oleoresin got smaller at 300 bar than at 100 bar. The volatile composition of oleoresin displayed practically no differences as a function of extraction parameters. Comparison of different extraction methods showed that the yield after SC-CO2 extraction was 22 times higher than that after steam distillation, but it was 14 or 39 times less than that after alcohol extraction, shaking at 25°C or in Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. The concentration of sulphur was the highest in steam distilled onion oil while it was the lowest in the extract of hexane and alcohol (at 25°C). The results of sensory evaluation showed that oleoresin extracted by SC-CO2 was the first in ranking (at level of significance 0·05), before steam distilled oil and alcoholic extract. There was no significant difference between steam distilled oil and alcoholic extract in ranking, but the alcoholic extract was the least desirable, since the intensity of its off odour attribute was the highest. © 1998 SCI.

Borehole Oleoresin Production from Slash Pine

Abstract A process is described for production of oleoresin from borehole wounds to the xylem in slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii). Advantages of this process over conventional oleoresin production methods include higher labor productivity, improved product quality, reduced tree damage and stress, and reduced insect pest problems. In experiments conducted in Florida and Georgia from 1991 to 1994, oleoresin yields averaged 657 g (1.45 lb) per borehole, or nearly 1.7 kg (3.7 lb) per tree with multiple boreholes. Tests of other species used commercially for oleoresin production, including longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), produced substantially lower yields. Borehole oleoresin yields were very sensitive to tree stem size, reflecting the capacity of preformed oleoresin stored in the resin duct system. Yields were significantly affected by treatment manipulations of borehole diameter, depth, number, spacing, orientation, chemical stimulants, and collection container type. Oleoresin flow was highest during the midsummer period and continued over a period of several months. Oleoresin flow potential was related to the percentage of tree stem basal area tapped. For optimal treatments affecting 35 to 40% of tree basal area, predicted yields ranged from 1.52 to 3.10 kg (3.35 to 6.83 lb) for trees 23 to 37 cm (9 to 14.5 in.) dbh, respectively. Tree growth rates were not measurably altered by borehole treatment. Comparisons with conventional bark-chipping oleoresin production systems in slash pine showed that the borehole system achieves a labor productivity two times greater than the best alternative, but sacrifices overall yields per tree. The borehole method offers new opportunities for utilization of the slash pine resource and an additional economic enterprise for forest lands. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):108-115.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of vanilla

Oleoresin was extracted from vanilla beans with 2–62 g CO 2/g dried bean at 306–309 K and 10–13 MPa. Effects of extraction time (5 to 1540 h), water-soaking of beans, and cryogrinding of beans on oleoresin yield and composition were determined. Vanillin yields up to 95% were attained. Extraction rate was first-order with respect to unextracted oleoresin concentration. Vanillin purity was higher with supercritical C02 extraction than with conventional aqueous ethanol extraction; the vanillin represents 74–97% of the flavor and fragrance compounds, measured by liquid chromatography, when using CO 2 compared to 61 % using alcohol extraction.

Evidence of competition for photosynthates between growth processes and oleoresin synthesis in Pinus taeda L.

A group of 10 pines (Pinus taeda L.) in a 35-year-old stand in Central Louisiana was sampled periodically from March through December 1984 for oleoresin flow from small wounds. Oleoresin yield was closely associated with periods of calculated moderate soil water deficit and presumed growth reduction. The period of maximum oleoresin flow coincided with the period of calculated maximum soil water depletion. Calculated potential evapotranspiration reached a maximum in late June, but water deficits did not reach maximum levels until September. Apparently, moderate seasonal water deficits that limit growth, but do not limit photosynthesis and translocation of photosynthates, favor differentiation processes, such as oleoresin synthesis. Because oleoresin is a primary defense against southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) attack in pines, recognition of these relationships should contribute to an understanding of southern pine beetle-host tree interactions.

Growth-differentiation balance: A basis for understanding southern pine beetle-tree interactions

Interrelationships between the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) and its host pines are explained in terms of the growth-differentiation balance concept. A general hypothesis is proposed based on growth-differentiation balance in southern pines (radial growth of stems versus synthesis and yield of oleoresin) and seasonal activity of the SPB based on knowledge from experimentation and observations reported in the literature. The spring appears to be particularly favorable for successful SPB attack because of the strong demand for available photosynthates by growth processes at that time, whereas, in the summer, strong resin flow increases the potential resistance of trees to attack. Growth-differentiation balance provides a basis for understanding SPB-tree interactions, a rationale for commonly experienced problems in identifying consistent precursors to SPB outbreaks, and a philosophical basis for future research. The concept has potential application to other bark beetle-host conifer relationships.

CEPA in Liquid Sulfuric Acid Increases Oleoresin Yields

Abstract Liquid sulfuric acid solutions of 12.5, 25.0, and 50% by weight were tested in combination with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0% 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) for increasing oleoresin yield in slash (Pinus elliottii) and longleaf (P. palustris) pines. Maximum oleoresin yields of 262 g/cm diameter breast height (dbh) were obtained in 23- to 25-year-old clonal slash pines from 50% sulfuric acid plus 15% CEPA, a 20% increase over the slash pine control trees. In a natural stand of longleaf pines over 60 years old, maximum oleoresin yields of 297 g/cm dbh were obtained from 50% sulfuric acid plus 10% CEPA--a 30% increase over the longleaf pine control trees. The addition of CEPA to any sulfuric acid concentration always increased yields and increasing sulfuric acid concentrations without CEPA always increased yields. The sulfuric acid and CEPA effects were both significant but no interaction between them was detected for either slash or longleaf pines. Highly significant differences in yield were found among the clones.

A Selected Bibliography (1959-1979) of Three Southeastern Species of Ips Engraver Beetles

Pine trees in the southeastern U. S. are attacked by 5 major species of bark beetles. One is the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, which periodically kills timber in large amounts. On the other hand, 3 species of Ips engraver beetles, I. avulsus (Eichhoff), I. grandicollis (Eichhoff), and Ips calligraphus calligraphus (Germar) (Lanier 1972) and the black turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus terebans (Olivier), vary less in their abundance, but over the years probably kill more timber than the southern pine beetle does (Hetrick 1960). The Ips species also infest freshly cut saw logs and pulpwood, introducing stain fungi that produce additional economic losses (Smith 1959, Koch 1972). Ips beetles are also a serious problem in the naval stores industry because they frequently attack and kill trees treated with paraquat for enhancement of oleoresin yields (Drew 1977).

Stimulation of oleoresin yield in conifers

Techniques for chemical stimulation of pine oleoresins have industrial and sociological advantages beyond the immediate profit to be derived from greater volume of production per man day or per tonne of pulpwood. They could increase opportunities of employment in remote forested areas, and constitute a step towards conserving world energy supplies by using renewable sources of plant-fabricated molecules instead of energy-intensive synthetic products from fossil hydrocarbons.

Short-term Progeny Tests and Second Generation Breeding in Slash Pine

Progeny testing is the most widely used method for intensive genetic evaluation of selected forest trees, but its major disadvantage is the length of time needed to get results. To circumvent this problem in selection for a multiproduct strain of slash pine (Pinuselliottii Engelm.), a system for short-term (3-year) progeny testing was developed. Oleoresin yields of selected second-generation 19-year-old parent trees were compared with yields of their 3-year-old offspring. Both parents and offspring showed little variation and a low offspring–parent correlation (r = 0.18), but other traits based on the same parent trees when they were 25 years old and their 3-year-old offspring showed relatively large amounts of variation and moderate to strong offspring-parent correlations: height, r =.56; volume, r = 0.43; turpentine, r = 0.71; ethanol–benzene extractives, r = 0.38; specific gravity, r = 0.43; moisture content, r = 0.34. Thus, indications are that additional gains could be made in the first generation by selecting among parent trees on a progeny performance basis in all traits except oleoresin yield. Original mass selection for oleoresin yield achieved gains of 100% improvement and apparently exploited almost all of the genetic variation in the base population. In second generation selection, progeny testing will be used primarily in screening for fusiform rust resistance. Between-family plus within-family selection will be used for other traits.

Oleoresin variability in pinus ponderosa

Monoterpene composition of xylem oleoresin from 139 Pinus ponderosa trees was determined by GLC, together with related parameters of turpentine content of oleoresin, oleoresin exudation pressure, oleoresin yield, and oleoresin propensity to crystallize. Although noncompositional variables correlated poorly or not at all inter se or with turpentine composition, stronger quantitative relationships were found to exist between individual monoterpenes. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of their relevance to the susceptibility of P. ponderosa to bark beetle attack, as well as from the viewpoint of terpene biosynthesis.

Oleoresin Yields for Slash Pines from Seven Seed Sources

Oleoresin Yields for Slash Pines from Seven Seed Sources