Yield Of Light Fractions Research Articles

Effect of Group Composition of the Vacuum Distillate from Heavy Kazakhstan and West Siberian Oil on the Yield of Light Fractions During the Catalytic Cracking

This paper presents the research results aimed at the assessment of the impact of the group composition of Kazakhstan and West Siberian heavy vacuum distillate on the yield and composition of the catalytic cracking products. The laboratory research was performed to determine the physical and chemical characteristics and group composition of two samples of the heavy vacuum distillate of Kazakhstan and West Siberian oil. The patterns of changing yield of wet gas, light and heavy gas oil, coke, and gasoline depending on the composition of the feedstock were established using mathematical model of catalytic cracking.

Catalytic cracking of heavy oil over TiO2–ZrO2 catalysts under superheated steam conditions

Heavy oil upgrading was examined over titania–zirconia mixed oxide (TiO2–ZrO2) catalysts using fixed-bed flow-type reactors. Catalytic cracking of atmospheric residual oil (AR) and oil sand bitumen into lighter fuels such as gas oil and vacuum gas oil (VGO) was carried out in a superheated steam. The upgrading mechanisms were found to occur by carbon–carbon bond cleavage and naphthalene-ring opening caused by cracking, oxidation, or hydrogenolysis. The carbon–carbon bond cleavage reaction over acid sites is a well-known FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracker) process, whereas coke formation on catalysts is a serious problem. Hence, repetition of the sequence of reactions over a short period of time and immediate regeneration of the catalyst is required. We previously developed a CeO2–ZrO2–Al2O3–FeOX iron oxide catalyst for heavy oil conversion into lighter fuels (Funai et al., 2010a,b; Kondoh et al., 2015). When this catalyst was applied to the degradation of heavy oil, the lattice oxygen in the catalyst was the main active site, and it decomposed the heavy oil through partial oxidative cracking. Although the catalyst showed a high upgrading activity, it was gradually deactivated due to carbon deposition. In contrast, we found TiO2–ZrO2 catalysts exhibited acidic cracking activity for heavy oil cracking under superheated steam conditions. In this study, we conducted experiments with TiO2–ZrO2 catalysts for upgrading heavy oil. The effect of the catalyst composition on the yield of the lighter fuels, catalyst activity, and stability after the reaction was examined. As a result, the yield of light fractions from AR decomposition reached 71mol%-C when using a TiO2–ZrO2 catalyst comprising TiO2 and ZrO2 in equimolar amounts and the catalyst structure remained intact after the reaction.

Study of the influence of technological factors on the efficiency of the process of cavitation processing of oil products

The results of studies of the effect of hydrodynamic cavitation treatment on the fractional composition of oil products with the purpose to improve the content of light fractions and reduction of the content of sulfur compounds are given. It is noted that the effectiveness of the hydrogenation of crude oil and emulsion ≪ crude oil-water≫ is influenced by the modes of cavitation treatment and the amount of water, added as the activator of the hydrogenation processes. It is confirmed that, during the hydrocavitation treatment of water-hydrocarbon emulsions, the microcracking of oil molecules occurs, and dissociation of water with the formation of hydrogen and further hydrogenation of heavy fractions is possible. As a result of the fractional distillation of water-fuel emulsions, which were processed in the cavitation stand, the yield of light fractions reached 94 % that confirms the proceeding of the hydrogenation processes of hydrocarbon raw materials and the formation of hydrogen during the hydrocavitation treatment. During the treatment of oil and diesel fuel, significant reduction of the content of total sulfur to acceptable norms was recorded that indicates the approprietness of using the studied process for the intensification of sorption purification of fuels from sulfur-containing compounds. The influence of such technological factors as the water content in the reaction mixture and the rotor speed on the efficiency of hydrocracking of oil hydrocarbons was determined.

Efficient utilization of polymer wastes

The major bulk of the wastes of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, and other polymers is either buried in the ground or burned, which is economically wasteful and ecologically hazardous. To tackle this problem, a technology of utilization of various types of plastics by their combined hydrocracking with residual fuel oil in the presence of a suspended catalyst with production of motor fuels has been developed. It is shown that when hydrocracking is implemented without residue recirculation, the yield of light fractions is 90% when residual fuel oil mixed with polymers is treated, whereas the yield is 70% when unmixed residual fuel oil is treated.

A Comparative Study on the Hydrocracking for Atmospheric Residue of Mongolian Tamsagbulag Crude Oil and Other Crude Oils

Upgrading heavy and residual oils into valuable lighter fuels has attracted much attention due to growing worldwide demand for light petroleum product. This study focused on hydrocracking process for atmospheric residue (AR) of Mongolian crude oil in the first time compared to those of other countries. Residue samples were hydrocracked with a commercial catalyst at 450℃, 460℃, 470℃ for 2 hours under hydrogen pressure of 10 MPa. The AR conversion and yield of light fraction (LF) reached to 90.6 wt% and 53.9 wt%, at 470℃ by the hydrocracking for atmospheric residue of Tamsagbulag crude oil (TBAR). In each sample, the yield of MF was the highest at 460℃ temperature, which is valuable lighter fuel product. The polyaromatic, polar hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds were concentrated in the MF and HF because the large amount of light hydrocarbons produced from TBAR as the increasing of the hydrocracking temperature. The content of n-paraffinic hydrocarbons was decreased in HF of TBAR, on effect of hydrocracking temperature. This result suggests the longer molecules of n-paraffin (С20-С32) in HF were reacted better, than middle molecules of n-paraffin (С12-С20) in MF during the hydrocracking reaction. Because the hydrocarbon components of feed crude oils were various, the contents of n-paraffinic hydrocarbons in MF and HF of TBAR and DQAR were similar, but MEAR’s was around 2 times lower and the hydrogen consumption was the highest for the MEAR after hydrocracking.

Relation between the reduction of coal and its fractional composition

Simulation confirms literature data regarding the higher yield of light fractions (density ρ ⩽ 1.28–1.30 g/cm3) from reduced coal than from slightly reduced coal. The predominance of light fractions with an elevated hydrogen content in the coal’s organic mass facilitates the formation of physicochemical properties associated with high degrees of reduction. The degree of reduction is related to the content of such fractions in the coal. This is evidently the case for a whole range of caustobioliths and is especially pronounced for oil, whose value is directly related to the content of light fractions (ρ ⩽ 0.84–0.87 g/cm3).

Study of the processes of petroleum feedstock treatment by hydrodynamic shock in a supersonic jet

A method for the dynamic treatment of petroleum feedstock is proposed; its use in an artificially-created, supersonic two-phase flow with shock waves leads to an alteration in the feedstock properties. It was found that the yield of light fractions considerably increased and the chemical composition changed after crude oil pretreatment according to this method. Possible mechanisms of the processes occurring in the system are discussed. Proposals for further study of the method as applied to petroleum chemistry are made.

Bitumen radiation processing

Approaches earlier developed and tested on heavy crude oil and oil residua were applied to processing of still heavier and more viscous feedstock, such as bitumen. It is shown that yields of light fractions after radiation-thermal cracking (RTC) are higher than those obtained by other methods, including thermocatalytic cracking. Gasoline produced by RTC is noticeable for high concentrations of isoparaffins. An empiric equation is proposed to estimate maximum yields of isomers in gasoline fraction.

Increasing the yield of light fractions by means of activator additives

Increasing the yield of light fractions by means of activator additives

Crude oil from the �l'darovo field

The crudes from the El'darovo field are analyzed. They are light, low-sulfur, low-viscosity, and low pour, with a wax content of 1.2-2.8% by weight and low contents of asphaltenes and nitrogen. The oils from the Lower Cretaceous deposits differ from those from the Upper Creataceous deposits in that they are lower in density, viscosity, and carbon residue, with low contents of resins and asphaltenes, sulfur and nitrogen, and high yields of light fractions. The hydrocarbon composition of the IBP-62 degrees C cut was determined chromatographically in a column packed with CaA zeolite. The properties of the crudes are typical for crudes produced in this region. It is recommended that these crudes should be processed in mixtures with crudes from other fields in the Checheno-Ingush ASSR.

配合した三池炭抽出溶液の接触水素化処理反応

Hydrotreating of a blend of 25 percent SRC (derived from Miike Coal) and 75 percent Creosote Oil has been studied using batch autoclave under the various conditions. The result obtained here can be summarized as follows1) HI and BI conversions increase with an increase in reaction temperature, time and hydrogen initial pressure. Polymerization reaction of products, observed in the hydrotreating of SRC without solvent, is not observed in this study.2) Sulfur removal is from 65 to 90 percent and Nitrogen removal is from 10 to 28 percent.3) Yield of light fraction can be increased by using hydrogen donor solvent.4) Ni/Mo/Al2O3 catalyst is the most effective for hydrogenation of this filtrate, but Co/Mo/Al2O3 is better for sulfur removal.