Ketones In Yields Research Articles

Direct Recovery of Added Ketones from Foam-Dried Whole Milk

To facilitate the development of a method for collecting flavor compounds directly from dried whole milk a study has been made of the recovery of ketones incorporated into dried milks. 2-Butanone, 2-heptanone, and 2-tridecanone were added to separate batches of butteroil. The butteroils with added ketones were homogenized with skimmilk. These whole milks were foam-dried by a standard method. The procedure for recovering the ketones involved a short-path migration under a temperature differential at about 1 μ pressure. A liquid nitrogen-cooled condenser, powder temperature of 40C and 60C, and heating periods of from 3 to 6 hr were employed. The use of conditions more severe than 40C for 3 hr increased the yield of tridecanone only slightly, if at all. The recoveries from unaltered dry milks were: butanone, with the powder heated 4 hr at 60 C—7.4%; heptanone, 3 hr at 40 C—9.0%; tridecanone, 3 hr at 40 C—7.3%. Under the same heating conditions, the following increased yields of ketones were obtained from powders in which the fat had been freed prior to collection: butanone—57%, heptanone—82%, and tridecanone—90%. Earlier findings that the critical moisture content for freeing the fat is in the region of 9% were confirmed. A procedure is described for freeing the fat by hydrating a dried milk within the evacuated collection system.

Rearrangement of epoxy fatty esters to keto fatty esters

AbstractThe rearrangement of fatty epoxyesters to ketoesters was studied. The isomerization is carried out in nonaqueous media and is catalyzed by acids. Esters containing one epoxy group per fatty acid chain are isomerized to the corresponding ketones in 70舑90% yields using boron fluoride etherate catalyst in boiling dioxane. Conversion to ketonic products is measured either by chromatographic separation followed by IR analysis or by oximation. Principal byproducts are hydroxy derivatives. Fatty esters containing more than one epoxy group/fatty acid chain give low ketone yields.

Synthesis of alkyl-?,?-dimethylcyclopropanemethanols and alkylcyclopropyl methyl ketones

1. Some isomeric alcohols of composition C10H20O and ketones of composition C9H16O, all having a cyclopropane ring containing alkyl groups, were prepared, and their physical properties were compared. 2. Steric hindrance associated with the presence of alkyl substituents in the ring and their number affects the degree of hydrolysis of ethyl alkylcyclopropanecarboxylates and the yields of ketones and alcohols obtained from these esters by organometallic synthesis.

Acylation of silicohydrocarbons and synthesis of silicon-containing ?-methylstyrenes

1. Improvements were effected in the earlier method of acylation of aromatic silicohydrocarbons which enabled preparation of the corresponding ketones in yields of up to 70%. 2. Benzyltrimethylsilane is acylated 24 times faster and β -phenylethyltrimethylsilane only 16 times faster than benzene. This effect is associated with conjugation of the Si-C bond with the aromatic ring in benzyltrimethylsilane. 3. Some para -substituted silicon containing α-methylstyrenes have been synthesized.

Comparison of the Fries and Friedel‐Crafts reactions

AbstractA comparative study of the Fries rearrangement of aromatic esters and Friedel‐Crafts reaction between acyl chlorides and phenols as catalysed by aluminium chloride or titanium tetrachloride, shows that substantially similar yields of hydroxyaryl ketones result. In most of the reactions examined the aluminium halide was found to be the more powerful catalyst and it gave a higher ratio of p‐ to o‐hydroxyaryl ketones. When the reactions were carried out in presence of such solvents as nitrobenzene and ethylene dichloride, the more polar nitrobenzene yielded a higher para/ortho ratio of products and proved to be more active.

Synthesis of benzo-furan derivatives-I: Karanj ketone, karanjin and pongapin

A new method of preparing benzo-furan derivatives using substituted allyl phenols has been worked out. Ozonolysis of the allyl derivatives and subsequent ring closure of the resulting o-hydroxy-acetaldehydes by means of o-phosphoric acid give good yields of karanj ketone, karanjin, pongapin and the corresponding 2-methyl furanochromone. As an alternative route oxidation of the allyl phenol in two stages using performing acid followed by periodic acid has been successfully employed in the synthesis of karanjin.

2-Aminovinyl ketones

1. A study was tirade of the reaction of alkyl 2-dimethylaminovinyl ketones with methyl iodide; after hydrolysis of the reaction mixture, hydroxymethylcne ketone are obtained. This reaction provides a new method for the synthesis of hydroxymethylene ketones. 2. It was shown that, with increase in the size of the alkyl radical of the alkylating agent, the alkylation of dirnethylaininovinyl ketones becomes more difficult and the yields of hydroxymethylene ketones diminish. 3. The structure of the compounds obtained was proved by hydrolysis. 4. The method of synthesizing 2-dialkylaminovinyl ketones from 2-chlorovinyl ketones was extended to the synthesis of aryl 2-dialkylaminovinyl ketones.

Societies and Academies

PARIS. Academy of Sciences, August 7.—M. le Général Bassot in the chair.—Sir William Ramsay: The action of niton (the radium emanation) on thorium salts. Commenting on a recent paper by M. Herschfinkel on this subject, the author gives details of the method of purification of the thorium nitrate used in his experiments, with especial reference to the destruction of any organic matter which might have been present in the crude salt.—Kr. Birkeland: Are the rings of Saturn due to an electrical radiation from the planet? A description of the phenomena observed when a magnetised globe is placed in a strong electric field. Three photographic reproductions of the appearance of the globe under these conditions show the similarity of the luminous ring with that of Saturn. Observations by other workers are also cited in support of this view.—J. Guillaume: Observations of the Kiess comet (19116b) made with the Brunner equatorial of the Lyons Observatory. Data are given for July 15, 17, 20, and 2t.—J. Ph. Lagrula and H. Chretien: The Kiess comet (1911b). Its photographic aspect and its spectrum. One photograph showed a well-defined tail to the comet 1° in length. The spectrum contained cyanogen bands and the blue hydrocarbon band.—Marcel Brillouin: Crystalline elements and molecular orientation.—Daniel Berthelot and Henry Gaudechon: The photolysis of alcohols, acid anhydrides, ether oxides, and esters by the ultra-violet rays. Alcohols are characterised by evolution of hydrogen and formation of aldehydes. Ethers give carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and saturated hydrocarbons. Various esters were also submitted to ultra-violet light, and the gases produced are tabulated.—Amé Pictet and Alphonse Gams: The synthesis of berberine. Starting with homopiperonylamine, hydroberberine has been synthesised with homoveratryl-homopiperanylamine, and veratryl-norhydrohydrastinine as intermediate steps. Berberine has already been obtained from tetrahydro-berberine, so that the synthesis is complete.—L. Tchougaeff and G. Pigoulewsky: Dithiocampho-carbonic acid.—S. Losanitch: The constitution of divalolactone.—E. Caille: A modification of the Friedel and Crafts reaction yielding α-naphthalenic ketones exclusively. The reaction is effected in carbon bisulphide at a temperature of 0° C. The yield of ketone is high, 60 per cent, to 80 per cent.; five examples of the application of the method are given.—Maurice Arthus: The specific characters of the antivenom serums. Anticobra serum and the poisons of the hamadryas (Naja bungarus) and krait (Bungarus coeruleus).—J. Courmont and A. Rochaix: Negative attempts at antituberculous immunisation by the intestine. —J. Kunckel d'Herculais: Observations on the habits of a myriopod (Scutigera coleoptrata). Its utility in destroying flies. The action of its poison: its supposed accidental I presence in the digestive apparatus of man.—Pierre Girard: The preponderating rdle of two electrostatic factors in the osmosis of solutions of electrolytes. Normal osmotic movements.—Em. de Martonne: Results of the morphological analysis of the erosion levels of the Arc and Isère valleys.