Yield Of Foxtail Millet Research Articles

Amelioration of Salinity Tolerance in Foxtail Millet by Applying Plant Growth Regulators

A pot experiment was laid down at the Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur from November 2018 to March 2019 to improving the salinity tolerance in Foxtail millet (BARI Kaon 1) using different plant growth regulators with different doses. Two salinity levels, i) control (0mM NaCl) and ii) 80 mMNaCl were maintained after 14 days of sowing to harvest. The plant growth regulators i) Humic acid (HA): a) @ 5 gL-1 water b) @ 10 gL−1water ii) Gibberellic acid (GA3): a) @10 g L-1water b) @20 g L-1water iii) Salicylic acid (SA): a) @ 50 g L-1water b) @ 100 g L-1water were sprayed at 7 days interval from salt imposition. The experiment was in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Results revealed that plant growth regulators improved the growth and yield performance of Foxtail millet under both control and saline conditions. Amelioration of salinity tolerance in Foxtail millet was well associated with lower proline content, higher chlorophyll content and SPAD value as well as dry matter production, which facilitated the Foxtail millet yield due to application of plant growth regulators. Among the plant growth regulators, humic acid (HA) @ 5 g L-1 water was the best treatment to improving the salinity tolerance in foxtail millet under saline condition.
 Bangladesh Agron. J. 2019, 22(2): 25-39

An investigation into the beneficial effects and molecular mechanisms of humic acid on foxtail millet under drought conditions.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of humic acid (HA) on foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) under drought conditions. The rainless climate of the Shanxi Province (37°42'N, 112°58'E) in China provides a natural simulation of drought conditions. Two foxtail millet cultivars, Jingu21 and Zhangza10, were cultivated in Shanxi for two consecutive years (2017–2018) based on a split-plot design. Plant growth, grain quality, and mineral elements were analyzed in foxtail millet treated with HA (50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg L-1) and those treated with clear water. Transcriptome sequencing followed by bioinformatics analysis was performed on plants in the normal control (CK), drought treatment (D), and drought + HA treatment (DHA) groups. Results were verified using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). HA at a concentration of 100–200 mg L-1 caused a significant increase in the yield of foxtail millet and had a positive effect on dry weight and root-shoot ratio. HA also significantly increased P, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mg content in grains. Moreover, a total of 1098 and 409 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in group D vs. CK and D vs. DHA, respectively. A protein-protein interaction network and two modules were constructed based on DEGs (such as SETIT_016654mg) between groups D and DHA. These DEGs were mainly enriched in the metabolic pathway. In conclusion, HA (100 mg L-1) was found to promote the growth of foxtail millet under drought conditions. Furthermore, SETIT_016654mg may play a role in the effect of HA on foxtail millet via control of the metabolic pathway. This study lays the foundation for research into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the alleviating effects of HA on foxtail millet under drought conditions.

Influence of INM on yield attributes, yield, economics and nitrogen use efficiency of foxtail millet

Field experiments were conducted at Obannavaripalem village, Nagauppalapadu Mandal, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh during kharif seasons of 2014 and 2015 to study the effect of different integrated nutrient management practices with special reference to N for kharif foxtail millet on yield and economics. The results revealed that on clay loamy soils of Krishna Agroclimatic zone of Andhra Pradesh, application of 125%RDN + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 recorded the highest foxtail millet yield attributes at maturity, grain, stover yield and B:C ratio among the treatments.

First Report of Dwarf Disease in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) Caused by Barley Yellow Striate Mosaic Virus in China

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important cereal crop with high drought resistance and widely cultivated in northern China. Virus disease in foxtail millet is a serious problem because of yield decrease and difficulty in control. In Korea, rice black-streaked dwarf virus, rice stripe virus, and barley virus G have been detected on foxtail millet, whereas in China only barley yellow dwarf virus has been reported on foxtail millet (Oh et al. 2017; Pei et al. 1984). In the summer of 2018, a foxtail millet variety, Yugu18, showed virus-like symptoms of dwarfing, shortening of internode, stunting, and head sterility in Shijiazhuang of Hebei province, with an incidence of about 15%. To identify the viral diseases on foxtail millet, 10 samples showing the above virus-like symptoms were collected and stored at –80°C for RNA extraction. Total RNA of the samples was extracted by TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and then the 10 RNA samples were combined into one sample for further detection and next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed with an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer. The whole NGS procedure was implemented by Majorbio Bio-Pharm Technology Company (Shanghai, China). In the pooled sample, 56 viral contigs matching barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV) were obtained in the range of 30 to 1,259 bp, and the NGS results were confirmed by the following reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay. First, a BYSMV-specific primer set (5′-TTTGATGATGATGTCCCTG-3′ and 5′- GATGTATTCTTCTCTTCTCC-3′) was designed according to the determined phosphoprotein (P) gene sequence of BYSMV in wheat (GenBank accession no. KP163566), and each of the above 10 RNA samples was analyzed by RT-PCR assay. In the RT-PCR assay, seven out of 10 samples produced a single amplicon of the expected size (∼600 bp), and three randomly selected positive products were sequenced. Nucleotide BLAST search indicated that the three sequences showed 99% identity with the BYSMV P gene from a wheat isolate. The sequences of the BYSMV P gene in foxtail millet were submitted to GenBank with the accession number MN434075, MN434076, and MN434077. BYSMV belongs to genus Cytorhabdovirus, which was first reported in Italy and was recently found on wheat and rice in China (Appiano et al. 1974; Wang et al. 2015). In this study, BYSMV was detected in samples of foxtail millet with virus-like symptoms through RNA sequencing using NGS and confirmed by RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BYSMV on foxtail millet in China. According to our observation, the yield of foxtail millet decreased by almost 10% with a great quantity of head sterility in Shijiazhuang because of virus infection, and this disease may become a serious threat to foxtail millet production in other regions of China. Further studies will be carried out to identify the pathological properties, host range, and resistance germplasm resources in foxtail millet. Therefore, the identification of BYSMV on foxtail millet has great significance in providing an appropriate strategy for monitoring, prevention, and control of dwarf disease in China.

Optimizing fertilization under ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting system to improve foxtail millet yield and water use in a semiarid region, China

Effects on the soil water and foxtail millet yield of different fertilizer rates coupled with the ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting system (RFRHS) are unclear, which could guide improvements to productivity in dryland farming. We conducted field experiments using RFRHS and traditional flat planting (TFP) at four different fertilizer rates: (i) no fertilizer (CK); (ii) low (L), N 90+P2O5 60 kg ha–1; (iii) medium (M), N 180+P2O5 120 kg ha–1; and (iv) high (H), N 270+P2O5 180 kg ha–1. RFRHS significantly improved the topsoil water content (by 4.7–8.5% in 0–40 cm layer) and topsoil temperature (by 0.4–0.7 °C), which stimulated stable seedling establishment and accelerated millet growth. Fertilization significantly enhanced water absorption in 0–140 cm profile, prolonged the growth period of millet and significantly increased dry matter accumulation. Finally, under RFRHS, the grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of foxtail millet increased by 6.2% and 6.7%, respectively, compared with TFP, and they tended to increase more as fertilizer rate increases, indicating a positive interaction between water and nutrients. However, under RFRHS, the M fertilizer rate obtained a higher yield (average 6748.6 kg ha–1), WUE (average 18.6 kg ha–1 mm–1) compared with CK and L rates, and made a greater contribution to the grain yield (average 32.1%), but no further significant increases were observed with the H fertilizer rate where RFRFS showed a tendency to decrease grain yield compared to TFP in wet years. Therefore, RFRHS with fertilizer application at a rate of N 180+P2O5 120 kg ha–1 may be suitable for high-efficiency farming management to improve the yield and WUE for foxtail millet in this semiarid region.

조 재배 시 피복비닐 제거시기에 따른 잡초발생과 조의 생육 및 수량 변화

조의 피복비닐의 적정 제거시기를 구명하고자 조 생육특성과 잡초방제에 미치는 효과는 다음과 같다. 표토관리별조의 초장은 파종 후 30일에 피복비닐을 한 관행구가 75.2 cm이었으며, 무처리구가 57.5 cm로 초기생육에서는 피복비닐 처리구가 초기 지온과 수분의 영향으로 양호하였다. 조의 출수기는 피복비닐을 제거한 구가 무처리구보다 2-3일 정도 빨랐다. 표토관리별 토양수분 함량은 파종 후 20일과 30일에 피복비닐을 제거한 구, 그리고 무처리구가 피복비닐을 제거하지 않은 파종 후 40일구와 대조구에 비해 높았다. 표토관리별 잡초발생량은 피복비닐을 파종 후 20일, 30일에 제거한 구에서 각각 86.5%, 84.0% 정도로 방제효과가 있었다. 수량은 파종 후 30일에 피복비닐을 제거한 구가 <TEX>$355kg\;10a^{-1}$</TEX>로 가장 높았고, 다음으로 파종 후 20일 순이었으며, 대조구는 도복에 의한 수량 감소로 <TEX>$275kg\;10a^{-1}$</TEX>이었다. 조재배 시 피복비닐의 제거시기는 파종 후 30일이 수량이 가장 높은 것으로 보아 가장 적절한 것으로 판단되었다. Weeding measures is an important issue for cereal crop because weed is superior to crops in early growth stage and there are not many herbicides applicable to cereal crop. Since the concern about well-being and eco-environmental products are increasing, cultivation with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is needed. Five treatments included as weed-free, control (not remove weed) and covering with polyvinyl chloride removed 20, 30, 40 DAS (day after seeding). At removing PVC, plant height did not differ depending on the growth stage. However, weed-free plot by weed competition were somewhat short. And, removing PVC accelerated the earlier by 2-3 day than weed-free plot. Soil moisture which removed from the control was higher than 20, 30, 40 DAS and weed-free, and it was kept low by evaporation. The chlorophyll meter of weed-free plot was 34.3, 30 DAS was 40.6 at heading time. Weed-free showed that increased in weed population <TEX>$300.8g\;m^{-2}$</TEX>. Weed control value of 20 DAS, 30 DAS, 40 DAS were 86.5%, 84.0% and 74.8%, respectively. In 30 DAS, yield of foxtail millet according to treatment of removing PVC were <TEX>$355kg\;10a^{-1}$</TEX>. At weed competition early in 30 DAS, the removing PVC was good for control. Thus, 30 DAS was judged to be suitable.

Photosynthetic and physiological responses of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) to low-light stress during grain-filling stage

Two foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) varieties were subjected to different shading intensity treatments during a grain-filling stage in a field experiment in order to clarify physiological mechanisms of low-light effects on the yield. Our results showed that the grain fresh mass per panicle, yield, photosynthetic pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, and electron transport rate decreased with the increase of shading intensity, whereas the intercellular CO2 concentration increased in both varieties. In addition, shading changed a double-peak diurnal variation of photosynthesis to a one-peak curve. In conclusion, the lower yield of foxtail millet was caused mainly by a reduction of grain mass assimilated, a decline in chlorophyll content, and the low photosynthetic rate due to low light during the grain-filling stage. Reduced light energy absorption and conversion, restricted electron transfer, and reduced stomatal conductance might cause the decrease in photosynthesis.

Influence of seed rates and levels of NPK fertilizers on dry matter accumulations and yield performance of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.)

A study was carried out in the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Old Brahmaputra Flood Plains Soil (AEZ-9) during December 2001 to April 2002 to find out the effect of seed rates and NPK levels on dry matter accumulation and grain yield of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.). Four seed rates viz., 8,10,12, and 14 kg/ha and five levels of NPK fertilizers viz., N0P0K0, N10P8K5, N20P16K10, N30P24K15, and N40P32K20 were included in a split plot design with three replications. Dry matter accumulation pattern was determined by harvesting 10 plants randomly at 30, 60, 80, and 102 DAS (days after swing). The yield and yield contributing characters of foxtail millet were influenced by seed rates and NPK levels except tillers per plant and 1000-grain weight significantly. Generally its production rate was 0.86 t/ha when it was grown in char lands in sandy loam soils, the highest grain yield (1.62 t/ha) was produced by 10 kg seeds/ha, which was identical with 12 kg seeds/ha. In case of NPK levels, the treatment was N30P24K10. In case of interaction, the treatment combination 12 kg seeds/ha and N30P24K15 produced the highest grain yield (1.77 t/ha. In case of interaction, the treatment combination 12 kg seeds/ha and N,sub&gt;30P24K15/ha gave the highest grain yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i4.19661 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 38(4): 689-704, December 2013

파종방법과 피복작물이 조의 생육과 잡초발생에 미치는 영향

본 연구에서는 안정한 조 생산은 위한 친환경적 유기재배를 위한 잡초관리 방법 개선과 효율적인 작부체계 개선을 위하여 조의 파종법과 피복작물인 헤어리베치와 호밀이 조의 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 1. 출수일 비교시 비닐피복 이식구에서 4일, 헤어리베치 이식구에서 3일 먼저 출수하였다. 초장은 헤어리베치 이식구, 비닐피복 이식구와 직파구, 헤어리베치 직파구 순으로 92.4%, 86.9%, 50.2%, 24.6%로 차이를 보였으며 가장 작은 호밀 직파구와는 -63.7%의 차이가 나타났다. 엽록소 함량과 엽록소형광에서는 비닐피복구와 헤어리베치구 높게 나타났다. 2. 헤어리베치구에서 방제가가 70% 이상으로 높았으며, 화본과와 광엽 잡초의 분류 비교시 헤어리베치구에서는 화본과와 광엽잡초 모두 90% 이상의 억제율을 나타났으며 호밀구에서는 화분과 잡초에서는 47% 이상, 광엽잡초에서는 90% 이상의 억제효과가 나타났다. 3. 수량비교에서는 헤어리베치 이식구>비닐피복 이식구>호밀구 이식구<TEX>${\fallingdotseq}$</TEX>무처리 이식구>헤어리베치 직파구>비닐피복 직파구>호밀구 직파구<TEX>${\fallingdotseq}$</TEX>무처리 직파구 순으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to evaluate the weed suppressing effects of different cropping system including hairy vetch and rye cover crops, polyethylene plastic film, and transplanting film mulching in direct sowing and transplanted foxtail millet field in 2011. Crop growth and development and weed occurrences in the fields were examined to know the efficiency of proposed cropping system. In polyethylene film mulching treatment, heading date of foxtail millet was earlier by 4 days than control, on the other hands, rye cover crop mulching delayed heading date by 8 days. Besides the effect of cover crop on the heading of foxtail millet, the residues changed growth characteristics. Plant height of foxtail millet was increased by 92.4% at hairy vetch treatment although the height of was reduced by 63.7% in the rye cover crop treatment. Hairy vetch treatment showed beneficial effects on foxtail millet growth reduced the occurrences of grasses and broadleaf weeds higher than 90%, as compared to control in foxtail millet fields. While rye cover crop treatment showed poor foxtail millet growth reduced less strongly grasses and broad-leaf weeds by 47% and 90%, respectively. At harvest, yield of foxtail millet was greater in order of hairy vetch cover crop > polyethylene film mulching > rye cover crop <TEX>${\fallingdotseq}$</TEX> control in both transplanted and direct sown fields.

Population growth rate of Setaria viridis in the absence of herbicide: resulting yield loss in foxtail millet Setaria italica

Wang T, Shi Y, Li Y, Song Y &amp; Darmency H (2010). Population growth rate of Setaria viridis in the absence of herbicide: resulting yield loss in foxtail millet Setaria italica. Weed Research50, 228–234.Summary Setaria viridis (green foxtail) is a common weed and is the putative ancestor of foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Population densities of S. viridis and its effect on foxtail millet yield were studied for 4 years in two locations, with three cultivars, under monoculture and no use of selective herbicide. Each year the density of S. viridis plants increased in all fields at a population growth rate λ = 1.13. The stability of the λ estimate in monoculture could serve as a reference value to predict the fate of a weed population in multi‐year demographic models, using corrective factors to account for specific effects of given crop rotation and cropping practices. The low λ value was due to a very low reproduction rate, around 6 10−4 adults per seed, which suggests high dormancy and seed predation. The yield of millet decreased linearly as the infestation increased, with the same slope whatever the cultivars. The yield loss was 0.58 tonne ha−1 for each additional plant m−2, indicating high sensitivity to competition from the wild relative. The close relationship between the weed and the crop, which could lead to similar biological responses to environmental conditions, could explain these results.

Effect of Seed Soaking with Uniconazole on Growth and Development of Foxtail Millet Plant

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence and regulation effect of seed soaking with different uniconazole concentrations(15,30,60,and 120 mg L-1) on the growth of roots and relation between roots and shoots in foxtail millet cultivar Jingu 21 cultured in pot and soil column on the experimental farm of Shanxi Agricultural University.The main results were as follows:(1) Uniconazole treatment inhibited the growth of shoots and promoted the growth of roots simultaneously.The number,activity,dry weight and total length of roots increased obviously,so did the stem thickness and tillers,but the plant height decreased.(2) Uniconazole treatment decreased the leaf area at seedling stage,but promoted its leaf growth at booting stage.(3) Uniconazole treatment adjusted the senescent process of plant through prolonging the declining phase of root activity,improving the activities of SOD and POD,and reducing malondialdehyde(MDA) accumulation in root and flag leaf after anthesis to some extent.Through treating seed in 30 mg L-1 uniconazole,the activities roots in lower layer increased 34.95%,43.64%,and 44.74% respectively at 10,20,and 30 days after anthesis compared with control.(4) Uniconazole treatment increased the ears per pot,1000-grain weight,and the yield obviously.In a conclusion,the seed soaking in uniconazole solution of 15-120 mg L-1 concentrations could increase the foxtail millet yield obviously,and the treatment of 30 mg L-1 uniconazole had the best effect under the condition of this study.

Effect of tillage, organics, nitrogen and their interactions. on yield attributes and yield of foxtail millet (Setariu italica) under shallow Alfisols during rainy season

A field experiment was conducted during 1997 98 and 1998 99 at Agricul tural Research Station, Hanumanamatti, Dharwad, to know the effect of tillage practices, organics, nitrogen levels and their interactions on growth components and dry matter accumulation in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) during the rainy season. Medium tillage and ridging recorded significantly higher yield attributes at harvest. Ear length, mean panicle weight, yieldlplant, grainslpanicle, 1,000 seed weight, threshing (%) and grain yield were significantly superior in medium tillage and ridging treatment. Among organics, enriched FYM Azospirillum recorded significantly higher yield parameters, followed by Gliricidia green manuring. Application of 60 kg Nlha enhanced the yield parameters over 30 and 0 kg Nlha. Medium tillage and ridging with enriched FYM Azospirillum 60 kg Nlha recorded significantly higher yield components. Next best was medium tillage and ridging with Gliricidia green manuring 60 kg Nlha. Key words : Tillage practices, Organics, Dry matter accumulation, Grain yield

Yield of Several Grain Crops Grown after Early-season Rice of Northern Kyushu.

No grain crops are usually grown after harvesting early-season rice of northern Kyushu. If early maturing crops could be cultured after the rice harvest of mid August, more solar energy could be captured in the paddy field in a year. Sorghum, common millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet, buckwheat and barley were sown in August to be grown after early-season rice and harvested in October-November. About 0.2% of solar energy was fixed by the grain of these crops. Maximum LAI in August sowing culture was smaller than in the conventional culture. CGR and solar energy utilization for dry matter production in August sowing were higher in the early stages than in the late stages, showing rapid growth of these crops in the early stages. Grain yield of sorghum, common millet and foxtail millet sown August 10th were 151-131gm-2. The yield of barnyard millet was low, and the yield of buckwheat was relatively constant for sowing August 10th to 30th. A greater decrease in the yield of foxtail millet by the decrease of effective accumulated temperature was observed than in the case of sorghum and barnyard millet. Some promising lines of sorghum and barley having higher yield and earlier heading were found for August sowing culture.