Yield Of Extractive Substances Research Articles

Substantiation of the composition and technology of obtaining a dry extract of complex action in the laboratory conditions

Aim. To substantiate the composition and extraction parameters of a multicomponent species for obtaining a dry extract of complex action. Materials and methods. The study objects were the medicinal plant raw material, extractant and parameters of the extraction process. Information-search, information-analytical, organoleptic, physicochemical and pharmacotechnological research methods were used. The statistical processing of the data obtained was performed using Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets. Results and discussion. The study of the extraction conditions consisted in determining the optimal DER indicator by evaluating the nature of changes in the content of a dry residue, extractive substances in each separately collected sample of a liquid extract, as well as the concentration of groups of biologically active substances (BAS) in individual and total portions of extracts. The results obtained for the content of a dry residue and BAS show characteristic changes depending on the raw material : extract ratio. When the ratio increases from 1 : 1 to 1 : 15, there is a gradual decrease in the content of a dry residue in individual portions of the extract, the dynamics of the decrease in the concentration of individual groups of BAS (phenolic carboxylic acids, flavonoids, polysaccharides) is also unambiguous, but does not always correlate with changes in the content of extractive substances. Taking into account the results obtained, the extraction of the phytocomposition with 20 % ethanol at a DER ratio of 1 : 10 ensures an efficient and rational extraction in view of the content of BAS marker groups. Conclusions. As a result of the work carried out, a dry extract has been obtained by the method of filtration extraction. The extraction process is carried out in laboratory conditions: the weight of the loaded raw material – 100.0 g; extractant – 20 % ethanol; extraction rate – 2-3 mL/min; the raw material : extractant ratio (DER) – 1:10. The yield of extractive substances is 26.68 %, the content of phenolic acids is 1.05 %, flavonoids – 0.25 %, polysaccharides – 1.01 %.

Research of raw materials and mashing regimes to produce low digestion wort

Currently, consumption of non-alcoholic or low-alcoholic products is gaining more and more efficiency in the beverage market. The brewing industry is taking the lead and is striving to increase the range of products aimed at this consumer. Therefore, there is an increasing market for non-alcoholic beers. Brewing this beer using membrane technology or dialysis is only achievable in high-capacity breweries. The presented research studies the possibility of producing non-alcoholic beer through technological methods by selecting suitable raw materials and mashing regimes. This technology will enable the production of non-alcoholic beer at small-capacity breweries. The purpose of the research is to study and apply the non-traditional grain crop sorghum variety Kazakhstan 16 in the production of brewing wort with a low degree of digestion. We studied the microstructure of the grain, calculated the size of the starch grains and justified its use in the production of low-density wort. The microstructure of the grain, as the size of the starch grains were determind. The using of sorghum was justified in the production of low-density mash. Based on the results of the experiments, the dependence of mash, hydromodulus and mashing mode on the yield of extractive substances in the wort was studied. A mashing regime with mash pauses of 50-52°C, and 72-74°C, bypassing the maltose pause, was selected. Based on the resulting low fermentation wort, a beer whose characteristics correspond to a non-alcoholic beer was produced.

OBTAINING ANTIOXIDANTS FROM FOOD INDUSTRY WASTE AND THEIR USE IN FATS

The food industry generates a large amount of waste and by-products of processing, which becomes a problem for the environment. Potato and onion peel, tomato seeds and peel are agro-industrial wastes of the world's main vegetable crops. However, the potential for antioxidants from them is not yet fully known. In this work, the influence of extracts obtained from these wastes on the process of inhibition of the rate of oxidation of sunflower oil was studied. Regression equations describing the process of extraction of biologically active substances from crop production waste as a result of water-ethanol extraction at a temperature of 60°C were obtained. It was established that the optimum concentration of ethanol in the water-ethanol mixture of extractants is in the range of 70–80%. Increasing the extraction time has a positive effect on the yield of extractive substances (at an interval of 2–15 hours). The kinetics of oxidation of sunflower oil by the accelerated method was studied and the antioxidant activity of the obtained antioxidants was determined, which is: for onion peel 2.29 (ie at a concentration of antioxidant 200 mg/kg oil the induction period of sunflower oil oxidation is more than doubled). For potato peels, this figure is 3.17, and for tomato peels – 1.85. All antioxidants obtained from plant waste were no less effective than butylhydroxyanisole (antioxidant activity – 1.93). The effectiveness of antioxidants varied as follows: onion peel > potato peel > butylhydroxyanisole > tomato residues. The expediency of using ascorbic acid in the course of water-alcohol extraction of antioxidants from vegetable raw materials has been proven. It has a positive effect on increasing the output of antioxidants and on extending the induction period of sunflower oil as a result of its own antioxidant properties. The existence of a synergistic effect between ascorbic acid and substances extracted from potato, onion and tomato peel has been proven, which in numerical value is 163, 126, and 180%, respectively.

Inorganic compounds of sunflower stems

This paper presents the results of studying the inorganic components of sunflower stems. The test objects are the extracts obtained at different pH values of the medium and ash samples before and after treatment of stems with water, acid, and alkali. The results show that the nature of the extractant has a negligible effect on the yield of extractive substances from the crushed stems. According to atomic absorption analysis, the main ions in extracts obtained in different media are potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions. The mass fraction of ash after treatment of stems with solutions at different pH values varies from 0.5 to 5.2%. The lowest ash yield is characterized by a sample of stems after acid extraction. According to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, all ash samples contain mainly K, Ca, Mg, and P compounds. The ash components of the core and outer part of the stem were also studied in comparison with the original sample. The ash content of the stem core (9.3%) is higher than that of the outer shell (7.4%). The IR spectroscopy shows that the nature of band splitting in the IR spectra of the ash samples practically does not depend on the stem part and the pretreatment of raw materials at different pH values. Absorption bands characteristic of carbonates and silicates are observed in the IR spectra of the stem ash. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, the studied ash samples are in a crystalline state.

Identification and Toxicological Characterization of Alternaria japonica Strains.

Fungi of the genus Alternaria are producers of biologically active compounds. Alternaria japonica is pathogenic to small radish and certain other crucifers, but has not been studied in sufficient detail. Discrepant data on its toxic metabolites are available in the literature, possibly because a limited set of nutritive substrates was used in culturing or species identification of the strains was incorrect. The objectives of this study were to accurately identify the Russian A. japonica strains and to assess the A. japonica toxigenic potential. Four Russian A. japonica strains were identified using a multifaceted approach, which included analyses of morphological characters (the diameter and morphology of colonies grown on the diagnostic media potato carrot agar (PCA) and yeast extract-glucose (YES) agar for one week), the conidial size, and the presence of chlamydospores), the nucleotide sequences of DNA markers (ITS and EF1α regions), and chemotaxonomic data (mycotoxin production). Biomass and extractive substance yields of A. japonica cultures were found to significantly depend on the composition of the liquid medium. Minor differences between the A. japonica strains were detected via metabolite profiling by HPLC/MS-UV. Extracts of A. japonica cultures exerted phytotoxic activity toward small radish leaves and cytotoxicity toward Paramecium caudatum to a level comparable with that of A. tenuissima extracts. Brassicicolin A, dihydrobrassicicolin A, and phomenins A and B, which are known for several species of the genus Alternaria, were identified in A. japonica extracts. Mycotoxins (alternariol, its methyl ether, tentoxin, tenuazonic acid, and altenuene), which are characteristic of the cosmopolitan species A. tenuissima, were not detected in cultures of the A. japonica strains. Extract toxicity and the yield of extractive substances were studied in the A. japonica strains, and strain MFP244011 proved promising as a producer of known and, presumably, new toxins upon culture on the M1D synthetic medium or semisynthetic liquid media (e.g., the Sabouraud medium).

ECHINACEA AND VALERIANA EXTRACTION IN DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS BY ACOUSTIC INFLUENCE

The article presents the results of studying the influence of a weak vibration effect on the extraction of plant raw materials, obtained as a continuation of the previous study [1].The article describes the option of intensification extraction process from the Echinacea purpurea L. and Valeriana officinalis L. The influence of acoustic action (tensile-pulse modulation) on an increase in the yield of extractive substances when using water, 40% and 70% ethanol is discussed. The influence of the frequency and amplitude of the action during the generation of a signal in the form of a meander has been studied. Solvents are selected taking into account the use in existing pharmaceutical factories. The extraction results were evaluated by the solid residue, the optical density of the solution after extraction of Echinacea and by GLC and GLC-MS after extraction of Valeriana. The greatest effect is achieved when using water. The explanation of the results is based on the effect of vibration on the rotation of solvent clusters. Cluster sizes decrease from water to 70% ethanol.

Investigation of CO2 Extract of Portulaca oleracea for Antioxidant Activity from Raw Material Cultivated in Kazakhstan.

Medicinal plants remain as an important resource in the fight against many diseases, especially in developing countries. Antioxidants are substances capable of delaying, retarding, and preventing the oxidation of lipids or substances that delay or prevent free radical reactions during lipid oxidation. Natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids are a safe alternative to chemical antioxidants. In present work, results of antioxidant activity of raw materials from the cultivated plant Portulaca oleracea are presented. The extraction time was optimized to 780 minutes; the yield of extractive substances was 1.25% in the production of CO2 extract under subcritical conditions. For the first time, the antioxidant activity of Portulaca oleracea CO2 extract was determined by the amperometric method. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) chemical analysis of Portulaca oleracea CO2 extract dissolved in hexane revealed 37 components, including a complex mixture of aldehydes, alkanes, alkenes, esters, diterpenes, steroids, vitamin E, and carbohydrates. The investigation results showed that the Portulaca oleracea CO2 extract was promising for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries and had great potential for the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress.

Composition of inorganic components in <i>Helianthus tuberosus</i> stems

This article studies inorganic components in Heliánthus tuberósus stems. Ash samples and extracts obtained at different pH values were examined. It is established that the extractant's nature has a significant effect on the yield of extractive substances from the ground stems: the greatest (45%) and the minimum (31%) yield was achieved by sodium hydroxide and distilled water, respectively. According to atomic absorption spectrometry, the main ions in the extracts obtained in different media are those of potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium and iron. Following treatment of stems with solutions having different pH values, the mass fraction of ash varied from 0.4 to 2.3%. The smallest ash yield was observed for a stem sample after acid extraction. According to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, all ash samples contained predominantly K, Ca, Si and P compounds. Acid hydrolysis produced the highest level of Si in samples, which allows this ash to be used as a silicon-containing material. The ash components of the core and outer part of the stem were compared with the initial sample. According to the nature of thermal decomposition, the initial sample and the outer shell were similar between themselves, though differing from the core. The ash content of the initial sample was 4.3%, with the ash content of the stem core being ~2 times higher than that of the outer shell (7 and 3.8%, respectively). The results of IR spectroscopy showed that splitting of bands in the IR spectra of ash samples depend on the part of the stem and the pre-treatment of raw materials at different pH values. The ash of the initial sample, core and outer shell, as well as the ash of the residues after the aqueous and alkaline hydrolysis of the stem, showed the absorption bands of carbonate groups. The IR spectra of the stem ash after acid extraction contained absorption bands characteristic of amorphous silicon dioxide. According to the conducted X-ray analysis, the studied ash samples were in an amorphous-crystal and crystalline state. The identification of phases was carried out.

INCREASE IN THE YIELD OF CINNAMIC ACIDS DERIVATIVES FROM ECHINACEA AS A RESULT OF WEAK ACOUSTIC EFFECTS

The article describes the option of intensification extraction process from the Echinacea purpurea. The effect of acoustic exposure (modulation of stretching) on an increase in the yield of extractives during the extraction of Echinaceae herbs with a 40% aqueous solution of ethanol is discussed.
 The extraction results were evaluated by the solid residue, the optical density of the solution. The yield of extractive substances is increased 1.5 times by generating a specific electrical signal in the form of a meander with a certain frequency range 350 kHz and amplitude 3 V. The yield of extractives is calculated on the sum of hydroxycinnamic acids. The best extraction time is determined. The results obtained allow us to hope for a reduction in the preparation time of extracts in the existing production of Echinacea tincture, where 40% ethanol is used and the infusion time exceeds 2 days. In further work, attention will be focused on finding optimal extraction conditions when using 70% ethanol and hot water, solvents used in a number of industries. Studying the effect of the solvent on extraction may allow us to get closer to explaining the observed phenomenon.

PREPARATION OF MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS WITH A GIVEN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

A significant effect on the amount of hydroxycinnamic acids was not an increase in the content of bap from BA 1.0 to 10.0 μM, but the introduction of auxins of NAA 1.0 μM + IBA 0.1 μM. Auxins in combination with cytokinin BA increased the amount of acids by an average of 20% in alcoholic (1.9±0.2%) and aqueous (1.46±0.06%) extracts from Iris sibirica raw materials. The maximum yield of extractive substances, including tannins (4.4±0.3%) was observed when growing raw materials on media with a BA content of 2.5–5.0 μM, the lowest value was obtained with a BA of 10.0 μM. The introduction of auxins (NAA 1.0 μM + IBA 0.1 μM) did not significantly affect the dynamics of the accumulation of tannins.
 Screening of the chemical composition of medicinal plant raw materials Origanum vulgare and Salvia officinalis obtained by biotechnology methods showed the presence of flavonoids of 1.6±0.1% and 3.2±0.04%, hydroxycinnamic acids of 7.4% and 13.4% at a.s.s., respectively.
 Antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.02-0.04 mg/ml against Sporosarcina ureae, Bacillus pumilus, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus was pronounced in the hexane extract of Salvia officinalis. Ethanol extract of sage was active against Salmonella typhimurium. Ethanol extracts of Iris sibirica and Salvia officinalis showed antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium, MIC-0.35 and 0.16 mg / ml, respectively. Siberian iris suppressed Bacillus pumilus at MIC-0.7 mg / ml. The largest amount of extractive substances was extracted from the raw materials of Origanum vulgare with an aqueous-glycerol mixture – 21.5±0.2 % per a. s. s. Against Salmonella typhimurium, the extracts showed antibiotic activity with MIC – 1.2 mg/ml.

The use of ultrasonic exposure in the production of functional beverages based on natural raw materials

The technology of drinks production makes it possible to create a variety of tastes and use various natural foundations. Expanding the assortment of “wholesome” and “functional” drinks reveals possibilities for controlling the process of biologically active substances entering the body. From a technological point of view, the drink is the most convenient model for creating new products, including the use of natural plant materials. For creating them, traditional extraction methods are often used. They have several drawbacks: they are long, laborious, occur when exposed to high temperatures, which leads to the loss of raw materials of biologically active substances, the taste of aroma, and a decrease in biological value. In this regard, the actual direction of improving technological solutions in this area is the application of the ultrasonic intensification of the extraction process method. Ultrasound can significantly reduce the duration of the process, increase the yield of biologically active target components and improve the organoleptic characteristics of beverage extracts [2]. The work is devoted to the study of the ultrasonic extraction method in the preparation of functional beverages. The obtained data indicate that the use of this method helps to reduce the time of the extractant saturation, increase the antioxidant activity and yield of extractive substances. This result helps to ensure higher organoleptic characteristics of drinks.

A Multicomponent Biocatalyzer for Use in Processing Plant-Based Raw Materials

Results from a study of the efficiency of Glucanofoetidine (a domestic enzyme preparation with a wide spectrum of action obtained at the Institute of Food Biotechnology) when applied to grain and fruit and berry raw materials show a 7‒18% increase in the yield of extractive substances (amino acids, sugars, phenolic compounds, carotenoids), including biologically active components (tocopherols, anthocyanins, vitamins), along with improved quality and a 10–44% increase in the yield of target products (juices and extracts). The practical importance of using Glucanofoetidine lies in the more rational use of plant raw materials than in the traditional technology with no enzymatic processing, and in the considerable shortening of the technological process (by half). The multienzyme composition of Glucanofoetidine determines the prospects for its use in the juice and fruit drink, confectionery, brewing, oil and fat, and bakery industries.

Influence Different Methods of Mechanical Activation on Yield Extractive Substances from Pine Bark

The effect pine bark activation by explosive autohydrolysis and mechanical treatment in a ball mill on the yield and properties of resinous and pectin substances and β-sitosterol was studied. Pine bark physicochemical properties after its activation by a batch of methods were studied. It was shown that the activation of pine bark by explosive autohydrolysis result in the highest increase in the yield of extractive substances. The conditions providing the highest yield of target products from the activated pine bark were determined: for resinous substances and β-sitosterol – the use of 0.5 n alkali solution; for pectin substances – the use of hydrochloric acid

CONTENT OF EXTRACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND POLYSACCHARIDES IN FRUIT BODIES OF GRIFOLA FRON-DOSA CULTIVATED ON LIGNOCELLULUS SUBSTRATES DEPENDING ON EXTRACTION METHODS

The work is devoted to a comparative analysis of the quantitative content of extractives and water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from the fruit bodies of mushrooms Grifola frondosa depending on the extraction methods. As objects of study used strain of fungi G. frondosa 2639, isolated from commercial mycelium. It was established that the yield of fungi in polypropylene bags (volume up to 4500 cm3) was 36.37%, differing little from the yield of fruit bodies in glass containers (volume 800–1000 cm3). Using the hydrolysis of extraction products it was found that the methods of extracting the fruit bodies of G. frondosa with water lead to the extraction of polysaccharides of different composition. It was established that when using extraction methods in the Soxhlet apparatus, boiling and maceration (25.0±1.0 °C), the yield of extractive substances from the fruit bodies of G. frondosa was within the literature data interval and amounted to 6.04, 5.81 and 3.45%, respectively. It was shown that the highest content of water-soluble polysaccharides in the fruit bodies of G. frondosa was found using the extraction method in the Soxhlet apparatus – 14.92 %, differing from boiling and maceration methods (25.0±1.0 °C) in 1.15 and 1.33 times. By HPLC it was found that when maceration extraction was used (25.0±1.0 °C) and boiling, the monomeric composition of the polysaccharides of the fruit bodies of G. frondosa is mainly glucose, mannose, fucose and rhamnose in a ratio of 1.0 : 0.9 : 0.4 : 1.3, respectively. During extraction in the Soxhlet apparatus, their ratio was 1.0 : 1.2 : 0.5 : 1.9.

A multicomponent biocatalyst for vegetable feedstock processing

he improvement of technologies for the production of foodstuffs and dietary supplements from vegetable feedstock using natural and efficient biocatalytic systems is a promising direction in the development of agroindustrial complex. At present, enzyme preparations produced in Russia are virtually absent at the market; therewith, high cost of their imported analogs increases the prime cost of products. A study on efficiency of the domestic broad-spectrum enzyme preparation Glucanofoetidin, which was developed at the Russian Scientific Research Institute of Food Biotechnology, toward fruit and berry feedstock and corn showed an increase in the yield of extractive substances (amino acids, sugars, phenol compounds, and carotenoids), particularly the biologically active components (tocopherols, anthocyanins, and vitamins), by 7–18 % as well as the quality improvement and an increase in the yield of target products (juices and extracts) by 10–44 %. Practical importance of Glucanofoetidin consists in a more rational use of vegetable feedstock as compared to conventional technology without enzymatic treatment, and also in a considerable (twofold) shortening of the process time. The multienzyme composition of Glucanofoetidin makes it promising for use in juice, confectionary, brewing, oil-and-fat and baking industries.

Choice of Extraction Method for Receiving Extraction from Seeds of Payne Hay with the High Content of Biologically Active Substances

Introduction. According to the literature, modern technologies, in particular, extraction in an ultrasonic field, make it possible to obtain concentrates of biologically active substances (BAS) with almost complete preservation of the chemical composition inherent in natural raw materials and high yield of extractive substances. At the same time, the ability to regulate the concentration of recoverable active substances during the technological process opens up prospects for the use of natural components as the main pharmaceutical substance.Aim. The purpose of this study was to select the optimal extraction method for obtaining extracts with a high content of BAS from fenugreek seeds. Materials and methods. Extracts were obtained at a temperature of 60±2 °С, by the method of dynamic maceration using an ultrasonic device. Ultrasonic extraction was performed using an ultrasonic installation I100-6/4. In both cases, purified water and ethanol solutions in various concentrations from 40 to 90% were used as extractants. The ratio of raw materials: extractant was as 1:10 (by weight). A portion of vegetable raw materials (10 g) was placed in a glass and poured 100 cm3 of extractant. Next, maceration or sonication was performed. Maceration was performed with magnetic stirring, the rotation speed was 100 rpm. Extraction was carried out at a temperature of 55–60 °C for 5 hours. Ultrasonic effects on solid plant materials were carried out with an intensity in the range from 17 to 22 kHz for 30–60 minutes.Results and discussion. Studies have allowed to determine the amount of extractives in the seeds of fenugreek hay, and choose the most promising method of extraction to obtain extracts with a high content of biologically active substances. A comparison was made between dynamic maceration and ultrasonic extraction. The most promising was the method of ultrasonic extraction at an oscillation frequency of 22 kHz. For 1 hour of extraction, it was possible to achieve depletion of raw materials. It is established that the content of extractable substances directly proportional depends on the duration of treatment and the frequency of ultrasonic waves. The correlation coefficient was 0.78.Conclusion. Ultrasonic extraction when exposed for 60 minutes allows you to get a greater amount of extractives compared with dynamic maceration. To achieve the same level of extractive substances by the method of dynamic maceration, the raw materials must be processed within 5 hours.

RESONANT ACOUSTIC EFFECT ON EXTRACTION OF BIRCH INNER BARK WITH ALKALI SOLUTION

The article describes the option of intensification extraction process from the birch inner bark. The influence of acoustic action (tensile-pulse modulation) on an increase in the yield of extractive substances on an aqueous solution of alkali (1% NaOH) is discussed. The extraction results were evaluated by the solid residue, the optical density of the solution, and the content of tannins. The yield of extractive substances is increased in 1.5 time with the help of a certain generator signal (meander) with a certain frequency (in the range of 170–190 kHz) and amplitude (2.7–2.9 V). The acoustic effect makes it possible to increase the yield of extractive substances by 17% if compared with the yield with mechanical stirring. The purity of tannin can be improved by adding ethyl alcohol to the extractant. The effect of background regulation with signal power less than 1.5 mW, exceeds the effect of mechanical mixing. A meander has the greatest effect in a series of electromagnetic signals: a meander, a sine, a triangle, a rectangle. The extraction time is determined. All counterparts taken into consideration the effect occurs. The cause of this phenomenon is examined. An explanation of the results is given.

DETERMINATION of QUANTITATIVE CONTENT of EXTRACTIVE SUBSTANCES FROM the WOOD, ROOTS AND BARK of CONIFEROUS SPECIES in SIBERIA: LARCH (LARIX SIBIRICA L.), Scotch PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.), FIR (ABIES SIBIRICA L.), SPRUCE (PICEA OBOVATA L.) AND CEDAR (PINUS SIBIRICA DU TOUR.)

The study of the quantitative content of extractive substances from various tree organs (wood, roots, bark) of coniferous Siberian specieswas conducted. The larch (Larix sibirica L.), pines (Pinus sylvestris L.), fir (Abies sibirica L.), spruce (Picea obovata L.) and cedar (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) were investigated.
 Samples of coniferous tissues were selected in the Lake Baikal area in September-October 2015. Extractive substances were extracted from the ground raw material by extraction with ethyl acetate at the boiling point of the solvent for 4 hours. The resinous substances were extracted from the obtained ethyl acetate extracts by hexane by the infusion method for 2 days. The raw material samples, after extraction with ethyl acetate, were dried from solvent residues, then water-soluble substances were extracted by extraction with distilled water at 90 °C for 4 hours [1].
 It is established the bark of the investigated coniferous species is most rich in extractive substances. It can contain up to 15% of the mass of absolutely dry matter (a.d.m.) of compounds soluble in ethyl acetate (for example, fir bark). The yield of extractive substances from coniferous wood is comparable with their content in the roots and ranges from 2 to 6% of the a.d.m.
 The greatest amount of resinous substances contain in wood of cedar and pine. This is more than 3% of a.d.m. The highest yield of water-soluble substances was from larch wood (18% of a.d.m.) and fir bark (10% of a.d.m.).
 A generalization and systematization of data on the chemical composition of phenolic extractive compounds of various coniferous tissues was carried out. It is shown that all the species under study contain a variety of biologically valuable polyphenols and have good potential for pharmacology, agriculture and forestry.

Получение экстрактов косметического назначения из микроводоросли Chlorella Vulgaris

В настоящее время наблюдается устойчивая тенденция увеличения ассортимента косметических продуктов, обогащенных биологически активными веществами, поиск новых природных косметических ингредиентов. Одним из перспективных сырьевых ресурсов этого направления может быть микроводоросль Chlorella Vulgaris. Биомасса микроводоросли содержит полноценный белок – до 60% с.в., полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты, витамины группы В, витамин С, β-каротин , микроэлементы и т.д. Наиболее эффективно можно использовать этот природный комплекс в форме экстрактов. Однако значительным препятствием для процесса экстракции является сложная многослойная структура клеточной стенки микроводоросли. Целью данной работы была разработка технологии получения экстрактов косметического назначения из микроводоросли Chlorella Vulgaris. В исследованиях использовали образец микроводоросли Chlorella Vulgaris, производимый НПК «Дело», Россия. Было изучено разрушение клеточной стенки микроводоросли (до начала экстракции) ферментными гидролитическими препаратами разного типа. Наибольший результат по выходу экстрактивных веществ был получен при действии комбинации ферментов целлюлазы, пектиназы, протеиназы. Было рассмотрено влияние на процесс экстракции следующих технологических параметров: соотношение сырье:экстрагент, продолжительность и температура экстракции, тип экстрагента. Величину экстракции оценивали по выходу водорастворимой белковой фракции – она составляла большую часть экстрактивных веществ. При анализе влияния разных факторов на экстракцию водорастворимой белковой фракции было установлено превалирующее значение предварительной ферментативной обработки микроводоросли, роль параметров экстракции была выражена в меньшей степени. В результате работы определены технологические режимы получения водных и водно-глицериновых экстрактов из микроводоросли Chlorella Vulgaris: гидромодуль 1:45, температура 25-40°C , продолжительность экстракции 1 ч. Разработаны рецептуры косметических продуктов на основе новых природных экстрактов.

НЕОРГАНИЧЕСКИЕ КОМПОНЕНТЫ ПЛОДОВЫХ ОБОЛОЧЕК ПОДСОЛНЕЧНИКА

Inorganic water-soluble substances and fly ash residues of sunflower bran coverings (hulls, husks) ( Helianthus annuus L.), sampled over different years and across several regions of Russia, were studied. The removal of extractive substances was carried out at different pH values using water, acid solutions, sodium hydroxide and ammonium oxalate. The methods of atomic absorption, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal and microprobe analysis, as well as IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, were used to study the extracted products. It was established that the nature of the extractant has a significant effect on the yield of extractive substances and ash residues. Potassium, calcium and magnesium ions have the greatest concentration, both in raw material extracts as well as in ash residues. Carbonates were found to comprise the main compounds in the ash composition.