Dry Bean Yield Research Articles

Effect of some soil amendments on plant growth, survival and yield of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in relation to sodium toxicity

SUMMARYSoil amendments, gypsum, wheat straw mulch and animal manure, were tested on P. vulgaris at toxic and nontoxic sodium chloride levels in the soil. Slower growth rate and gradual death of seedlings were found under saline conditions.Gypsum and straw mulch increased bean tolerance to salinity which was associated with higher plant survival and greater plant vigour.Seed yield/ha was increased by an average of about 30 and 50% with gypsum and straw mulch treatments, respectively, and the gypsum plus straw mulch treatment resulted in an increase of about 100% in seed yield. Number of plants survived and to a lesser degree seed weight were the predominant factors affecting seed yield/ha. The analysis of multiple correlation showed that variation in yield/ha was attributable most to the number of plants/m2.

Effects of Inoculation and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soybean in Western Nigeria

SUMMARYThe effect of inoculation and added nitrogen fertilizer on soybean variety TK-5 were studied in pot and field experiments. In the former bean yields with IARI and CB 1809 inoculants were better than with Nitragin-S. In the field experiment, inoculation alone was inadequate to supply the nitrogen need of the crop, 30 kg. N/ha. being needed with inoculation, and 60 kg. N/ha. without inoculation, for maximum yield. Higher nitrogen application, combined with inoculation, increased dry matter, N-uptake, bean yield, pod number, bean weight and nitrogen content of seed. Oil content of the seeds decreased with inoculation and nitrogen application.

Emergence and Yield of Beans Planted with a Seed‐Orienting Planter1

AbstractRecent observations from an unrelated bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) field experiment indicated a possible relationship between emergence and seed orientation. To test the benefits of a “lay flat” orientation, a furrow opener was developed that horizontally orients bean seeds at uniform soil depths. Beans planted through this furrow opener emerged through the soil crust sooner and in significantly greater numbers than did those planted with a standard two‐disk furrow opener. Oriented and un‐oriented plantings of dry and snap beans did not differ in final total emergence. Nevertheless, early snap bean yields were greater from the seed‐oriented plots. Increased yield was due to earlier emergence, and uniform depth of planting. On uncrusted soil, seed orientation did not significantly increase dry bean yield.

Field Trials with Canadian Wonder Beans in Malawi

SUMMARYIn fifteen field trials with Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Canadian Wonder time of planting was the most important factor affecting yield of dry beans in the Shire Highlands of Southern Malawi. Under-cropping maize with beans had no deleterious effect on the yield of maize and gave a worthwhile yield of beans. Little response was found to different plant populations when conditions for growth were good, but when conditions were poor yields were greatest from the highest population of 47,000 plants per hectare. A response in yield was obtained from 11 kg. N ha.−1 but there was no effect of source of nitrogen or response to phosphate, potash or inoculation.

Efeitos sõbre a produção do feijoeiro, da aplicação de diversos tipos de matéria orgânica, não decomposta, na presença de adubação mineral com P, NP, PK

Numa experiência em que se estudou, na cultura do feijoeiro, o comportamento de diversos tipos de matéria orgânica, não decomposta, na presença de adubações minerais com P, NP ou PK, o nitrogênio foi o elemento que controlou a produção. Nas parcelas adubadas exclusivamente com P, os adubos orgânicos, aplicados em sulcos laterais aos destinados às sementes, aumentaram consideràvelmente a produção, crescendo os aumentos na seguinte ordem: bagaço de cana, capim-gordura, soja perene, fôlhas de cafeeiro, cascas de café e cascas de amendoim. Nas parcelas com NP, as produções foram geralmente maiores, e dos adubos orgânicos sòmente as cascas de amendoim, o capim-gordura e a dose dupla de fôlhas de café proporcionaram pequenos aumentos.

Adubação mineral do feijoeiro: III - Efeitos de N, P, K,da calagem e de uma mistura de enxôfre e micronutrientes, em solo massapê-salmourão

O efeito de diversas adubações sôbre a produção do feijoeiro em solo massapê-salmourão foi estudado em quatro experiências. A resposta ao fósforo foi nula na instalada em área adubada com NPK, nas culturas anteriores, mas elevada nas localizadas em áreas ainda não adubadas. O nitrogênio deprimiu a produção em uma e provocou pequenos aumentos nas demais. O efeito do potássio, tal como o da calagem, só foi positivo em uma experiência. A adição, a NPK, de uma mistura de enxôfre e micronutrientes (Zn, Cu, B e Mo), deprimiu a produção em uma e aumentou-a nas outras três.

Adubação mineral do feijoeiro: IV - Efeitos de N, P, K,da calagem e de uma mistura de enxôfre e micronutrientes, em Tietê e Tatuí

Em quatro experiências conduzidas em 1960-61 nos municípios de Tietê e Tatuí, estudou-se o efeito de várias adubações sôbre a produção do feijoeiro. O fósforo não a modificou nas duas localizadas em áreas já repetidamente adubadas com NPK, mas proporcionou aumentos substanciais na instalada em terreno de cerrado recém-desbravado e na realizada em área moderadamente adubada na cultura anterior. O efeito do nitrogênio foi favorável em duas experiências, e o do potássio, em uma. A resposta à adição, a NPK, de enxôfre e micronutrientes (Zn, Cu, B e Mo), foi negativa, em um caso, e práticamente nula nos demais. Conquanto os solos estudados tivessem pH de 5,0 a 5,6, a calagem só aumentou a produção em uma localidade.

Aubação do feijoeiro em solos derivados do arenito Bauru

Na safra «das águas» de 1960-61 instalaram-se sete experiências de adubação do feijoeiro, para estudar o efeito de vários tratamentos em solos derivados do arenito Bauru. Três dessas experiências foram repetidas em 1961-62, para verificar o efeito residual dos tratamentos. Em média das experiências de 1960-61, as respostas às doses de 60 e 120 kg/ha de P2O5 (superfosfato simples) foram de, respectivamente. +364 e +574 kg/ha de sementes; as devidas a 30 e 60 kg/ha de N (sulfato de amônio), de +177 e +212 kg/ha; as provocadas por 45 e 90 kg/ha de K2O (sulfato de potássio), de -5 e -56 kg/ha. O efeito residual do fósforo correspondeu, em média das duas doses, a +151 kg/ha; o do potássio ainda foi negativo. Em 1960-61, a produção obtida com NPK, nas formas indicadas anteriormente, atingiu 1.231 kg/ha, ao passo que a proporcionada pelas mesmas doses de N, P2O5 e K2O, nas formas de Nitrocálcio, superfosfato triplo e cloreto de potássio, baixou para 922 kg/ha. A adição, à última adubação, de uma mistura de gêsso e micronutrientes. aumentou a produção em quase tôdas as experiências. Em média das sete de 1960-61, êsse aumento alcançou 331 kg/ha. Embora empregado na presença de adubação completa, o calcário deprimiu a produção em diversas experiências e seu efeito médio foi pràticamente nulo. A dose usada, de 4 t/ha, parece ter sido excessiva para os solos em estudo, arenosos e pobres de matéria orgânica. Em 1960-61, enquanto a produção média dos tratamentos sem fósforo e sem nitrogênio correspondeu a tão sòmente 444 kg/ha, a dos que receberam 30 kg/ha de N, como sulfato de amônio, e 120 kg/ha de P2O5, como superfosfato simples, se elevou a 1.307 kg/ha.

Field Tests with Various Insecticides for the Control of Lygus Bugs and the Corn Earworm on Lima Beans1

In a series of replicated field tests in southern California Against lygus bugs, principally Lygus hesperus (Kngt.) and the corn earworm (Heliothis zea (Boddie)) on lima beans, the best control of lygus bugs was given by dieldrin, toxaphene, endrin, DDT-toxaphene, and DDT (mentioned in order of their effectiveness). In reducing pitting of beans caused by lygus feeding, DDT-toxaphene was the most effective. It also gave the highest yield of dry beans (4 sacks per acre more than the check), followed by dieldrin, endrin, and DDT. Endrin was the most effective material for the combined control of lygus and the corn earworm. Toxaphene, DDT-toxaphene, and DDT alone gave adequate control of both insects and were less costly than endrin. DDT is the least expensive; one application will give good control of lygus bugs if properly applied at the right time, and a second application will reduce corn earworm damage and prevent reinfestation of lygus.

On the significance of the middle arch: Ramiro H. Pavón-Caballero, M.D., Holguin, Cuba

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes white mold of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Chemigation with fungicides is used for disease control, but effectiveness of this application method and impact of irrigation level on residual fungicide activity in the plant over time under field conditions has not been well characterized. To assess the best method of application and fungicide for disease control, we conducted field studies in three field sites in São Paulo State in Brazil. Contact fungicide, fluazinam, was applied via center pivot at three irrigation levels (2.5, 5.1, 10.1 mm) at the Itaí field site in 2013. Fluazinam and procymidone (systemic) were independently applied via sprinkler at three irrigation levels (3.0, 4.5, 6.0 mm) in 2013 and four irrigation levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 mm) in 2014 at the Pereiras field site. Fungicides were also applied at the Pereiras site using a backpack sprayer in 2014. Three successive fungicide applications were made at Pereiras in 2013 and two successive applications made at Pereiras in 2014. Three leaves from each treatment of the four replicated plots were collected in 2-day intervals after application, and fungicide residues assessed using a detached leaf bioassay. Lesion areas were used to estimate percent disease control. Regardless of fungicide or application method, disease control decreased over time (ANCOVA; P < 0.05). Area under the disease progress curve estimated from leaf lesion areas showed chemigation at the lowest irrigation level provided the best control in five of six trials of fluazinam and four out of five trials of procymidone. Ground applications were equally effective, showing no difference from chemigation at the lowest irrigation level in most comparisons. The percent reduction in number of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia, disease incidence and dry bean yield were evaluated at Pereiras in both years. Procymidone reduced the number of sclerotia formed. However, yield was only higher for treatments that included procymidone at Pereiras in 2013. Overall, results indicate that both lower irrigation level and ground application slow the loss of residual fungicide activity and reduce the total disease lesion area. Results from this study indicate that procymidone may be better able to reduce S. sclerotiorum sclerotia formation, which may be an important consideration for long-term disease management.