Dry Bean Yield Research Articles

Genetics of Seed Yield and its Components in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of Middle‐American Origin

AbstractGenetic variance, heritability, and expected response from selection arc useful in devising alternative methods and criteria of: selection. The objectives of this study were to estimate these for seed yield and its components from 200 F2: populations involving 80 cultivars and lines of mostly small‐seeded dry bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of habits growth I, II, and III of Middle‐American origin. All cultivars and lines were crossed in eight sets of ten parents each in a Design II mating system. The F2 populations, without parents, were evaluated in the field in a replicates‐in‐sets design at two locations in Colombia in 1983.Estimates of additive genetic variance were significant for yield, pods/m2, seeds/pod, and seed weight. Interaction with environments was also significant. Values for nonadditive genetic variance were not significant for either yield or yield components. The estimates of narrow sense heritability, based on the F2 population mean and unbiased by genotype x environment interaction, were 0.21 ± 0.13 for yield. 20 ± 0.13 for pods/m2, 0.57 ± 0.13 for seeds/pod, and 0.74 ± 0.15 for seed weight.The expected direct response from selection of the top 20 % of F2 populations for yield per se would result in a 4.30 % increase in yield with a correlated response of 0.21 % in seed weight. In contrast, the expected gain from direct selection for seed weight would result in a 11.76 % increase in seed weight with a, correlated gain of 0.28 % for yield. Direct selection for pods/m2 would decrease yield, seeds/pod and seed weight, while direct selection for seeds/pod would reduce pods/m2 and seed weight but increase seed yield by 0.37 %.Data on yield from replicated trials in the early segregating generations could be utilized for identification and selection of promising crosses and families or lines with crosses for dry bean yield improvement.

Effect of Subsoiling and Irrigation Regime on Dry Bean Production in the Pacific Northwest

AbstractZones of high strength are common in irrigated soils. Root penetration may be reduced if soil strength exceeds 1 to 3 MPa, resulting in a decreased supply of water and nutrients to the plant. On sandy soil this may allow plant water stress to develop between irrigations. Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are particularly sensitive to high soil strengths. A study was conducted on two soils to determine the effect of subsoiling on soil strength, bean root development, and plant reaction to different irrigation regimes. On a rigid uncemented matrix sandy soil, subsoiling reduced soil strength from >3 to <1 MPa, promoted deep rooting, and increased foliage. Without subsoiling, plants frequently suffered water stress between irrigations applied at 4‐d intervals. This resulted in blossom drop and delayed maturity by about 2 weeks. The deeper rooting associated with subsoiling reduced water stress and bean plants grew and matured normally. On a loam soil subsoiling also reduced strength to about 1 MPa or less and increased rooting depth and foliage density compared to normal tillage. With the dense foliage, 65 to 80% of the bean plants were infected with Sclerotinia white mold and dry bean yields were low. Because of the Sclerotinia injury, results were inconclusive.

Irrigating Row Crops from Sod Furrows to Reduce Erosion

AbstractKentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) sod furrows were established to stablize the soil. The furrows were used to irrigate corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.). The sod strips containing the furrows were 0.3‐m wide and managed as a permanent living entity. A strip moving machine and a miniature rotary ditcher were developed to maintain the sod furrows. Crops were grown in clean tilled strips 0.9‐m wide between the sod strips. Normal use of fertilizer, herbicides, and cultivation was utilized for the crop rows in the clean tilled strips. This management system eliminated soil erosion, at least doubled the infiltration rate of irrigation water, and allowed the production of satisfactory yields of wheat, barley, dry beans, and corn for silage. Sugar beet production was unacceptable due to competition from the sod.

Effects of Inoculum Level ofRhizoctonia solanion Emergence, Plant Development, and Yield of Dry Beans

Effects of Inoculum Level of<i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>on Emergence, Plant Development, and Yield of Dry Beans

Effects of Location and Plant Density on Yield and Architectural Traits in Dry Beans1

Plant architectural traits associated with yield have been suggested as indirect selection criteria for improving seed yield of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) but critical data from selection experiments are lacking. Six dry bean experimental lines of growth habits I, II and III, bred for one or more plant architectural traits, were therefore compared at three locations in Colombia with six other cultivars which were conventionally developed experimental lines of similar growth habits. At each location plant densities of 5, 13, 22, and 30 plants/m2 were established. The objectives were to examine: a) whether lines bred for architectural traits outyielded cultivars and experimental lines bred conventionally, b) the effects of environment and plant density on architectural traits and seed yield, and c) the associations between architectural traits and yield. We did not find a genotype of any growth habit bred for specific architectural traits outyielding the commercial check cultivar. Indeterminate, prostrate type llI, and type II cultivars, in that order, were among the highest yielding regardless of environment and plant density. These also offer the best opportunity for the development of broadly adapted, high yielding cultivars of dry beans for monoculture. Locations, seasons within locations, and plant densities each affected yield and architectural traits. Significant interactions were observed between environment, growth habit, and plant density; and these factors affected yield and all architectural traits. Differences were greatest between determinate and indeterminate growth habits (type I vs. types II and III). For plant density the shape of the response curves for yield was parabolic whereas the shape for type I beans was asymptotic. Curvilinear (types I and II) and linear (type III) increases nodes/m2 were observed as plant density increased. Branch and node number/plant decreased linearly with increasing plant density for genotypes of all three growth habits. Linear reductions in node number on the main stem were observed in indeterminate types II and III with increasing plant density, but internode length did not change. In contrast, the number of nodes on the main stem of determinate type I remained unchanged but internode length increased linearly as plant density increased. Nodes/m2 and branches/plant were positively correlated with yield regardless of environment or plant density. In contrast, nodes/branch and internode length on the main stem were positively correlated with yield over the range of plant densities used, but showed variable correlation over environments. Therefore, development of bean plant ideotypes with enhanced expression of certain architectural traits can result in limited adaptation and reduced yield potential in some environments.

Effects of alternate furrow irrigation on yield and water use efficiecny of dry beans

Effects of alternate furrow irrigation on yield and water use efficiecny of dry beans

The effect of Rhizobium inoculation and nitrogen fertiliser on nitrogen fixation and seed yield of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

SUMMARYThe potential benefit to be derived from seed inoculation of Phaseolus vulgaris beans with effective strains of Rhizobium phaseoli, was investigated in field experiments over three years on a site low in soil nitrogen and lacking indigenous effective strains of R. phaseoli.Inoculation with R. phaseoli (strain RCR 3644) produced significant increases in nodulation, nitrogenase activity and plant growth in all experiments. In trials in 1978 and 1979, with cv. Seafarer, inoculation, in the absence of nitrogen fertiliser doubled seed yields. In 1978, the seed yields from inoculated beans without nitrogen fertiliser (1–6 t/ha) were not significantly different from those obtained with uninoculated beans receiving the optimum nitrogen fertiliser treatment of 120 kg N/ha (1–75 t/ha). In 1979, with lower rainfall favouring more efficient utilisation of nitrogen fertiliser, inoculation gave seed yields (1–88 t/ha) equivalent to those obtained with 60 kg N/ha (1–70 t/ha) but significantly less than with 120 kg N/ha (2–88 t/ha). More precise estimates from nitrogen response curves showed that inoculation supplied the fertiliser equivalent of 105 and 70 kg N/ha in 1978 and 1979 respectively. In both years, significant benefits were also obtained by the combination of inoculation and nitrogen fertiliser.In a separate experiment in 1979, with four R. phaseoli strains inoculated onto eight bean cultivars, three were highly effective nitrogen fixers on all cultivars. Two strains (RCR 3644 and NVRS 963A) each increased mean yields, in the absence of nitrogen fertiliser, from 1–39 t/ha uninoculated to c. 2–5 t/ha inoculated whilst strain RCR 3622 was outstanding with a mean yield of 3‐0 t/ha. An analysis of the nitrogen content of seed showed that gains from nitrogen fixation were 37–57 kg N/ha/growing cycle for the combination RCR 3644 with cv. Seafarer. However, 106 kg N/ha/growing cycle was recorded for the combination RCR 3622 and cv. Aurora.

Título en español

Se estudió el efecto de los factores de acidez en los rendimientos y composición foliar de dos variedades de ñame en dos Ultisol y un Oxisol típicos de extensas regiones tropicales. Los rendimientos de la variedad Smooth Statia (Dioscorea alata L.) creciendo en dos Ultisol disminuyeron señaladamente según aumentó la acidez del suelo. Los rendimientos bajaron a alrededor de un 60% del máximo cuando la saturación del suelo con Al cambiable fue de aproximadamente 10%, bajando hasta sólo un 20% de la producción máxima cuando la saturación con Al cambiable alcanzó el 50%, grado de acidez muy común en los Ultisol de Puerto Rico. La producción máxima sólo se logró cuando el pH sobrepasó 5.5 y bajó a cerca de la mitad cuando la acidez alcanzó un pH de 5.0, nivel al cual muchas cosechas se aproximan a su máxima capacidad de producción, lo cual señala la sensitividad de los ñames a la acidez del suelo. La composición foliar no se afectó por la intensidad de la acidez del suelo, excepto que el contenido de Ca disminuyó a medida que aumentaba la acidez. La variedad conocida localmente como ñame de Palo mostró ser tolerante a la acidez en un suelo Coto (Oxisol) arcilloso.

Fertilizer and Salty Water Effects on Phaseolus1

AbstractThe response of legumes such as Phaseolus to adverse salt or water regimes is relatively unstudied as a function of soil nutrient status. Greenhouse studies, involving interactive effects on snap bean (P. vulgaris L.) yield of three levels of irrigation water salinity, three frequencies of irrigation water application, two levels of N applied in the irrigation water, and seven levels of P and K fertilization, were conducted to determine if the adverse effects of saline conditions or water stress on Phaseolus could be overcome by enhanced fertility status and/or improved saline water management on an Argixeroll. Dry matter and bean yields were reduced with decreasing irrigation frequency (2 to 8 days) and increasing salinity of irrigation water (0.5 to 8.0 mmho/cm). Percentage yield decrements were measured for both salt and irrigation regimes. Yield increases were noted for all fertilizer treatments so long as salinity did not become too high (8 mmho/cm). Plant N content and root weight were shown to be responsive to irrigation frequency and salinity, but not to fertilizer form. Nitrogen applied in the irrigation water produced increased yield across all treatment in one set of experiments where greenhouse conditions were hot, dry, and of high potential evapotranspirational demand, No N effect was measured in a second series of experiments with low potential ET.

Selenium concentrations in crops grown on low-selenium soils as affected by fly-ash amendment

Studies were conducted under greenhouse and field conditions to evaluate the feasibility of using fly-ash amendments to produce selenium-adequate crops (0.10 to 0.30 ppm Se) on low-Se soils without adversely affecting either the crops or the soils. Two soils, a fine-loamy Alfisol belonging to the Honeoye series and a coarse-loamy Inceptisol belonging to the Mardin series were used to make 3 soil treatments thus: Honeoye, limed Mardin and unlimed Mardin. Fly-ash was mixed with the soils at rates of 0, 2500, 5000, 5000, 10000, 25000 and 50000 ppm. In the greenhouse studies the test crops were corn (Zea mays L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), birdsfoot trefoil (Loitus corniculatus) and dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). There were no yield differences due to fly-ash additions. The rates of 25,000 and 50,000 ppm fly-ash produced the desired Se levels in the utilizable parts of the crops. In the field studies, conducted on another fine-loamy Alfisol belonging to the Lima series and using fly-ash at the rates of 0, 11.2, 22.4 and 112.0 metric tons/ha, it was observed that the yields of corn and dry beans grown were also not influenced by the treatments. Increased levels of Se in corn grains (0.10 ppm) and stover (0.08 ppm) and dry bean seeds (0.14 ppm) were observed at the application rate of 112 metric tons per ha. The results indicate that fly-ash has a potential for producing forages and feed crops containing adequate amounts of Se to protect livestock from Se-responsive diseases.

TOLERANCE TO WHITE MOLD (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary) IN EX RICO 23, A CULTIVAR OF WHITE BEAN(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Ex Rico 23, a cultivar of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) introduced into Canada from Columbia, showed tolerance to white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in an Ontario White Bean Variety Test at a site having severe white mold infection in 1978. Other entries, including the recommended cultivars, Fleetwood, Kentwood and Seafarer, suffered severe white mold infection and yield loss. The tolerant characteristic of Ex Rico 23 was confirmed experimentally in 1980 in both small-plot and large-scale plantings. In a field with severe white mold infection in Fleetwood, Ex Rico 23 had consistently lower disease incidence and a slower rate of disease spread. The yield loss in 1980 for Ex Rico 23 was minimal, but for Fleetwood was approximately 25 and 50% in a small-plot and a large-scale planting, respectively. The application of benomyl for disease control did not significantly increase the yield of dry beans.

Linhagem isogênica no feijoeiro para resistência ao fungo da antracnose

An isogenic dry bean line (Phaseolus vulgaris) was developed using Rosinha 1454-10 as recurrent parent susceptible to Colletotrichum lindemuthiamun and Cornell 49-242 as the donor one. Ten backcrosses to the recurrent parent were made. Seedlings in the F1 generation of each backcross and in the F2 and F3 of the 10th backcross were inoculated using a spore suspension containing about 105 spores/ml, through a De Vilbiss atomizer, under greenhouse or laboratory conditions. The isogenic lines Rosinha 1454-10 and Rosinha 1454-10 Are Are will be used to estimate the losses of dry bean yield due to the anthracnose agent.

Effect of Weed Covers on Empoasca kraemeri Ross and Moore 1 Populations and Dry Bean Yields

Field studies were conducted during four seasons to determine the effect of weed covers on Empoasca kraemeri Ross and Moore populations and bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., yields. Live stands of the broadleaf weed Amaranthus dubius Mart did not have a significant effect on adult leafhopper populations, whereas the grass Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. reduced adult populations throughout the crop cycle. This effect decreased when the weed was killed with paraquat. Live grass weed covers obtained with a mixture of L. filiformis and Eleusine indica (L.) effectively reduced nymphal and adult populations on both a susceptible and a leafhopper-tolerant variety. Pure stands of L. filiformis reduced adult leafhopper populations significantly more than E. indica . Yields of the leafhopper-susceptible variety increased with the use of weed covers in unprotected plots. For the tolerant variety G 02146, only paraquat-treated weeds increased yields. E. indica was more competitive to the leafhopper-susceptible variety than L. filiformis , and both species of grasses affected yields of the leafhopper tolerant variety to the same degree. A search for less competitive weeds or plant species with economic value, capable of reducing leafhopper populations in beans, is suggested.

Effect of Artificial Mulches on Empoasca kraemeri Ross and Moore 1 Populations and Dry Bean Yields

Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of artificial mulches on Empoasca kraemeri Ross and Moore populations and bean yields. Aluminum foil and rice straw mulches significantly reduced adult populations for at least 30 days after planting. This regulatory effect was directly related to the amount of light reflected by the different mulches studied; thus, the aluminum foil, which reflected up to 20.3% of the light, effectively repelled adult leafhopper, whereas the black plastic, with only 5.3% light reflection, did not. Highest yields were obtained from aluminum foil-mulched plots. With a susceptible variety, the aluminum and rice straw treatments increased yields by 212 and 107%, respectively. With a tolerant variety, plots mulched with aluminum foil and rice straw yielded 26 and 31% more than the nonmulched plots, respectively.

Interactions of Leafhopper Population, Varietal Resistance, Insecticide Treatment, and Plant Growth on Dry Bean Yields in a Tropical Environment12

Six varieties of beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., planted in the dry and rainy seasons in a tropical middle-altitude of Colombia, varied in dry bean production within and between the seasons, with or without insecticides against Empoasca kraemeri Ross and Moore. Dry season yields were reduced by 96% for the susceptible variety and as much as 75% for the resistant one in the absence of insecticide in irrigated fields. Use of insecticides decreased the leafhopper population and increased plant growth and yield significantly. Plant height in insecticide-treated and untreated plots was ca. twice in mid-growing cycle in the wet season as compared to the dry season. Dry to wet season ratio was 3:1 for adults and 5:1 for leafhopper nymphs in mid-growing season. Ratio of adult E. kraemeri to cm plant height in mid-growing cycle of the wet season was 0.17 on the susceptible variety but was 1.20 in the dry season. The means of the solar radiation and C° in the 2 seasons were ca. equal, but max C°, %RH, and mm rainfall were different. It is suggested that in the dry season, leafhopper populations build up earlier on the susceptible variety, and the effect of high solar radiation on injured plant reduces plant productivity, while higher nitrogen content in the plant may be the reason for a higher E. kraemeri fecundity.

Dry Bean Yield Losses Caused by Ascochyta, Angular, and White Leaf Spots in Colombia

Dry Bean Yield Losses Caused by Ascochyta, Angular, and White Leaf Spots in Colombia

Effect of Plant Arrangements and Densities on Yields of Dry Beans1

AbstractDry beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., are commonly sown in wide rows (75 to 90 cm) because many of the mechanical planters and cultivars in use were designed or adjusted for maize (Zea mays L.) culture. More importantly, effective herbicides for weed control and machinery for harvesting beans grown in narrow rows have not been available until recently. New developments in herbicides and prospects of more flexible harvesting machinery being marketed warrant investigations to determine yield responses of dry beans to plant spacings.Eleven field experiments were conducted in New York State from 1966 to 1977 to determine effects of plant arrangements and densities on yields of dry beans. These experiments were at Aurora, N.Y., on soils of type Glossoboric hapludalfs, or at Ithaca, N.Y., on either Dystic flurentic entrochrepts or Typic dystrochrepts. Between row spacing effects were evaluated in nine experiments; narrow rows conditioned significantly higher (7% to 48%) yields in seven of the nine experiments. At a given density, plants in more equidistant arrangements significantly outyielded those in more rectangular arrangements. For example, plants spaced at 25✕25 cm yielded more than those at 76✕8 cm by 13%, plants spaced at 20✕20 cm yielded more than those at 76✕5 cm by 12% and yields averaged across five genotypes at 30✕10 cm were 48% larger than those at 60✕5 cm.Results of an on‐farm trial indicated that difficulty in harvesting beans grown in narrow rows is a major constraint to adoption by farmers of narrow‐row culture. Suggestions for further research include: 1) modification of bean pullers or direct harvesters to accommodate beans grown in narrow rows; 3) determination of the yield advantage associated with alternating between several narrow rows and a wide row to enable passage of a tractor through the field for the purpose of cultivating, spraying, and harvesting; 3) selection of bean cultivars that will maximize the yield advantage of narrow‐row culture.

Effects of Growth Habits and Competition on Yields of Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Tropics

SUMMARYResponses in yield of dry bean genotypes of different growth habits [determinate (Type I), indeterminate small vine (Type II), indeterminate large vine (Type III), and indeterminate climbing (Type IV)] were evaluated over two growing seasons. Types II and III gave higher yields than Type I, with Type II the highest. Narrow between-row spacings (50 cm) tended to give higher yields than 75 cm spacings for all habits, though Type I seemed less responsive than the indeterminate habits, Types II and III. Close within-row spacing (5 versus 10 cm) was not beneficial for beans of any growth habit. Yields of beans with climbing habit grown on different support systems and at different spacings are also reported.

Título en español.

Las habichuelas, Phaseolus vulgaris, se consideran leguminosas pobres in fijación de N. Por esto generalmente se recomienda aplicarles abonos completos. Por lo tanto, se estudió la demanda de N de una cosecha de habichuelas secas. El experimento se hizo en un suelo Coto, un Tropeptic Haplorthox, de la zona noroeste de Puerto Rico. Se sembraron habichuelas blancas del país, variedad Selección Bonita, la cual tiene gran demanda en el mercado aunque comercialmente se siembran sólo en pequeña escala. Se estudiaron seis niveles de N: 0, 20, 40, 80, 160 y 320 kg./ha. Se aplicó la ecuación abono-rendimiento desarrollada por Capó, la que aparentemente es útil para predecir los rendimientos de habichuelas secas en términos del N aplicado como abono. Aparentemente, 180 kg./ha. de N bastan para complementar el N del suelo y lograr rendimientos máximos de habichuelas secas. El 96.7% del rendimiento máximo se obtiene con 80 kg./ha. de N. Se midieron diferencias significativas en algunos componentes del rendimiento. El peso, el número de vainas y el peso de las vainas de 10 plantas fueron significativamente mayores a cuando recibieron N a razón de 160 kg./ha. que cuando no recibieron N o recibieron sólo 40 kg./ha. El número de semillas por vaina fue significativamente menor en plantas que no recibieron N que en las que recibieron 80 kg./ha. de N. No hubo diferencias significativas en el ancho del follaje de las plantas, pero las que recibieron 160 kg./ha. de N fueron más altas que las que no recibieron N o que sólo recibieron 20 kg./ha.

Observações sobre o comportamento de sementes de feijão sob diferentes condições de armazenamento

Foram estudados os efeitos de diferentes condições de armazenamento sobre a germinação, o vigor (envelhecimento acelerado), o "stand" e a produção de sementes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivar bico-de-ouro. Os efeitos de alta umidade e alta temperatura foram muito prejudiciais à germinação e ao vigor das sementes. O vigor decresceu mais depressa que a germinação. As diferenças de "stand" final ocorridas nas diversas épocas acompanharam, geralmente, as mesmas diferenças de germinação e vigor observadas entre os diversos tratamentos nos respectivos períodos. As porcentagens de emergência no campo foram, na maioria dos casos, inferiores às porcentagens de germinação em correspondentes períodos. Devido ao cultivar bico-de-ouro ser planta de crescimento indeterminado, as diferenças de "stand" final ocorridas nas três primeiras épocas de plantio não se refletiram, de modo geral, em diferenças apreciáveis na produção por unidade de área. No entanto, com o aumento da deterioração, as diferenças de produção foram, principalmente, conseqüências diretas das diferenças de "stand". No plantio "da seca", em fevereiro de 1971, a germinação e o vigor das sementes colhidas não sofreram influência da qualidade fisiológica das sementes plantadas.