Yield Of Chili Pepper Research Articles

Crop response and quality of soil as affected by hyperthermophilic compost in Tai-Lake region of China

A novel hyperthermophilic compost (HPC) produced from fast hyperthermophilic composting of 24 h was evaluated as a partial substitute of conventional compost (COM) and inorganic fertilization (CF) on Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis) and chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) during field experiments under two soil systems. Compost characteristics were related to plant growth and soil fertility. In Anthrosols, the highest crop yield and nutrient uptake were obtained from the HPC or COM, although crop yields did not significantly (P > 0.05) differ from the yields of CF-treated soils. In the less fertile Fluvisols, crop yields were significantly higher in HPC and COM treated soils than CF treatment. Application of HPC and COM increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorous (Pav.) and available potassium (Kav.) by 23.1%, 6.1%, 55.3%, 17.4%, respectively in Fluvisols and 28.1%, 5.5%, 43.8%, 34.3%, respectively in Anthrosols compared to CF. HPC amendment increased soil bacterial populations by 19 and 8-fold and fungal populations by 1912 and 9-fold in Fluvisols and Anthrosols, respectively. Chinese cabbage yield was positively correlated to TN, NO3−, Pav. and exchangeable Ca and chili pepper yield was positively correlated to TN and NO3−. It is concluded that organic amendments had strong potential to improve soil organic carbon, soil nutrient status, crop yield and microbial activity in Fluvisols and Anthrosols in Tai-Lake region of China. The beneficial results of HPC in soils and crop could reduce the use of mineral fertilizer for the sustainable production of vegetables.

Effects of seed bed types and weed control methods on the vegetative parameters of long cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutesens L)

Effects of seed bed types and weed control methods on the vegetative parameters of long cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutesens L)

Different Compost Materials Used as Source of Organic Matter in Production of Chili Pepper

Compost has been commonly used as the primary organic matter in organic plant production, especially in vegetable production. Different sources of compost materials give different medium structures and chemical characteristics. The objectives of this research were: 1) to evaluate the response of growth and yield of chili pepper to a rate of compost and source of animal waste which were used as compost; 2) to determine the optimum rate of fertilizer for the highest growth and yield of chili pepper. The research was carried out from November 2015 until March 2016. Compost material treatments consisted of cow dung, empty palm oil bunches, and mixed of vegetable residue and weeds. The compost rate treatments consisted of 0 ton ha-1, 10 ton ha-1, 20 ton ha-1, and 30 ton ha-1. No interaction between the two treatments was found to influence plant growth and yield variables. The type of compost materials affected plant height of 5, 6, and7 weeks after transplanting. Cow dung as a source of compost showed the best effect in increasing chili plant height. Plant height, the number of plant dichotomous, and plant canopy responded linearly to the increase of the compost rate. The usage of compost at 20 ton ha-1 and 30 ha-1 resulted in higher fruit length, the number of fruit, and fruit weight per plant. Keywords: chili pepper, compost, organic, growth, yield

Application of floating culture system in chili pepper (Capsicum annum L.) during prolonged flooding period at riparian wetland in Indonesia

Floating culture system (FCS) is the only feasible way for crop cultivation during high and prolonged flooding period at riparian wetlands. Objective of this research was to evaluate growth and yield of chili pepper cultivated using three different FCS during high flooding period at tropical riparian wetland. Floating rafts were constructed using used plastic bottles. Dimension of the raft was 2m x 1m with load capacity of 60 kg m-2; therefore each raft can carry 120 kg dead weight of growing media and chili pepper grown on it. Chili pepper used was CK9856 variety. Three FCS treatments applied were: P1, with gunny sack layer placed at interface between water surface and growing media; P2, without gunny sack at the interface; and P3, bottom part of growing media was immersed in water at 2-3 cm depth. These treatments were compared to P0, conventionally cultivated chili pepper as control. Result of this study revealed that chili pepper cultivated using FCS (P1, P2, and P3) significantly outperformed those of conventionally cultivated (P0) as indicated by higher growth and yield. Among FCS treatments, P2 produced the highest marketable yield (248.9 g plant-1). Therefore, the P2 is recommended for cultivation of chili pepper by smallholder farmers at riparian wetlands during high and prolonged flooding period.

SIFAT KIMIA TANAH, POPULASI BAKTERI PELARUT FOSFAT, DAN HASIL CABAI PADA APLIKASI BEBERAPA JENIS MULSA PADA INCEPTISOL NGEMPLAK, BOYOLALI

<p align="left"><em>Mulch was often applied on chili pepper cultivation. It aimed to cover the soil from various factors which can reduce the yield. This research aims to study the effect of various types of mulch (silver-black plastic and straw) to soil chemical properties, population of PSB, and chili pepper yield (harvest time, weight of dry plant biomass, and weight of fresh fruit per plant), also to study the correlation between the population of PSB with chili pepper yield. The research has been conducted from December 2015 until October 2016, on an inceptisol field in Ngemplak, Boyolali. The variables of this research are soil properties (pH, organic-carbon, total-N, available-P, and exchangeable-K), total-PSB, and chili pepper yield (harvest time, a weight of dry plant biomass, and weight of fresh fruit per plant). The result showed that various types of mulch application significantly increased soil-pH, soil total-N, soil available-P, total-PSB, a weight of dry plant biomass, a weight of fresh fruit per plant, and fastened harvest time. It also tends to increase organic-carbon and soil exchangeable-K. There were strong correlations between total-PSB and harvest time, a weight of dry plant biomass, and weight of fresh fruit per plant. The best result showed by silver-black plastic mulch application.</em></p>

Sustaining Chili Pepper Production in Afghanistan through Better Irrigation Practices and Management

Water management and utilization is an ongoing problem in developing countries with semi-arid to arid climates such as Afghanistan. The lack of effective irrigation systems are oftentimes the most limiting factor for maximizing agricultural productivity in these countries. In Afghanistan, the most widely used irrigation methods are basin/border for cereal crops and furrow for vegetables and grapes, although drip irrigation is a technology that could be used to significantly improve water use efficiency (WUE) in horticultural crop production. Therefore, three irrigation methods (basin, furrow, and drip) were evaluated for their influences on chili pepper production and WUE at the Afghanistan Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL) Badam Bagh Agricultural Research and Demonstration Farm in Kabul over the 2009 and 2010 growing seasons. Results from this study indicated that both drip and furrow irrigation provided similar high chili pepper plant growth and yield responses compared to the low amounts provided by basin irrigation (p ≤ 0.05). The drip and furrow irrigation methods provided a similar low incidence of Phytophthora blight disease, as 4% and 7% of chili pepper plants were visually afflicted by this disease, respectively, while an astounding 69% of chili peppers grown with basin irrigation had symptoms of this disease. Drip irrigation resulted in the best overall WUE (p ≤ 0.05), as this water delivery method utilized the least amount of water and provided the highest chili pepper yield. Furrow irrigation provided a lower WUE compared to drip, but was greater than that of basin irrigation. Although this study indicated that drip irrigation had the greatest WUE for chili pepper production, furrow irrigation is still the method of choice by farmers in Afghanistan to provide water to this crop. The associated costs with pressurized drip irrigation systems are too expensive for farmers to purchase and maintain, which has led to the widespread use of surface irrigation. Moreover, the resistance of growers to change to newer and more advanced technologies is commonplace in many developing countries, and without some type of improvement to current water management practices at the farm level, there is a bleak outlook to maximize agricultural productivity in these areas of the world with limited rainfall and minimal water resources. Although it is essential to sustain this important resource through better irrigation management practices, on-farm agricultural economics are often more important than the needs of future generations and the environment.

Effects of Physical Barrier and Insect Growth Regulator on Whitefly Control and Yield of Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Whitefly is a serious pest of chili pepper that could cause direct damage on the plant or serve as carrier of viral diseases. A study was conducted at the experimental farm of the Crop and Ecosystem Management Unit of AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center in Tainan, Taiwan, to evaluate the effects of nylon net as physical barrier and pyriproxyfen, an insect growth regulator (IGR), alone or in combination on controlling whitefly and yield of chili pepper. The experiments were laid-out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were employed over an open field crop with the crop row covered with nylon net mesh #32 or #50 with or without pyriproxyfen applied at recommended rate. Results revealed that nylon mesh #50 was effective in excluding whiteflies compared to nylon mesh #32. Pyriproxyfen also reduced the number of whitefly count. However, based on a total of five harvests, yield decreased by 27% and 42% under nylon net barrier #50 and #32, respectively, compared to open field cultivation. Plants grown under nylon net were significantly taller in length and had higher leaf area index, or leaf and stem dry matter content but lower the fruit dry matter content.

Growth and Yield of Chili Pepper as Affected by Weed Based Organic Compost and Nitrogen Fertilizer

Fertility improvement of Ultisol is inevitable to increase growth and yield of chili pepper since the nutrient availability and organic matter of this soil is relatively low. Application of organic fertilizer will enhance microorganism activity in soil, thereafter will improve the availability of nutrients as well as other chemical, physical, biological properties of the soil. Most of manure releases nutrient quite slowly; therefore, addition of nitrogen to soil is expected to speed up the availability of nutrient to plant. Weed based organic fertilizers from Wedelia (Wedelia trilobata) and Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) biomass have potential to substitute inorganic fertilizer. The objective of the experiment was to compare the effects of weed based organic compost and dry leaves compost with or without addition of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of chili pepper. The experiment was carried out using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with treatments of 200 kg urea ha-1; Wedelia compost (WDC) 20 ton ha-1; WDC 15, 10, and 5 ton ha-1 with addition of 200 kg urea ha-1 respectively; Siam weed compost (SWC) 20 ton ha-1, SWC 15, 10, and 5 ton ha-1 with addition of 200 kg urea ha-1 respectively; and dry leaves compost (DLC) 20 ton ha-1, DLC 15, 10, and 5 ton ha-1 with addition of 200 kg urea ha-1 respectively. The result revealed that composts with or without addition of nitrogen fertilizer had similar responses on the growth of chili pepper. Wedelia and Siam weeds compost at 20 ton ha-1 tended to give better yield of chili pepper as compared to application of urea alone. This result indicated that weed based organic fertilizers could substitute nitrogen fertilizer.

Growth and Yield of Chili Pepper under Different Time Application of Wedelia (Wedelia trilobata) and Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) Organic Fertilizers

Low content of soil organic matter and low availability of nutrients in Ultisol are major constraints of this soil to support growth and development of chili pepper. Application of organic fertilizer is required to increase content of soil organic matter as well as to improve other chemical, biological, physical properties of this soil. Wedelia ( Wedelia trilobata ) and Siam Weed ( Chromolaena odorata ) are potential sources of organic fertilizer. The aim of this study was to compare growth and yield of chili pepper under different time application of Wedelia and Siam Weed based organic fertilizer s . Greenhouse house experiment was conducted employing Completely Randomized Design with 2 factors namely Wedelia and Siam Weed composts as first factor and 5 (five) different time of application as second factor. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. The study showed that most variables observed in this experiment were not affected by types of compost. Only were plant height, canopy width and dry weight of biomass significant difference between the two composts. Siam weed compost applied two weeks before planting resulted in plant canopy wider than Wedelia compost. However, Wedelia compost applied at planting resulted in longer chili pepper as compared to Siam weed compost. The experiment also revealed that Wedelia compost produced higher plant height and root dry weight as compared to Siam weed compost.

Bahasa Indonesia

Viral diseases of chilli pepper are difficult to control, therefore the use of Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 should be evaluated. The aims of this research were to determine the influence of liquid formula of P. fluorescens P60 on virod disease and on growth and yield of chili pepper. Randomized block design (RBD) experiment was composed of 7 treatments and 4 replicates, i.e., control, insecticide applicaton, P. fluorescens P60 application by seedling drenching and spraying for 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 times. The result showed that 5 times application of P. fluorescens P60 by drenching and spraying was able to suppress viral disease and reduce disease intensity by to 73.37%, increasing density level of P. fluorescens P60 to 9.50 x 1011 and increase phenolic compounds (saponin, tannin and glycoside). The same treatment could increase plant height 23.7%, root lenght 6.44%, plant dry weight 66.68%, root dry weight 23.59%, and yield weight 53.16%.

PERFORMANCE OF A POLY-GREENHOUSE WITH DIFFERENT VENTILATION GAPS UNDER FAYOUM CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Four different poly-greenhouse models were compared with the open field condition at El-Azab village, Fayoum, Egypt from 18th January to 30th July, 2010. Production of chili pepper in greenhouses was an effective way of increasing the yield per unit area and enhancing its quality. Therefore, different sized poly-greenhouse ventilation gaps with 25% shade net and UV stabilized plastic film sheet materials were used. The thermal performance of the greenhouse models and their effects on the growth rate and yield of chili pepper were investigated. The obtained results indicated that the air temperature in the open field condition was lower than in the poly-greenhouse treatments throughout the growth period of chili peppers bushes. Production of chilli pepper in greenhouse was an effective way of increasing the yield per unit area and enhancing the quality. Poly-greenhouse model with ventilation gaps in the triangular roof and four sidewalls (T3) was found more suitable for better plant growth and yield of chili pepper than those with the other ventilation gaps in poly-greenhouse models and open field condition.

Cryptobiotic cyanobacteria: an alternative in organic agriculture

Heterocystous filamentous cyanobacterium Scytonema cf. ocellatum strain SCL1097-22 was produced in a large outdoor photoreactor (2001 capacity). The cyanobacterial biomass was applied to soil used in growing the California variety of chili pepper (Capsicum annum). Chili peppers were grown under the following four conditions: untreated natural soil, addition of 30% organic substrate, addition of cyanobacteria, and addition of 30 % organic substrate with cyanobacteria. Treatment of soil only with Scytonema produced high a yield of chili pepper, averaging 1518 ± 96 g and lengths ranging from 12-15 cm. A microscopic study of the soil with this treatment showed living filaments of Scytonema, and the presence of a cyanobacterial community that included Leptolynghya, Oseillatoria, and Microcoleus. The treatment of soil enriched with 30% organic substrate and Scytonema yielded chili pepper averaging 1263 ± 46 g and lengths ranging from 12-17 cm. This soil showed only a few living filaments of Scytonema and the absence of a cyanobacterial community. Soil enriched with 30% organic substrate without Scytonema yielded chili pepper averaging 1004 ± 41 g and lengths ranging from 12-15 cm. Production in untreated natural soil yielded chili pepper averaging 925 ± 47 g and length averaging 10 cm. Statistical analyses of the length of pepper showed significant differences, with greater length resulting from treatments with Scytonema ocellatum strain SCL1097-22 than with no treatment. This cyanobacterial strain is proposed as an alternative source of nutrients in organic faming.

The Effect of Ornamental Grasses Used as a Windscreen on Chili Pepper Yield

Chili pepper yield may be hampered by wind-blown sand and high evaporative demand common in semiarid regions. Initial establishment of the crop is of great importance to overall yield. Due to their reduced size, ornamental grasses could serve as windscreens in urban gardens. In this project, seven species of ornamental grasses (Cortaderia selloana `Pumila', Erianthus ravennae, Miscanthus sinensis `Autumn Light', Miscanthus sinensis `Gracillimus', Miscanthus sinensis `Silberfeder', Miscanthus sinensis `Variegatus', Miscanthus sinensis `Zebrinus', and Pennisetum setaceum `Rubrum') were used as aesthetic windscreens. Capsicum annuum `NuMex Big Jim' chili pepper yield was significantly affected by species of grass in the windscreen. The number of peppers per plant was also significantly affected by species; however, the weight of each pepper was not significantly impacted. Effect of species of ornamental grass in the windscreen may be due to differences in wind resistance, moisture competition, or shading between species. The durability, increase in yield, and aesthetic nature of the ornamental grasses used as windscreens provides several reasons to take advantage of these perennial grasses for an aesthetic form of garden protection.