Yield Of Chickpea Research Articles

Evaluation of technological interventions on the productivity and profitability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) through frontline demonstrations in South Eastern Rajasthan

The study was conducted to examine the effects of frontline demonstrations on chickpea using scientific production technology for sustainable productivity and profitability on 40-hectare area covering 80 farmer’s fields in the Kota, Bundi and Baran districts of Rajasthan. The average yield of chickpea in the frontline demonstration plots (IP) using integrated crop management technology was 2219 kg/ha, which was significantly higher than the average yield of 1827 kg/ha in the farmers’ practices (FP). The average chickpea yield was found higher (18.88%) in demonstration plots over farmer practices, with the implementation of improved production technologies. During the three years of study (2018-19, 2019-20, and 2020-21), the technological index (17.21%), extension gap (392 kg/ha), and average technological gap (461 kg/ ha) were found out. During the years of the study, frontline demonstration plots had the highest average net profit and B:C ratio (INR. 77,357/ha and 3.38), compared to farmer practice (INR. 64,081/ha and 3.24). Economic studies over one or three years showed that adopting improved package generated higher profits than traditional farmers practice.

Evaluation of yield-based selection indices for drought tolerance involving recombinant inbred line population derived from a chickpea cultivar (C. arietinum L.) and its wild relative (C. reticulatum)

AbstractDrought is a major abiotic stress worldwide limiting chickpea yield drastically. Low heritability and high genotype × environment interactions make the trait-based breeding strategy an unreliable approach. This study was planned to identify the drought-tolerant lines by evaluating yield-based selection indices in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from an inter-specific cross between drought-tolerant genotype GPF 2 (Cicer arietinum L.) and drought-sensitive accession ILWC 292 (C. reticulatum) at two locations in India (Ludhiana and Faridkot). A total of six yield-based selection indices were calculated and significant variation was observed in the RILs and their parents for yield-based selection indices at both locations. A holistic approach across association analysis and principal component analysis identified drought tolerance index, mean productivity, geometric mean productivity and harmonic mean productivity as key selection indices, which could be used for indirect selection of drought-tolerant lines. Overall, on the basis of these approaches, a total of 15 promising RILs were identified for their use in chickpea breeding programme for developing drought-tolerant cultivars.

Effect of Legume-Legume Replacement Series of Intercropping System on Growth, Yield and Quality of Chickpea

Chickpea is major pulse crop cultivated in India. Area under chickpea cultivation has been increasing day by day. Although area of chickpea is increasing still the productivity per unit area is not increasing. There are many factor responsible for lack of productivity including crop failure. Therefore, increasing productivity and for avoiding the risk associated with complete crop failure, intercropping is the way forward. Intercropping of legume in association with non-legumes helps in utilization of nitrogen being fixed by legumes in the current growing season, but also helps in residual build-up of nutrients in soil. Best utilization of nutrients, moisture, space and solar energy can be derived through intercropping system. Intercropping provides an insurance against calamities and helps in the maximization of productivity and profit by efficient utilization of natural resources. Hence, crop intensification is both in space and time dimensions. Selection of compatible genotype and appropriate planting pattern helps in minimizing the inter-specific and intra-specific competition for resources thereby boosting up the productivity of the system as a whole. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat during two consecutive rabi season of the year 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD), consisting of nine treatment. viz.; T1: sole chickpea, T2: sole linseed, T3: sole fenugreek, T4: (chickpea + linseed 2:1), T5: (chickpea + linseed 3:1), T6: (chickpea + linseed 4:2), T7: (chickpea + fenugreek 2:1), T8: (chickpea + fenugreek 3:1) and T9: (chickpea + fenugreek 4:2) with four replication. Legume intercropping resulted in better growth due to complimentary actions of the both the crop. The total equivalent yield obtained from intercropping far surpasses the yield of the sole crop in unit area.

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Biofertilizers and Chemical Fertilizers on Soil Physical and Biological Properties under Chickpea Crop (Cicer arietinum L.)

This study investigated the impact of solid biofertilizers and organic ameliorants on soil biological properties and chickpea yield. The experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm of ANDUA&T Ayodhya India during the Rabi season of 2020-2021. The experiment was comprised of eleven treatments, control (T1); (T2); chemical fertilizers 100% RDF; (T3)chemical fertilizers 50% RDF (T4); FYM +Jeevamrit (T5); Agro residue Mulch + FYM + Jeevamrit (T6); Rhizobium +PSB (T7); FYM + Jeevamrit + Rhizobium +PSB (T8); T3 + FYM + Jeevamrit T9; T3 + T5, T10; T3 + T6, T11; T3 + T4 + T6, were replicated thrice in RBD. Chickpea variety KPG-59 was taken as test crop. The results showed that the application of solid biofertilizers and organic ameliorants with chemical fertilizer significantly improved some soil biological properties. The treatments that included FYM and Rhizobium + PSB showed the greatest improvements in soil health as well as chickpea yield. Soil properties as EC, OC and OM were found to be significant while physical property were non-significant.

Genotypic Variation Studies in Biomass Partitioning Patterns during Post-flowering Stages under the Late Sown Conditions of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasm

This study conducted during the 2021-2022 year under field conditions investigates the genotypic variation in biomass partitioning among different chickpea genotypes during post-flowering stages, with a specific emphasis on late sown conditions. The main aim of the study was to elucidate the efficiency of resource allocation toward pod production, measured by the pod harvest index. This research enhances understanding of chickpea performance under delayed sowing conditions by examining genotypic variations in key parameters during critical post-flowering stages, specifically pod filling and seed filling. Biomass partitioning in branches and pods varied considerably during both growth stages, with branches playing a crucial role in pod development during pod filling. The transition from pod filling to seed filling stage resulted in increased biomass partitioning in pods, highlighting their importance as storage organs for seed development. Seed yield exhibited significant variability among genotypes, with some surpassing 2000 kg/ha, while pod harvest index ranged from 35.62% to 70.48%, indicating differences in resource allocation efficiency. Regression analysis showed varying degrees of association between biomass partitioning and pod harvest index, with seed yield and pod harvest index, biomass partitioning in pods exhibiting the highest explanatory power during seed filling. By studying the adaptation of plants towards biphasic and allometric allocation patterns during unfavorable conditions can result in developing the resource use efficient climate resilient varieties. These findings contribute to our understanding of crop productivity under varying environmental conditions and inform strategies for optimizing chickpea yield and resilience.

Studies on Nano DAP on Growth, Yield and Quality of Chickpeas under Rainfed Conditions of Northeastern Dry Zone of Karnataka

A field experiment was conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi, during rabi season of 2022-23 to study the growth and yield of chickpea as influenced by fertilizers and foliar application of nano DAP. The experiment included four levels of RDF in main plots viz., 0% RDF (M1), 50% RDF (M2), 75% RDF (M3) and 100% RDF (M3) and three levels of nano DAP sprays in subplots viz., 2 ml litre-1 of water (S1), 4 ml litre-1 of water (S2), and Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5ml kg-1 seeds (S3) laid out in split plot design. The results revealed that among all the treatment combinations,100% RDF + nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water recorded significantly higher growth, parameters viz., plant height (37.56 cm), number of primary branches plant-1 (6.86), leaf area plant-1 (2.58 dm2 plant-1), LAI (0.86) and total dry matter accumulation in plant (20.24 g plant-1) at harvest.; yield parameters viz., number of pods plant-1 (23.52), seed weight per plant (9.16 g), 100 seed weight (22.30 g), haulm yield (3550kg ha-1), seed yield (1868 kg ha-1), quality parameters viz., protein content (19.31%) and protein yield (361.15 kg ha-1). This treatment was however found on par with 75 per cent RDF + foliar spray of nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water which recorded on par growth parameters viz., plant height (36.56 cm), number of primary branches plant-1 (6.59), leaf area plant-1 (2.51 dm2 plant-1), LAI (0.84), chlorophyll content (57.47) and total dry matter accumulation by plant (19.80 g plant-1) at harvest.; yield parameters viz., number of pods plant-1 (23.25), seed weight per plant (9.04 g), 100 seed weight (21.16 g), haulm yield (3504kg ha-1), seed yield (1796 kg ha-1), protein content (19.04%) and protein yield (342.52 kg ha-1).

Sustainable intensification of climate-resilient maize–chickpea system in semi-arid tropics through assessing factor productivity

Global trends show that the rapid increase in maize production is associated more with the expansion of maize growing areas than with rapid increases in yield. This is possible through achieving possible higher productivity through maize production practices intensification to meet the sustainable production. Therefore, a field experiment on “Ecological intensification of climate-resilient maize–chickpea cropping system” was conducted during consecutive three years from 2017–2018 to 2019–2020 at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad, Karnataka, India. Results of three years pooled data revealed that ecological intensification (EI) treatment which comprises of all best management practices resulted in higher grain yield (7560 kg/ha) and stover yield compared to farmers’ practice (FP) and all other treatments which were deficit in one or other crop management practices. Similarly, in the succeeding winter season, significantly higher chickpea yield (797 kg/ha) was recorded in EI. Further EI practice recorded significant amount of soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and iron after completion of third cycle of experimentation (0.60%, 235.3 kg/ha,21.0 kg/ha,363.2 kg/ha,0.52 ppm and 5.2 ppm respectively). Soil enzymatic activity was also improved in EI practice over the years and improvement in each year was significant. Lower input energy use was in FP (17,855.2 MJ/ha). Whereas total output energy produced was the highest in EI practice (220,590 MJ ha−1) and lower output energy was recorded in EI–integrated nutrient management (INM) (149,255 MJ/ha). Lower energy productivity was noticed in EI-INM. Lower specific energy was recorded in FP and was followed by EI practice. Whereas higher specific energy was noticed is EI–INM. Each individual year and pooled data showed that EI practice recorded higher net return and benefit–cost ratio. The lower net returns were obtained in EI-integrated weed management (Rs. 51354.7/ha), EI-recommended irrigation management (Rs. 56,015.3/ha), integrated pest management (Rs. 59,569.7/ha) and farmers’ practice (Rs. 67,357.7/ha) which were on par with others.

Delineation of genes for a major QTL governing heat stress tolerance in chickpea.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is a cool season grain legume experiencing severe yield loss during heat stress due to the intensifying climate changes and its associated gradual increase of mean temperature. Hence, understanding the genetic architecture regulating heat stress tolerance has emerged as an important trait to be addressed for enhancing yield and productivity of chickpea under heat stress. The present study is intended to identify the major genomic region(s) governing heat stress tolerance in chickpea. For this, an integrated genomics-assisted breeding strategy involving NGS-based high-resolution QTL-seq assay, QTL region-specific association analysis and molecular haplotyping was deployed in a population of 206 mapping individuals and a diversity panel of 217 germplasm accessions of chickpea. This combinatorial strategy delineated a major 156.8 kb QTL genomic region, which was subsequently narrowed-down to a functional candidate gene CaHSFA5 and its natural alleles associated strongly with heat stress tolerance in chickpea. Superior natural alleles and haplotypes delineated from the CaHSFA5 gene have functional significance in regulating heat stress tolerance in chickpea. Histochemical staining, interaction studies along with differential expression profiling of CaHSFA5 and ROS scavenging genes suggest a cross talk between CaHSFA5 with ROS homeostasis pertaining to heat stress tolerance in chickpea. Heterologous gene expression followed by heat stress screening further validated the functional significance of CaHSFA5 for heat stress tolerance. The salient outcomes obtained here can have potential to accelerate multiple translational genomic analysis including marker-assisted breeding and gene editing in order to develop high-yielding heat stress tolerant chickpea varieties.

Effect of crop residue and weed management on weed incidence, soil moisture and yield of chickpea

Chickpea is a major pulse crop which is grown and consumed by the Indian people. Due to poor weed competition ability of chickpea and very few weed management options, yield of chickpea is drastically reduced under vertisols. Therefore, the present study related to weed management and crop residues on weed incidence, yield attributing character and yield of chickpea was conducted at Research Farm of JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP), India. A field experiment was undertaken in split plot design with 3 replications and 4 weed-management treatment in main-plot and four crop residues as sub-plot. The main plot treatments were pendimethalin 38.7% CS at 1 kg/ha as pre plant incorporation (PPI), hand weeding at 30 days after sowing (DAS), hand hoeing at 30 DAS and weedy check. Four crop residues mulch (CRM) were, wheat straw (WSM), paddy straw (PSM) and soybean haulm (SHM) each at 5 t/ha and control where no mulch material was applied. Results revealed that imposition of hand weeding at 30 DAS recorded with least weeds with lesser weed biomass resulting in higher weed control efficiency (WCE). However, weedy check recorded maximum weed count and dry weight. Pendimethalin 1 kg/ha recorded lower weed prevalence and weed dry weight. It was similar to hand hoeing done at 30 DAS. Among applied CRM, PSM recorded lower weed density and dry weight with higher WCE and soil moisture at 30 DAS and was superior over control plots. Hand weeding at 30 DAS recorded with higher yield attributing traits viz, pods/plant, seed/pod and seed index resulted higher seed yield (1,604 and 1,731 kg/ha respectively in 2018–19 and 2019–20). It was at par with pendimethalin at 1 kg/ha. The lower yield attributes and yield was recorded in weedy check plots. Among CRM, spreading of PSM give more pods and seeds/pod with higher seed index resulted in higher seed yield (1515 and 1593 kg/ha in 2018–19 and 2019–20 respectively) over others. Thus, application of PSM at 5 t/ha with one hand weeding at 30 DAS or with pendimethalin can be suggested for significant weed control and higher seed yield in chickpea.

Evaluation of Agrivoltaic System in Thar Desert of India

The present study examined the performance of the 100 kWp agri-voltaic systems at ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur. The average PV generation from the 100 kWp AVS connected to the grid via a bi-directional energy meter or net meter was about 342 kWh day-1. The average yields of mung bean, moth bean, and cluster bean in the inter-row spaces between the modules in the two-row and three-row PV array were 1155, 670, and 2008 kg.ha-1, respectively. Thus, there were 4.6%, 8.6%, and 11.8% reductions in the yield of mung bean, moth bean, and cluster bean, respectively, in inter-row spaces between the panels compared to control. During Rabi (irrigated) 2021-22, the yield of chickpea, cumin, and isabgol (2490, 1000, and 700 kg ha-1, respectively) in interspaces of the AVS was lower than that of the control (2670, 1120, and 760 kg ha-1, respectively). AVS resulted in a yield reduction of 6.6, 10.3, and 7.8% in chickpea, cumin, and isabgol, respectively, compared to the control. The AVS shows the maximum IRR (20.38%), while PV-GM shows the lowest (19.42%) at the prevailing bank loan interest rate of 12%. The PBP estimated 7.47 years for AVS with irrigated crops and 8.11 years for AVS with rainfed crops, while it was 8.61 years for PV-GM. The lower value of the discounted PBP, the faster the repayment of the investment cost. Therefore, the highest LCOE (INR 3.45 kWh-1) is estimated based on the break-even electricity tariff in PV-GM, and the lowest LCOE is calculated in AVS (INR 3.17 kWh-1).

Studies on the Effect of Chemical Weed Management on Growth Indices, Yield and Quality of Irrigated Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea, characterized by its short stature and slow initial growth, is highly susceptible to a wide range of weed species. The field experiment was designed during the Rabi season of 2021-22 at Agronomy Research Farm, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to evaluate the chemical weed management in irrigated chickpea. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with thirteen treatments replicated thrice. The treatments combinations areT1 (Pendimethalin 30EC @ 1000g a.i ha-1 as PPI), T2 (Imazethapyr 10EC @ 75g a.i ha-1 as PPI), T3 (Imazethapyr 10EC @ 100g a.i ha-1 as PPI), T4 (Pendimethalin 30EC + imazethapyr 2EC (RM) @ 1000g a.i ha-1 as PPI), T5 (Pendimethalin 30EC @ 1000g a.i ha-1 as PRE), T6 (Imazethapyr 10EC @ 75g a.i ha-1 as PRE), T7 (Imazethapyr 10EC @ 100g a.i ha-1 as PRE), T8 (Pendimethalin 30EC + Imazethapyr 2EC (RM) @ 1000g a.i ha-1 as PRE), T9 (Imazethapyr 10EC @ 75g a.i ha-1 as POE), T10 (Imazethapyr 10EC @ 100g a.i ha-1 as POE), T11 (Two hand hoeing at 30 & 50 DAS), T12 (weed free) and T13 (weedy check). The results of this study showed that PPI and PRE application of any herbicide did not cause any phytotoxic effect on chickpea. The Ready mix (RM) herbicide applied as PPI and PRE performed better than sole PPI, PRE, and POE herbicides. Among herbicidal treatments, PPI and PRE application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (RM) @ 1000 g a.i ha-1 gave excellent control of complex weed flora and increased the yield of chickpea significantly over the weedy check. Different weed control treatments could not bring significant variation in plant population in the initial stage but the plant population declined at maturity. The maximum plant growth attributes were observed with the application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (RM) @ 1000 g a.i ha-1 as PRE. The POE application of imazethapyr irrespective of the dose recorded the lowest dry matter accumulation throughout the growing season of chickpea. The unchecked growth of weeds in the weedy check caused a 55.2% reduction in seed yield as compared to weed-free treatment. The maximum seed yield (1968 kg ha-1) and yield attributes of chickpea were recorded with weed-free treatment and among herbicidal treatments, maximum seed yield (1827 kg ha-1) was recorded with application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (RM) @ 1000 g ha-1 PRE.

Effect of Sulphur Application on Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Quality of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

A field experiment was conducted at Pulse Research Station in Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra from the period of Rabi 2020-21 to 2022-23 to study the effect of sulphur application on yield, Nutrient Uptake and quality of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design (RBD) with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The study revealed that the application of sulphur application is significantly influenced the yield, Nutrient uptake and quality. The highest Grain yield in Kilograms per hectare (2418 kg ha-1) and straw yield (3016 kg ha-1) were recorded with the application of S @30 kg ha-1 through Bentonite sulphur along with Recommended dose of fertilizers and it was found significantly superior over all the treatments. Similarly maximum N, P, K, S and micronutrient uptake and improved quality were observed with application of @ 30 kg ha-1 through Bentonite sulphur along with Recommended dose of fertilizers followed by the treatment of application of S @ 30 kg ha-1 through Gypsum + RDF.

Shoot transcriptome revealed widespread differential expression and potential molecular mechanisms of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) against Fusarium wilt.

The yield of chickpea is severely hampered by infection wilt caused by several races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc). To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance against Foc4 Fusarium wilt, RNA sequencing-based shoot transcriptome data of two contrasting chickpea genotypes, namely KWR 108 (resistant) and GL 13001 (susceptible), were generated and analyzed. The shoot transcriptome data showed 1,103 and 1,221 significant DEGs in chickpea genotypes KWR 108 and GL 13001, respectively. Among these, 495 and 608 genes were significantly down and up-regulated in genotypes KWR 108, and 427 and 794 genes were significantly down and up-regulated in genotype GL 13001. The gene ontology (GO) analysis of significant DEGs was performed and the GO of the top 50 DEGs in two contrasting chickpea genotypes showed the highest cellular components as membrane and nucleus, and molecular functions including nucleotide binding, metal ion binding, transferase, kinase, and oxidoreductase activity involved in biological processes such as phosphorylation, oxidation-reduction, cell redox homeostasis process, and DNA repair. Compared to the susceptible genotype which showed significant up-regulation of genes involved in processes like DNA repair, the significantly up-regulated DEGs of the resistant genotypes were involved in processes like energy metabolism and environmental adaptation, particularly host-pathogen interaction. This indicates an efficient utilization of environmental adaptation pathways, energy homeostasis, and stable DNA molecules as the strategy to cope with Fusarium wilt infection in chickpea. The findings of the study will be useful in targeting the genes in designing gene-based markers for association mapping with the traits of interest in chickpea under Fusarium wilt which could be efficiently utilized in marker-assisted breeding of chickpea, particularly against Foc4 Fusarium wilt.

Effect of Different Seed Bed Preparation and Base Fertilizers on Chickpea Yield and Yield Components

Bu araştırma, 2020 ve 2021 yıllarında Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü (TARM)’nün Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliği arazisinde kuru tarım koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, üç farklı toprak işleme [geleneksel (T1), koruyucu (çizel)(T2) ve anıza ekim (T3)] ve dört farklı gübre uygulaması [gübresiz (G0), DAP (G1), 20-20-0 klasik kompoze (G2) ve 15-20-0 organomineral (G3)] yer almıştır. Nohut bitkisine ait bitki boyu, ilk bakla yüksekliği, bitkide bakla sayısı, bitkide tane sayısı, biyolojik verim, tane verimi, hasat indeksi ile100 tane ağırlığı değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre 1. yılda en yüksek tane verimi 82.19 ve 81.92 kg/da ile sırasıyla T1 ve T2; en düşük tane verimi ise 28.75 kg/da ile T3 toprak işlemesinde elde edilmiştir. İkinci yıl en düşük verim T3 (85.30 kg/da) ve T1 (89.04 kg/da) toprak işlemelerinden, en yüksek ise T2 (113.27 kg/da) toprak işlemesinden alınmıştır. 100 tane ağırlığı istatistiki anlamda önemsiz bulunmuş ve yıllara göre sırasıyla 36.56-34.30 g olarak belirlenmiştir. Azot gübre uygulaması istatistiksel anlamda önemsiz bulunmuş ve azotlu gübre uygulamadan yapılacak olan ekimin hem ekonomik hem de çevreyi koruma açısından daha anlamlı olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. Nohut yetiştiriciliğinde yüksek tane verimi alabilmek için çizel ile ilk sürümün yapılacağı koruyucu toprak işlemenin daha uygun olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.

Responses of Phosphorus and Zinc on Growth and Yield in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The investigation was taken up at Student's Instructional Farm, Nawabganj at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, (U.P.) India, during Rabi 2020-21. The 2 factors in sixteen treatment combinations viz., P0Zn0 (control), P0Zn2.5, P0Zn5, P0Zn10, P30Zn0, P30Zn2.5, P30Zn5, P30Zn10, P60Zn0. P60Zn2.5, P60Zn5, P60Zn10, P90Zn0, P90Zn2.5, P90Zn5 and P90Zn10 were experimented in randomized block design with 3 replications. All the growth and yield parameters increased significantly with increasing levels of phosphorus up to 90 kg ha-1. However, growth and yield parameters of chickpea were increased up to 5 kg Zn ha-1 and further increase in the level of Zn does not show significant influence on growth and yield of chickpea. Interaction effect of P and Zn levels on the grain and straw yield of chickpea was significant during study. Thus, it may be concluded that application of phosphorus and zinc proved more beneficial in improving the productivity of chickpea crop. The result showed that application of P and Zn also improved the growth and yield. Phosphorus requirement of chickpea was found more.

Effect of foliar spray of zinc sulphate and iron sulphate on yield, quality and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Vertisols

A field experiment was conducted at farmer’s field in Yattingudda village (Dharwad district) to study theBiofortification of zinc sulphate and iron sulphate though foliar spray on yield, quality and nutrient uptake of chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.) in Vertisol during rabi 2020. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block design(RCBD) with nine treatments and three replications combination with different levels of zinc sulphate and iron sulphate.The results revealed that, among the different treatments, foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O and FeSO4.7H2O @ 0.5% at the timeof pre flowering, flowering and pod setting along with recommended package of practices recorded the significantly highernumber of pods plant-1 (37.62), pod weight per plant (11.89 g plant-1), 100 seed weight (23.96g), seed yield (18.21 q ha-1)and haulm yield (25.14 q ha-1). This treatment also recorded significantly higher crude protein content (24.12 per cent), zinccontent (41.12 mg kg-1), iron content (134.25 mg kg-1) and also higher uptake of nitrogen (90.39 kg ha-1), phosphorus(11.03 kg ha-1), potassium (48.89 kg ha-1), sulphur (11.94kg ha-1) zinc (146.38 g ha-1) and iron (449.16 g ha-1).

Effect of Phosphorus on Growth, Yield and Economics Attributes of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) the Semi–Arid Condition of Kandahar Afghanistan

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy farm, Afghanistan National Agricultural Science and Technology University, during the period from 2 March to 12 June 2020 to find the optimum level of phosphorus application for chickpea and study the effect of phosphorus on the growth, yield attributes and economics attributes of chickpea. The experiment was laid out in a Split Plot design having four replications with pour levels of P (0, 30, 45 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1).with three replications. All the nutrients were applied as basal on land preparation operation. Seeds were sown manually @ 30 kg ha-1 for flatbed as well as @ 45cm x 10 cm spacing for raised bed. Observations were recorded for various growth parameters and yield attributes at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest. Statistical analysis of data was done online through OPSTAT software. 60 kg phosphorus significantly enhanced growth parameters of chickpea viz., plant height (5.03cm, 8.96 cm and 26.03 cm at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest), dry matter plant-1 (4.25 g, 6.38 g and 16.15 g at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest. Yield attributes viz., number of pod plant-1 (21.21), number of grain pod-1 (1.66), and 1,000 grain weight (208.03 g) .Yield of chickpea viz., grain yield (1.48 t ha1 ), Stover yield (1.63 t ha-1) biological yield (4.03 t ha-1) and harvest index (28.03 t ha-1) were recorded significantly higher with 60 kg phosphorus. Similarly, significantly higher economics attributes viz., Cost of cultivation (29081 AFN ha-1), gross returns (123798AFN ha-1), net returns (94716 AFN ha-1), and benefit cost ratio (3.26) recorded with 60 kg P2 O5 .

Effect of nitrogen and foliar application of potassium on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Effect of nitrogen and foliar application of potassium on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Effect of different nutrient management practices on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under scarcity zone of Andhra Pradesh

Effect of different nutrient management practices on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under scarcity zone of Andhra Pradesh

Effect of Pre and Post Emergent Herbicides on Weed Management, Yield and Economics in Irrigated Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of pre and post emergence herbicides on growth and yield of chickpea at College of Agriculture, Vijayapura, during rabi, 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments involving two pre-emergence herbicides (Pendimethalin, Pendimethalin + Imazethapyr) and five post-emergence herbicides (Imazethapyr + Imazamox, Propaquizafop + Imazethapyr, Imazethapyr, Quizalofop ethyl and Aciflor + Clodinafop), intercultivation at 20 and 40 DAS, weed free check and weedy check. Among the herbicidal treatments, significantly lower weed population per m2 (2.40), lower total dry weight of weeds (3.18 g), higher weed control efficiency (84.98%), lower weed index (11.06 %), higher grain yield (2197 kg/ha), haulm yield (2766 kg/ha), net returns (₹ 80621/ha) and B:C ratio (3.01) was recorded with sequential application of Pendimethalin 38.7% CS @ 800 g a.i./ha as PE fb Propaquizafop 2.5% + Imazethapyr 3.75% W/W ME (RM) @ (125 g a.i./ha) as PoE at 25 DAS compared to all other treatments. Among herbicidal treatments lowest grain yield (923 kg/ha) and haulm yield (2098 kg/ha) were recorded with Imazethapyr 35% + Imazamox 35% WG (RM) @ 70 g a.i./ha as PoE at 25 DAS due to phytotoxicity and the results were almost near to weedy check which recorded 38.18 pods/plant, 100 seed weight of 22.36 g, 16.96 g of seed yield / plant, grain yield (896 kg/ha) and haulm yield (2056 kg/ha).