Yield Of Blackgram Research Articles

Effect of ultrasound treatment on dehulling efficiency of blackgram.

Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Power ultrasound, on dehulling efficiency, dhal yield, dehulling loss and total colour difference of black gram using response surface methodology. Nine treatments were performed with variation in ultrasound power 343-525W and treatment time 1-3.5h. It was observed that ultrasound treatment significantly improved the dehulling efficiency and dhal yield of the black gram and reduced the dehulling loss. The optimized treatment condition obtained for optimum dehulling yield (75.71%), dhal yield (74.63%) dehulling loss (12.72%), and total colour difference (5.08) was ultrasound power of 513.39W and exposure time of 2.12h. Moreover the blackgram pretreated with ultrasound required lesser cooking time when compared to soaked alone sample. The SEM analysis revealed the significant effect of ultrasound on the blackgram kernel which led to uniform cavitation of the surface of the kernel compared to the soaked sample without ultrasound treatment. In food industry blackgram is preprocessed i.e. soaked and cooked to produce various soups, canned products, batter, snack foods etc. Hence ultrasonic treatment can be applied to improve and facilitate a faster dehulling efficiency, with added advantage of increased soaking rate and a decrease in the cooking time for blackgram.

Effects of Fe Chelates on Growth and Yield Attributes of Blackgram on a Black Calcareous Soil

Iron deficiency is the major limitation in crop production due to its oxidation power which drastically affects the crop yield by rendering the nutrient unavailable. Chelating agents are widely used to increase the solubility of micronutrients, for stable and sustainable crop production. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of foliar and soil application of amino acids and organic acids chelated micronutrients on growth and yield of blackgram during 2018 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The plants were sprayed with single dose of organically chelated iron (1%) along with common ferrous sulphate on 25 and 45 DAS and untreated control. The results showed that foliar application of 1% ferrous glycinate chelate at resulted in maximum plant height, SPAD value, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, pod length and 100 grain weight of blackgram in calcareous black soil.

Weed management effect on weeds, crop, nutrients uptake and soil physico-chemical properties in blackgram

Field experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2015–16 at N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, (UP) to asses the weed management effect on weeds, crop, nutrients uptake and soil properties in black gram. The result of the investigation revealed that application of imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha PE was found superior in controlling weeds, increasing blackgram yield and nutrient uptake and recorded maximum benefit: cost ratio. Next best treatments were pendimethalin 1000 g/ha and metribuzin 200 g/ha PE.

Seed treatments for vigorous seedling establishment and improved seed yield of blackgram under rice fallow condition

An experiment was conducted to produce potential seedlings and sustained seed yield of blackgram under rice fallow cultivation. Initially, the seeds were treated with different treatment combinations include polymer, microorganisms and micronutrients and subsequently were screened under invitro and pot culture experiments. Results of the both experiments revealed the superiority of 40 % liquid Pseudomonas soaking for 3 hrs. + Polymer @ 3g kg-1 over other treatments. Forwarded field study along with different sowing methods also showed the superiority of the above treatment by recording maximum seed yield per plant (15.4 g), per plot (1.66 kg/30 m2) and per hectare (553 kg). Among the sowing methods, seeds sown at 7 days before paddy harvest (S1) were recorded significantly maximum seed yield per plant (14.1g), per plot (1.57 kg) and per hectare (523 kg). In conclusion, seeds could be treated with 40 % liquid Pseudomonas soaking for 3 hr + Polymer @ 3g kg-1 and sown at 7 to 4 days before harvest of paddy to obtain the sustained higher seed yield under rice fallow condition.

Integrated Nutrient Management and Formulation of Targeted Yield Equations for Black Gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L.)

Three fertility gradient stripes were created in Inceptisols of Odisha by applying no fertilizer, recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and double the RDF and paddy was grown during kharif , 2013. These three stripes were sub-divided into 24 sub-plots and black gram was grown with different graded doses of fertilizers and manure during rabi , 2013-14. Initial and post-harvest soil nutrient status, nutrient uptake, nutrient requirement, soil efficiency, fertilizer efficiency and yield data were recorded. The highest yield (12.09 q ha -1 ) was achieved with 30 : 50 : 50 (N : P 2 O 5 : K 2 O). On the basis of these data, fertilizer prescription equations were formulated for targeted yield of black gram in Inceptisols of Odisha.

Response of Improved Production Technologies (IPT) on productivity and economics of black gram (Vigna mungo l.) in Nichabanadhi sub-basin of Tamil Nadu

One hundred and twenty eight (128) on-farm demonstrations on Improved Production Technology (IPT) for black gram were carried out in eighty (80) hectares of farmer’s fields in Sankarankovil, Vasudevanallur and Kuruvikulam blocks of Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu from 2010-11 to 2012-13 under Tamil Nadu – Irrigated Agriculture Modernization and Water Bodies Restoration and Management (TN-IAMWARM) project. Two methods viz., Improved Production Technologies (IPT) and Conventional Method (CM) were compared. The results revealed that the adoption of Improved Production Technologies IPT) favorably influenced yield attributes and yield of black gram. The maximum seed yield (1,053 kg ha-1) obtained from IPT which was higher than conventional method (720 kg ha-1). The best net income ( 25,650) and benefit:cost (2.60) were also associated with IPT than conventional method of black gram cultivation. The additional income of 11,762 ha-1 was obtained from IPT over Conventional Method of black gram cultivation.

Effect of foliar application of seaweed saps on chemical soil quality, growth and yield of black gram

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate impact of seaweed (Kappaphycus sp. and Gracilaria sp.) saps on chemical soil health, growth and yield of Vigna mungo. Foliar application of saps was carried out 35 days after sowing and at flowering with four concentrations (2.5, 5, 10 and 15%) of K-sap and G-sap separately, 7.5% of K-sap + 50% RDF and control. At harvest, highest build up of organic carbon was recorded due to 15% K-sap foliar application while highest available N was observed due to 10 and 15% K-sap. Foliar application of 7.5% K-sap + 50% RDF and 5% G-sap supported the highest available P and K in soil at harvest, respectively. At flowering, highest nodule number of 43 plant−1 was recorded due to 5% G-sap. Foliar application of seaweed saps at various concentrations, except 2.5%, enhanced the grain yield by 27.43% over control. The foliar application of 7.5% K-sap + 50% of RDF also produced the 25.73% higher grain yield over control which was at par with those of other treatments, saving 50% of chemical fertilizers vis-a-vis environmental pollution

Production potential and economics of crop sequences in Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) based agri-horticultural system under rainfed conditions

The study was conducted on six year old Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) cv. NA7 plantation from Kharif 2011 to Summer 2013 in two consecutive seasons to assess the suitable crop sequences to be grown as intercrops under rainfed aonla-based agrihorticultural system. The results revealed that seed yield of soybean in sole cropping sequences was significantly superior to the intercropping with aonla. The seed yield reduction in soybean with aonla over sole cropping was 25.00, 10.30 and 7.33% in aonla + soybean-wheat, aonla + soybean-gram and aonla + soybean-mustard, respectively. Similarly, the pigeon pea yield in sole cropping was higher than that of intercrop with aonla. The pigeon pea yield was reduced by 12.12% in aonla + pigeon pea-gram, 11.24% in aonla + pigeon pea-wheat, and 11.70% in aonla + pigeon pea-black gram as compared to their respective sole cropping. The wheat yield decreased by 21.21% in aonla + soybean-wheat and 14.40% in aonla + pigeon pea-wheat as compared to their respective sole cropping. The average decrease in seed yield of mustard in aonla + soybean-mustard over the soybean-mustard was of the order of 3.2%. The average decrease in seed yield of black gram in aonla + pigeon pea-black gram over the pigeon pea-black gram was of the order of 11.3%. Among the intercrop sequences, aonla intercropped with soybean-gram sequence recorded similar fruit yield. Various cropping sequences when intercropped with aonla resulted in an additional income. Aonla intercropped with soybean-mustard recorded the highest benefit: cost ratio of 4.02.

WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON WEED CONTROL EFFICIENCY AND YIELD OF BLACKGRAM

20Dec 2016 WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON WEED CONTROL EFFICIENCY AND YIELD OF BLACKGRAM S. Marimuthu , N. S. Venkataraman and S. Sanbagavalli. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641003, India. Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai - 625104, India. Assistant Professor, Department of Pulses, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641003, India.

Development and genetic analysis of inter sub specific Recombinant Inbred Line population in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

Blackgram ( Vigna mungo ) is fourth important pulse crop of India. Major constraints in achieving higher yield of blackgram are absence of suitable ideotypes for different cropping systems, poor harvest index and susceptibility to pests and diseases. Genetic maps can be constructed based on mapping population. Among the mapping populations, Recombinant Inbred Lines (RIL) is more advantages than others. In the present study, an inter sub specific RIL population was developed by crossing VBN (Bg) 4 x Vigna mungo var. silvestris 22/2 by single seed decent method. A total of 195 RILs were evaluated for 11 biometrical traits. RIL 113 recorded the highest mean for single plant yield (9.90 g) along with more number of pods plant (42.84). RIL 125 recorded the maximum yield of 8.93g per plant along with more number of clusters per plant (17.50) and RIL 131 had single plant yield of 7.99 g along with more number of pods per plant (34.00). RILs with high yield and yield attributing traits can be used to develop high yielding varieties. RILs isolated with specific traits could be used as pre breeding material for the improvement of blackgram.

Performance of Herbicides in Black Gram(Vigna MungoL.) and Associated Weed Flora

A field experiment was conducted during 2014 and 2015. To evaluate the effect of weed management practices on weed flora, weed dry weight, yield attributes and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). All the weed species were controlled effectively by the application of herbicides. Among the herbicides with the application of Pendimethalin 900 g ha-1 as pre - emergence + one hand weeding recorded minimum total dry weight in weeds and maximum grain yield of blackgram. The reduction in total dry weight (25.4 g m-2) and maximum yield was found in hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS. However Pendimethalin 900 g ha-1 Pre-emergence+ one hand weeding and Imazethapy + Pendimethalin (Pre-emergence) was found at par with two hand weeding.

Genetic variability and character association for biometrical traits in Blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

In the present investigation, eleven quantitative characters were evaluated in eighty genotypes of blackgram during Rabi 2014-15 season to assess the genetic variability and character association. The genotypes differed significantly for all the characters studied. The highest GCV recorded for number of branches per plant, seed yield per plant, number of clusters per plant, branch length, number of pods per plant and plant height. High heritability was recorded for branch length, number of branches, plant height, clusters per plant, seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant and pod length. The highest genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for number of branches, seed yield per plant, cluster per plant, branch length, pods per plant and plant height. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for branch length, number of branches, plant height, clusters per plant, seed yield per plant and number of pods per plant. Seed yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with pods per plant, clusters per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant height, branch length, 100 seed weight, number of branches and pod length at both phenotypic and genotypic level. The characters pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight exerted high positive direct association with seed yield. Number of pods per plant showed highly positive indirect effect on seed yield via number of clusters per plant, number of branches, plant height and branch length. Hence, selection based on number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and hundred seed weight would result in improving the seed yield of blackgram.

Effect of weed control practices on weeds and yield of black gram (<italic>Vigna mungo</italic>)

Field investigation was carried out during <italic>kharif</italic> season of 2012 the results showed that unchecked weeds caused a reduction of 66.67% in black gram yield. Two hand weeding at 25 and 50 DAS recorded maximum number of pods /plant, number of seeds /pod, 1000 seeds weight, seed yield and higher weed control efficiency followed by Imazathapyr+Imazamox (premix) @ 50 g/ha PoE at 20 DAS. Imazathapyr+Imazamox (premix) @ 50 g/ha at PoE 20 DAS registered highest net return and B:C ratio followed by Imazathapyr +Pendimethalin (premix) @ 1000 g/ha PE.

Estimation of genetic parameters and combining ability analysis in blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

An experiment was carried out in blackgram using line x tester mating design to estimate the gca effect of parents (six lines and five testers) and sca effect of 30 hybrids for yield and its traits. Estimates of gca and sca variances, degree of dominance, predictability ratio and narrow sense heritability revealed that only three trais viz., pods per plant, seeds per pod and single plant yield were controlled by additive gene action and hence showed high narrow sense heritability. Magnitude of non-additive gene action was higher than the additive gene action for traits like plant height, days to 50% flowering, cluster per plant, 100 seed weight, days to maturity, branches per plant and pod length. Three parents ‘MDU1, ADT3 and LBG-752 were the best combiners and three crosses ‘MDU1 x VBN (Bg) 6, LBG-752 x VBN (Bg) 6, LBG-752 x Mash-114 showed high per se performance and significant positive sca for yield. For exploiting both additive and non-additive gene action recurrent selection to be followed to improve yield in blackgram.

Effect of nutrients and plant growth regulators on growth and yield of black gram in sandy loam soils of Cauvery new delta zone, India

AbstractPulse productivity is very low in some of the sandy soil areas where, soils are having poor water and nutrient holding capacity. To improve the pulse productivity, field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu for two consecutive years to study the effect of phosphorus sources (mono- and diammonium phosphate) with brassinolide and salicylic acid on growth and yield of black gram in sandy loam soils. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications during kharif season. The treatments include 100% recommended dose of NPK along with foliar application of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), brassinolide (0.25 ppm), and salicylic acid (100 ppm) along with the combination of these treatments. TNAU pulse wonder at 5.0 kg ha−1 and TNAU micronutrient mixture (MN) at 5 kg ha−1 were also tried. The results revealed that application of 100% recommended dose of NPK + DAP 2% + TNAU pulse wonder 5.0 kg ha−1 was statisticall...

Response of leaf water status, stomatal characteristics, photosynthesis and yield in black gram and green gram genotypes to soil water deficit.

Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses constraining crop productivity worldwide. The objective of the present study was to investigate the differences in drought tolerance at leaf and stomatal level of black gram (genotypes: T9, KU 301, PU 19, USJD 113) and green gram (genotypes: Pratap, SG 21-5, SGC 16, TMB 37). Drought was applied for fifteen consecutive days at flowering stage (35 days after sowing). Mid-day leaf water potential (ΨL), leaf area, photosynthesis rate (PN), leaf chlorophyll, stomatal conductance (gs) and seed yield of drought- treated plants were calculated relative to those of well watered plants. Stomatal characteristics were observed in terms of stomatal frequency (SF) and stomatal aperture size (SA). Among the studied genotypes, T9 (black gram) and Pratap (green gram) proved their better tolerance capacity to drought by maintaining higher leaf area, ΨL, PN, leaf chlorophyll, gs and SA which contributed to better seed yield. Between the two crops, green gram appeared to be affected to a greater extent, as it experienced higher reduction in yield than black gram. A highly significant positive correlation (level 0.01) of seed yield was obtained with leaf area, ΨL, PN, leaf chlorophyll, gs and SA, whereas SF was found to be poorly correlated with seed yield.

Physiological approaches: Yield improvement in blackgram

Field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spray of nutrients and plant growth regulator on morphophysiological traits, biochemical parameters and yield of blackgram. The treatments viz., foliar spray of 2% DAP, 100 ppm salicylic acid + 2% DAP + 0.2% Boric acid + 0.5% FeSO4 + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.05% Na2MoO4, 2% urea, humic acid 20 kg soil application + 0.1% humic acid foliar spray, 1% KCl + humic acid 20 kg/ha as soil application + 0.1% humic acid foliar spray, 1% KCl + humic acid 20 kg/ha as soil application, brassinosteroid 0.1 ppm and control were imposed at 25 days after sowing and 15 days after first spray. Among the treatments, foliar spray of 2% urea had the profound effect in improving the growth attributes, chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate reductase activity. Further foliar spray of 2% urea recorded the highest yield of 900 kg/ha with a yield increment of 20% over control. The yield enhancement might be due to the improved morpho-physiological traits and yield attributes.

Studies on variability, heritability and genetic advance for quantitative traits in black gram [Vigna mungo(L.) Hepper

The present investigation was carried out with 57 genotypes including 42 F1 hybrids and their 17 parents (14 lines and 3 testers) for 14 quantitative characters at Hayathnagar Research Farm, CRIDA Hyderabad during Rabi 2013 to assess the variability, heritability and genetic advance in black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences for all the 14 characters indicating presence of genetic variability among lines, testers and hybrids. The highest GCV and PCV were recorded for pod weight followed by pods per plant, seeds per plant, seed yield and plant height. The high heritability along with high genetic advance recorded for plant height, pod weight, seed yield and total biomass. The above traits can be used as selection criteria in black gram breeding programme to improve yield in blackgram.

Developing and Evaluation of Ecofriendly Fertilizer from Poultry Waste to Enhance Pulse Production in Alfisols of Semi-arid Tropics

Poultry manure (PM) has long been recognized the most desirable organic fertilizer. It improves soil fertility by adding both major and essential nutrients, as well as soil organic matter, which improves moisture and nutrient retention. The present study investigates the effectiveness of different levels of applied poultry-manure compost (PMC) and phospho-poultry-manure compost (PPMC) on the growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L). A field experiment was conducted to assess the nutrient-supplying capacity and soil health improvement potential of PMC and PPMC at 3.12, 6.25, 9.37, and 12.5 t/ha and to find the optimum dose of PMC as an organic fertilizer to maximize the pulse production in Alfisols of semi-arid tropics. Application of PPMC at 12.5 and 9.37 t ha−1 increased the seed yield 105% and 102% more than the no-manure plot. Application of PMC at 12.5 t ha−1 recorded 80% yield increment than no manure applied and the yield difference of PPMC was 20 to 25% greater than PMC alone. Application of PPMC at 12.5 and 9.37 t ha−1 resulted in desirable soil physical and chemical properties especially 85 and 70% soil-available P improvement and significant role in increasing yield of blackgram. Application of PPMC at 9.37 t ha−1 was found to be economically viable to the farmers in terms of improvement in soil properties and crop yield.

Application of lime pelletted Rhizobium culture for increasing the yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo) in the constrained acidic soils of West Bengal

A study was conducted in the Instructional farm of Dakshin Dinajpur Krishi Vigyan Kendra (on-station trial) as well as in the framers’ field (on farm testing) to study the productivity enhancement of Vigna mungo L. in the selected acidic soils of West Bengal. Proper NPK application along with lime pelleted seed treatment with Rhizobium increased the yield by 34.5% over farmers’ practice while addition of lime in soil increased 30% additional yield. In OST and OFT significant productivity increase (94.6% and 64% respectively) in blackgram was achieved through the application of lime, balanced fertilization, Rhizobium seed treatment while best economic returns were obtained through lime pelleted Rhizobium seed treatment in blackgram compared to least management practices.