Yield Of Blackgram Research Articles

Influence of Biofertilizers and Gibberellic Acid on Growth and Yield of Blackgram (Vigna Mungo L.)

Influence of Biofertilizers and Gibberellic Acid on Growth and Yield of Blackgram (Vigna Mungo L.)

Effect of different organic nutrient sources on growth, yield attributes and yield of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] under organic farming

Effect of different organic nutrient sources on growth, yield attributes and yield of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] under organic farming

Impact of Crop-specific Technologies and Organic Growth Stimulants on Mustard, Black Gram and Green Gram in Sundarban area of West Bengal

The gap between actual and potential crop production can be minimized by maintaining plant health, which needs crop-specific technology interventions. On-farm trials were conducted during 2017-18 and 2018-19 in the farmers’ fields in the Sundarbans to study the impact of crop-specific technologies on crop yields. The yield of mustard can be increased by about 47% with the installation of A. mellifera bee hives @ 3 ha-1 while it was about 40% in the case of A. cerena type @ 5 ha-1. A considerable increase (30.17% and 20.90%) in pod setting was recorded via the installation of mellifera bee hive and cerena type, respectively. Spraying of panchagavya @ 5%, sasyagavya @ 5%, and dasaparni @ 1% at 30 days after sowing (DAS) onwards at 15 days intervals, alternate application with 600 L ha-1 of jeevamrit as soil application at 30 DAS boosted the plant growth attributing characters in black gram. The same treatment recorded the highest yield of black gram (0.95 t ha-1), lowest infestation of pod borer (8.6%) and lowest powdery mildew infestation (21.20%). Application of beejamrit for seed bio-priming and 5% jeevamrit at 30 and 45 DAS as spray and soil application @ 600 L ha-1 also showed potential results with 30% increased yield of black gram over existing farmers’ practices. The integrated approach consisting of the application of T. viride enriched cow dung @ 750 kg ha-1, seed treatment with carboxin 17.5% + thiram 17.5% @ 3 mL kg-1 seed, installation of pheromone trap @ 30 ha-1 and need-based spot application of neemastra @ 3% resulted in highest seed yield of green gram (0.94 t ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.38) followed by chemical management (0.93 t ha-1, 3.23).

Potassium Management for Improving Mash Grain Yield in a Field Experiment at Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur

To improve production and quality of pulse crops, balanced use of production inputs is important to sustain soil fertility and to combat nutrient deficiency in particular. To understand the effect of potassium (K) fertilization on yield and yield attributes of mash bean/ black gram in a potassium deficient soil, a study was carried out for two consecutive years at the experimental farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur, India. Mash variety ‘Mash 114’ was tested in a randomized complete block design with three replications having different fertilizer treatments of potassium application rates Application of potassium fertilizer significantly increased the grain yield to 1963 kg ha-1 whereas plots without K fertilization maintained an average grain yield of 1204 kg ha-1. Maximum grain and straw yield in black gram was obtained with potassium application at the rate of 50 kg K2O ha-1 followed by 25 kg K2O ha-1. The two treatments were at par with each other however, treatment 50kg K2O ha-1 was significantly superior to treatment 12.5 kg K2O ha-1, NP and control. Inclusion of potassium in fertilization schedule alongwith N and P significantly influenced plant height, number of pods per plant, and 100 seed weight (g) in comparison to NP and control treatment. Quadratic regression equation also explained the progressive increase in seed yield of mash bean with increasing levels of potassium.

Performance of black gram varieties to mungbean yellow mosaic disease at different sowing dates under spring and summer condition in western terai of Nepal

A field experiment was conducted at Grain Legumes Research Program (GLRP), Khajura, Banke, Nepal during spring and summer season 2019 to elucidate the effect of date of sowing and blackgram varieties on mungbean yellow mosaic disease severity and yield. The experiment was conducted in 2 factorial randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Factor A comprised date of sowing (S1= 5th April 2019, S2= 20th April 2019, S3= 5th May 2019, S4= 20th May 2019, S5= 25th July 2019, S6= 10th August 2019, S7= 25th August 2019 and S8= 10th September 2019) and factor B (Variety): V1= Khajura Mas 1 and V2= Rampur Mas. Disease severity was scored in 1-6 scale. Results revealed that mean values for days to disease appearance, disease score and grain yield in spring season sowing was 26 days, 3.72 and 635 kg/ha, whereas for summer season sowing was 14 days, 5.04 and 185 kg/ha. Among the date of sowing, April 5th sown crop recorded minimum mean disease score (3.1) with highest yield (719 kg/ha). Whereas, September 10th sown crop recorded maximum mean disease score (5.1) with lowest yield (174 kg/ha). Black gram varieties showed significant response to mean disease score and yield at early sowing condition but when the sowing date was delayed, there was no significant response of varieties to mean disease score and yield. The contribution of regression (R2 =0.791) and (R2 = 0.655) for spring season and summer season indicate that 79% and 65% of the blackgram yield would be affected by disease for the respective season. Therefore, it is better to sow blackgram in early season to escape mungbean yellow mosaic disease and minimize yield loss.

Effect of Zinc Fertilization on Zinc Transformations and Yield of Blakgram Grown in Inceptisols: A Case Study from India

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of zinc fertilization on zinc transformation under blakgram crop grown on Inceptisols at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during Rabi, 2021. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three main treatments of zinc levels application (0, 25 and 50 kg Zn ha-1) and five sub treatments of blackgram varieties (LBG 752, LBG 787, TBG 104, GBG 1 and PU 31) replicated three times. The various Zn fractions viz., water soluble plus exchangeable Zn (WS+EX-Zn), organically complexed Zn(OCX-Zn), amorphous sesquioxide bound Zn(AMOX-Zn), crystalline sesquioxide bound Zn(CRYOX-Zn), residual Zn(Res-Zn) and total Zn were studied during different (pod development and harvest) stages of the crop. The results of experiment showed that the WS+EX-Zn, OCX-Zn, AMOX-Zn and CRYOX-Zncontent in soil significantly increased with increased levels of Zn application. Residual Zn was dominant fraction among all zinc fraction. Further, the concentration of WS+EX-Zn and OCX-Zn of soil significantly enhanced the yield of blackgram.

Management of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and Yellow Mosaic Virus Disease Infesting Blackgram, Vigna mungo (Linn)

Background: Pulse crops have a unique position in sustainable crop production as they provide highly nutritive food and keep the soil alive as well as productive. They play an important role in the Indian agriculture economy being the major source of protein in Indian dietary. Due to its more luxurious growth and more vegetative canopy, number of insect pests and diseases attack from seedling to maturity stage especially sucking pests like whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.), which is the vector of the drastic disease, yellow mosaic virus disease (YMD) and cause losses ranging from 30-80% per cent. Methods: The field experiment on the management of whitefly and yellow mosaic disease (YMD), was conducted by integrating different combination of insecticides and yellow sticky trap during Kharif, 2018 and 2019 at instructional farm of VBKVK, Udaipur. Seven treatments comprising of different combinations of seed treatments at the time of sowing, foliar spray at 30 and 45 DAG and yellow sticky traps were evaluated. Result: Among the different treatments, seed treatment with Imidacloprid 600 FS @ 5 ml/kg, first foliar spray of Diafenthuron 50 WP @ 0.1% and second foliar spray with Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.5 g/l at 30 and 45 DAS respectively + yellow sticky trap resulted in significantly less YMD incidence (18.91%) and the minimum mean whitefly population and highest seed yield of blackgram. The above treatment was followed by seed treatment with Imidacloprid 600 FS @ 5 ml/kg and two foliar spray of Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.5 g/l at 30 and 45 DAS + yellow sticky trap, which recorded 20.31% disease incidence of YMD and mean whitefly population of (3.77 and 1.44/plant, respectively after first and second spray) and black gram yield of 10.01 q/ha.

Response of Black Gram Crop to Rhizobacteria

Field experiments were conducted during summer seasons in two consecutive years (2020-21 and 2021-22) at Experimental Farm of College of Agriculture, Tripura to find out the best Rhizobacteria inoculants for stimulation of nodulation and increasing yield of blackgram crop. From the findings of two years’ experiment, it can be noted that inoculation of Rhizobium significantly increased the number and dry mass of nodules (32.8 plant-1 and 35.8 mg plant-1 at 30 DAS), plant dry mass (26.8 g plant-1) and grain yield (861.3 kg ha-1) of black gram. Azotobacter chroococcum alone and with Rhizobium numerically favoured the nodulation (29.6 and 34.2 plant-1 respectively) in black gram. Rhizobium + A. chroococcum treatment produced significantly more plant dry mass (29.6 g plant-1) and grain yield (930.6 kg ha-1) of black gram over the uninoculated control (23.2 g plant-1 and 747.9 kg ha-1 respectively) and Rhizobium alone, respectively. Bacillus sp. in conjunction with Rhizobium were statistically comparable to Rhizobium alone inoculation in respect of nodule mass and grain yield. All the three inoculants together gave the 890.3 kg ha-1 black gram yield which was statistically comparable to Rhizobium + A. chroococcum in black gram. So, from the results of experiment, it can be concluded that dual inoculation of black gram seeds with Rhizobium + A. chroococcum promotes significant nodulation of black gram crop with in turn increases the plant biomass and seed yield of summer blackgram crop.

​Impact of Paddy and Coffee Husk as the Bio Compost and its Effect on the Growth and Yield of Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

The recent developments of urban areas change the climate in the ecosystem and decreasing the arable land became the pressurized problems for all the producers of the present world. Moreover organic agriculture optimizes the application of biocomposts to improve soil fertility and productivity while minimizing the environmental implications and also it is necessary for sustainable agriculture. The study was conducted at St Josephs College for Women (A), Visakhapatnam andhra Pradesh. Agro-industrial wastes of Paddy and Coffee husk were collected and were used for the biocomposting process using Pleurotus eous, P.florida, Trichoderma asperelloides and Eisenia fetida. The vermicompost was used for the growth of black gram with 6 treatments. The plant was analyzed for root length, shoot length, number of leaves, number of nodules, fresh weight and dry weight at different stages (20,40 and 60 DAS). On 90th day the yield parameters like number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, length of the pod, weight of the seeds/pod, fresh weight and dry weight of the pod were analyzed. The experimental study results revealed that the treatment 6 (Pre decomposed Coffee husk, Consortium of Pleurotus eous, P.florida, Trichoderma asperelloides and Eisenia fetida) has shown a significant increase in root length (7.9,12.2 and 16.5 cm), shoot length (11.8, 25.8 and 30.7 cm), number of leaves(19.0,37.0 and 41.0) number of nodules(10.0,30.0 and 17.0), fresh weight (2.77,7.37 and 15.39 g) and dry weight (0.52,3.67 and 5.73 g) of the plant on 20 DAS, 40 DAS and 60 DAS and the yield parameters also showed the increase in number of pods/plant (39), number of seeds/plant (5), length of the pod (5.6 cm), weight of the seeds /pod (2.384 g), fresh weight of the pod (2.95 g) and dry weight (1.195 g) on 90th Day of black gram when in comparison with the control. It is to conclude that treatment 6 can be a better manure to enhance the growth and yield of plants and also it can be a great help for the farmers.

Response of Black Gram Crop to Rhizobacteria

Field experiments were conducted during summer seasons in two consecutive years (2020-21 and 2021-22) at Experimental Farm of College of Agriculture, Tripura to find out the best Rhizobacteria inoculants for stimulation of nodulation and increasing yield of blackgram crop. From the findings of two years’ experiment, it can be noted that inoculation of Rhizobium significantly increased the number and dry mass of nodules (32.8 plant-1 and 35.8 mg plant-1 at 30 DAS), plant dry mass (26.8 g plant-1) and grain yield (861.3 kg ha-1) of black gram. Azotobacter chroococcum alone and with Rhizobium numerically favoured the nodulation (29.6 and 34.2 plant-1 respectively) in black gram. Rhizobium + A. chroococcum treatment produced significantly more plant dry mass (29.6 g plant-1) and grain yield (930.6 kg ha-1) of black gram over the uninoculated control (23.2 g plant-1 and 747.9 kg ha-1 respectively) and Rhizobium alone, respectively. Bacillus sp. in conjunction with Rhizobium were statistically comparable to Rhizobium alone inoculation in respect of nodule mass and grain yield. All the three inoculants together gave the 890.3 kg ha-1 black gram yield which was statistically comparable to Rhizobium + A. chroococcum in black gram. So, from the results of experiment, it can be concluded that dual inoculation of black gram seeds with Rhizobium + A. chroococcum promotes significant nodulation of black gram crop with in turn increases the plant biomass and seed yield of summer blackgram crop.

​Physiological and Biochemical Characters of Blackgram as Influenced by Liquid Rhizobium with Organic Biostimulants

Background: The productivity of blackgram is not adequate to meet the domestic demand of the growing Indian population. Consequently, there is an urgent need for enhancement of productivity through proper management practices. With this background, a research experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of liquid rhizobium with organic bio-stimulants on physiological and biochemical characters, antioxidant enzymes and yield of blackgram. Methods: A field experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications during 2021 (Kharif and Rabi) season. The treatments include 100% recommended dose of NPK along with foliar application of dasagavya, liquid rhizobium, fish amino acid, panchagavya, pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFM) and Sea weed extract with different concentration (1% and 3%, respectively) in addition to control. Organic bio stimulants were sprayed at 30 and 45 days after the sowing of blackgram. Result: The experiment results revealed that the application of 100% RDF+Liquid Rhizobium @ 1% registered maximum physiological and biochemical characters viz., CGR, total chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, nitrate reductase activity, catalase activity, peroxidase activity and number of root nodules plant-1, yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, grain yield (kg ha-1), haulm yield (kg ha-1). Correlation and Regression analysis also indicated that the yield attributes had a positive impact on the grain yield.

Assessing the influence of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.)

The present study was undertaken to observe the effect of combined application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and yield contributing characters of black gram. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment comprises eight treatments viz. Control (no application of manures and fertilizer), Recommended doses of fertilizer (RDF), Cowdung @ 5 t ha-1 + 50% of RDF, Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 + 50% of RDF, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + 50% of RDF, Cowdung @ 5 t ha-1 + Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 + 50% of RDF, Cowdung @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + 50% of RDF and Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + 50% of RDF. Combined application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers exerted significance influence on growth, yield and yield contributing characters of black gram. At growth, the tallest plant (38.74 cm), the highest number of leaves plant-1 (15.55), leaf dry weight plant-1 (6.99 g) and stem dry weight plant-1 (3.01 g) of black gram at 50 days after sowing (DAS) were obtained from poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 along with 50% of RDF. While, at 50 DAS, the highest number of nodules plant-1 (55.22) was recorded from cowdung @ 5 t ha-1 along with 50% of RDF and the highest number of SPAD value plant-1 (42.03) was found in poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 along with 50% of RDF. Again, at maturity, the highest number of seeds pod-1 (5.86), yield plant-1 (7.77 g), grain yield m-2 (130.70 g) and total dry weight plant-1 (17.21 g) were obtained from poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 along with 50% of RDF. Therefore, it can be concluded that poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 along with 50% of RDF combination might be a promising practice for black gram cultivation.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Yield Contributing Characters on Seed Yield in Black Gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world. Pulses play a crucial role in the nutrition of mankind and can be cultivated all over the world, making them important both economically as well as nutritionally. The present investigation was carried out with objective of assessing genetic variability, genetic parameters like GCV, PCV, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path analysis on 26 Blackgram genotypes with one check using randomized block design with three replication during Kharif 2021 in experimental Farm of the Department Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. Observations were recorded for 13 characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to 50% pod setting, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length (cm), biological yield per plant (g), harvest Index (%), seed index, seed yield per plant (g). based on mean performance MASH -338 found to be superior in seed yield per plant followed by IPU-99. Among the 13 quantitative characters, high estimates of GCV and PCV were recorded respectively for number of pods per plant followed by number of clusters per plant. Number of pods per plant showed high heritability and genetic advance. Positive and significant correlation with number of clusters per plant at genotypic and phenotypic level. At genotypic level, the highest positive direct effect on Seed yield per plant effect was found for number of clusters per plant and harvest index at genotypic level. It can be concluded that these traits can be used as selection criteria in blackgram for bringing improvement in seed yield.

Soil Physico-chemical Properties as Influenced by Combined use of NPK and Zinc at Varying Levels under Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) Cultivation in an Inceptisol of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

In the modern era, Indian farmers are constantly confronted with the enormous challenge of increasing blackgram production due to low inherent nutrient status, indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and rapid depletion of soil fertility. Therefore, the recommended dose of fertilizer application is essential for increasing the nutrient reputation of the soil, with the intention of enhancing the blackgram production in our country. In view of limited information, a field experiment was undertaken at the Research Farm, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P), during late kharif season of 2021, to investigate the “Effect of Different Levels of NPK and Zinc on Physico-Chemical properties of Soil, Growth and Yield of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) var. RBU-38”. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 9 treatments randomly allocated into three replications. The treatment consisted of three levels of NPK (0:0:0, 10:20:10 and 20:40:20 kg ha-1) and three levels of zinc (0, 2.5 and 5 kg ha-1). Statistical interpretation of experimental results indicated that application of blended NPK @ 20:40:20 kg ha-1 in conjunction with Zn @ 5 kg ha-1 [T9] performed better in maintaining soil properties by way of registering optimum values of bulk density (1.298 Mg m-3), particle density (2.454 Mg m-3), pore space (47.11%), water holding capacity (40.17%) with neutral in soil pH (7.375), non-saline nature of EC (0.281 dS m-1) and low in organic carbon (0.437%). In case of soil nutrient status, the highest availability of nitrogen (287.08 kg ha-1), potassium (201.53 kg ha-1) and zinc (0.685 ppm) at post-harvest soil of blackgram were also recorded in T9 [N20P40K20 + Zn @ 5 kg ha-1] as compared to other treatments, while maximum phosphorus (25.10 kg ha-1) availability was noted under T7 [N20P40K20 + Zn @ 0 kg ha-1] due to the antagonistic relationship between phosphorus and zinc.

Effect of Soil Application and Foliar Spray of Sulphur Nutrition on Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

Aim: To study the effect of soil application and foliar spray of sulphur nutrient application in growth and development of black gram cultivation.
 Study Design: The Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) was used. The treatments of soil application of sulphur viz., No basal, Gypsum @ 25 kg ha-1, SOB @ 2 kg ha-1 as basal and foliar spray viz., No spray, pulse wonder @ 5 kg ha-1on 30 DAS, K2SO4 @ 1% on 45 DAS, pulse wonder @ 5 kg ha-1 on 30 DAS + K2SO4 @ 1% on 45 DAS were used.
 Place and Duration of Study: This research trail was conducted during the Winter season (February – May) of 2022 at ICAR - Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sirugamani, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.
 Methodology: The study consisted of 12 combination of treatments in FRBD which was replicated thrice. The black gram (Var. Vamban 8) was used for this study. The observations were recorded during the different phases of growth at regular intervals.
 Results: The experimental results revealed that the interaction effect of application of gypsum as basal along with foliar spray of pulse wonder + K2SO4 found to be superior and recorded significantly higher growth, yield and quality parameters viz., plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter accumulation, SPAD value at 20 DAS, 40 DAS and 60 DAS number of pods plant-1, number of seed pod-1, pod length, pod weight and sulphur content in seed. Gypsum as basal application along with foliar spray of pulse wonder + K2SO4 proved to be the best and increased the grain yield of 30% over the no basal application and no foliar spray. Thus application of gypsum @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal and foliar spray of pulse wonder @ 5 kg ha-1 on 30 DAS + K2SO4 @ 1% on 45 DAS could be recommended for improving the productivity of black gram.

Influence of Sea Weed Extract (Kappaphycus alverzii) and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

A field experiment was conducted in Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Science, Prayagraj, (U.P), during the zaid season of 2022 with the objective to study the ‟Influence of sea weed extract (Kappaphycus alverzii) and Zinc on growth and yield of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)”. Pulses are an integral part of many diets across the globe and they have great potential to improve human health. Black gram crop grown in many parts of India. This crop is grown in the cropping systems as a mixed crop, catch crop, sequential crop besides growing as a sole crop under residual moisture conditions after the harvest of other summer crops under semi-irrigated and dry land conditions ,and the variety is shekar 2. The soil in the experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, pH (6.9), low in organic carbon (0.112%), available N(278.93 kg ha-1), available P (10.80 kg ha-1) and available K (206.4 kg ha-1).The layout of the experiment was done in a Randomized block design with nine treatments which is replicated thrice. The 3 levels of concentration of sea weed extract (Kappaphycus alverzii) (2%, 3%, 4%) foliar application and three levels of zinc (15,20,25 kg ha-1) soil application.Growth and yield parameters namely plant height, dry weight, pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, test weight, seed yield, Stover yield, harvest index were collected from this experiment. Results revealed that significantly higher plant height (24.2cm), dry weight (4.9), pods/plant (21.2), seeds/pod (5.7), seed yield (637.0 kg ha-1), Stover yield (873 kg ha-1) were recorded with treatment combination of 4%K sap + ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1 (treatment 9). Maximum gross return (82819.00 INR/ha), net returns (55880.00 INR/ha), and benefit cost (2.07) were obtained highest in the treatment combination of 4%K sap + ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1 (treatment 9).

Effect of Spacing and Boron Levels on Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

A field experiment was conducted aiming to study the influence of Spacing and Boron levels on growth and yield of black gram during Zaid season 2022. The treatments comprised of row spacing (25, 30, 35 cm) and boron at (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 kg/ha). The results show that application of boron 2.0 kg/ha at 35 × 10 cm spacing has recorded significantly higher plant height (44.53 cm), number of branches per plant (9.27), number of nodules (35.53) and dry weight (10.44 g). However higher number of pods per plant (30.73), seeds per pod (6.40), test weight (42.48 g), seed yield (930.33 kg/ha) and stover yield (2040.33 kg/ha) gross return (Rs 58,610.79/ha), net return (Rs 34,311/ha) and B:C ratio (1.41) were recorded with the application of boron 2.0 kg/ha at 25×10 cm spacing. Therefore, the spacing of 25×10 cm and application of Boron @ 2.0 kg/ha could be a promising option for the yield enhancement in black gram.

Effect of Weed Management Practices and Bio- fertilizers with and without FYM on Weed Flora, Growth and Yield of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

A field experiment was conducted in farmer’s field at Narasipuram block, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu during summer season, 2021-22, to study the influence of weed management practices and bio-fertilizers with and without FYM on weed flora, growth and yield of blackgram. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four weed management practices as main plots, viz., M1- PE Pendimethalin 30% EC 1 kg ha-1 sprayed at 3 DAS, M2 - EPoE imazethapyr 10% SL 50 g ha-1, M3 – EPoE Quizalofop-p-ethyl 5% EC 50 g ha-1applied at 10 DAS and M4 - two hand weeding (15 and 30 DAS) and four different treatments of bio-fertilizers with and without FYM viz., S1 – Rhizobium + Phosphobacteria, S2 – Rhizobium + Phosphobacteria + AM fungi, S3 – S1 + FYM, S4 – S2 + FYM and S5 - control. The results revealed that interaction effect of pendimethalin 1 kg ha-1 (M4) and Rhizobium + Phosphobacteria + AM fungi with FYM (S4) recorded maximum growth and yield parameters viz., plant height, dry matter production, number of pods plant-1, seeds pods-1, pod length and 100 grain weight. Moreover, produce higher grain and haulm yield compared over rest of treatments.

Effect of Phosphorus in Conjoint with Organics and Bioinoculant on Growth, Yield and Quality Parameters of Blackgram in Typic Chromustert

Aims: Use of phosphorus fertilizer along with farmyard manure, vermicompost and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium) in black calcareous soil was conducted to assess the impact on the growth, yield and quality parameters of blackgram variety VBN 8 during the year 2022.
 Study Design: Randomized Block Design (RBD) with twelve treatments and three replications.
 Place and Duration of Study: Kalligudi block of Madurai district, representing the Southern part of Tamil Nadu during the summer season of 2022.
 Methodology: Twelve treatments were followed with various combinations of organics viz, vermicompost and farmyard manure, bioinoculant, and inorganic chemical fertilizer at different ratios. The combinations are 100 per cent and 75 per cent of P2O5 on STCR (Soil Test Crop Response) basis mixed with farmyard manure (1:10 ratio) and vermicompost (1:5 ratio). The impact of different treatments were recorded on shoot length, root volume, SPAD value, Leaf Area Index, grain yield, protein, cystine, and methionine content.
 Results: Among the treatments, application of 100% of P2O5 on Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) basis incubated for 30 days with vermicompost at 1:5 ratio + phosphorus solubilizing bacteria @ 2 kg ha-1 T11 has improved the black gram shoot length (27.6 cm), root volume (2.43 cm3), SPAD value (45.91), Leaf Area Index at 20 DAS (1.09) and 40 DAS (3.7), grain yield (936.1 kg ha-1) protein content (23.21%), cystine content (1.97%) and methionine content (2.29%).
 Conclusion: The integration of vermicompost and bioinoculant along with phosphorus fertilizer in black calcareous soil has improved the blackgram yield by 35.8% over the use of recommended dose of fertilizer alone. This result highlights the need of integrated application of phosphorus fertilizer along with organics and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria in black calcareous soil for sustainable production of blackgram.

Effect of biofertilizers and phosphorus levels on growth, yield and nodulation of black gram (Vigna mungo)

Pulses plays a very important role in deciding economy of Moradabad region as a number of pulses are grown by farmers in this region. The major issue that farmers faces is low productivity and major reason behind that is low nutrient status and lack of beneficial microorganisms in the soil. Application of balanced nutrition primarily phosphorus in leguminous crops plays a key role in root development and nodule formation which ultimately reduces the dependence on nitrogen fertilizers through atmospheric nitrogen fixation. To evaluate this further, a field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2019 at Agricultural Farm of IFTM University, Moradabad, to study the effect of levels of phosphorus and biofertilizers viz., Rhizobium and PSB on growth and yield of black gram which is an important pulse crop in Moradabad region. The experiment consisted of seven treatments with NPK fertilizer @ 20:40:40 kg/ha (or) 20:40:60 kg/ha with and without seed inoculation with Rhizobium or Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) or in combination. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design replicated thrice. Black gram variety ‘Azaad-2’ was sown at a spacing of 30 × 15 cm on a sandy loam soil which was low in organic carbon (0.39 %), available nitrogen (87.75 kg/ha) and available phosphorus (13.5 kg/ha) and medium in available potassium content (198 kg/ha). The experimental results indicated that, application of NPK @ 20:60:40 kg/ha + Seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB resulted in highest values of all the growth parameters such as plant height, number of primary branches, number of leaves and number of root nodules at different growth stages. This treatment has also reported an increase in grain yield by 39.90% and 33.55 % respectively over control (no fertilizer) and conventional practices (NPK @ 20:40:40, which clearly indicates the suitability in obtaining maximum yield and fetching higher returns for the black gram farmers in Moradabad region.