Biodiesel Production Yield Research Articles

Analysis of the biodiesel production yield from waste frying oil

This research sought to produce biodiesel from waste frying oil (WFO) from chicken grills by using chemical transesterification to evaluate quality conditions and the yield of the biodiesel obtained. For this, acid esterification and basic transesterification were applied under the following conditions: reaction temperature 60°C, catalyst concentration of 1% (m/m) KOH, oil:alcohol 1: 6 molar ratio, and two reaction times (55 and 70min) for the transesterification. The physicochemical properties of the raw material were analyzed (i.e., density, humidity, kinematic viscosity, fatty acid profile, acidity index, peroxides, and saponification) where the WFO showed high contents of oleic acid (42.45%) and palmitic acid (33.52%), which are fundamental for biodiesel production. Chemical transesterification under the conditions of 60°C, 1% KOH, and 70min obtained the best yield by presenting a high conversion percentage (96.15%) and an acid number of 1.33mmKOH/g, according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 international standards.

Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of biodiesel from peanut oil by using response surface methodology

Biodiesel is a non-toxic and renewable fuel produced by a transesterification reaction between alcohol and vegetable oil. The objective of this paper is to optimize the ultrasound-assisted production of biodiesel. The central composite design method was used to optimize the transesterification reaction conditions of biodiesel production from peanut oil. The independent variables investigated in the course of the experiment include the catalyst concentration, the reaction time, and the ultrasonic amplitude. The reaction was done by employing ultrasound under set conditions of atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. A statistical model predicted the optimum conversion yield of peanut biodiesel to be 100.00% under the following optimum experimental conditions: ultrasonic amplitude equals 69.7%, catalyst concentration equals 0.88% weight percent catalyst, and reaction time of 39.38 s. Also, such conditions led to obtaining the linear equation for predicting the conversion yield of biodiesel production.

NaOH impregnated sepiolite based heterogeneous catalyst and its utilization for the production of biodiesel from canola oil

ABSTRACTNaOH/sepiolite nanocomposite heterogenous base catalyst (NaOH/sep.) was prepared via impregnation process and tested in a three-neck flask equipped with thermometer and reflux condenser for the production of biodiesel from transesterification of canola oil in an excess amount of methanol. The ratio of NaOH and sepiolite was selected as 1:4. The influence of various operational parameters was examined such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst dosage, and reaction temperature. Untreated sepiolite and NaOH loaded sepiolite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Overall NaOH/sep. based biodiesel production yield was examined by the help of Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The yield was calculated from the peak areas as 80.93% which is better than that of expensive catalysis system using studies.

Enhanced biodiesel production from chicken fat using CaO/CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst and its combination with diesel to improve fuel properties

In this study, a new CaO/CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst was first synthesized and its structural and morphological properties were evaluated by using various analyzes such as SEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, EDX and TEM. Then, biodiesel was prepared by using chicken fat in the presence of CaO/CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst during transesterification process. To determine the highest yield of biodiesel production, the effect of different parameters such as methanol to oil ratio (4:1–24:1), reaction time (0.5–6 h), reaction temperature (50–80 °C), and catalyst content (0.5–7%) was studied accordingly. The result indicated that the highest biodiesel yield was obtained at the methanol to oil ratio of 15:1, the reaction time of 4 h, the reaction temperature of 70 °C and catalyst content of 3% which was 94.52%. Subsequently, the biodiesel produced in optimum conditions was mixed with gasoline in various ratios (B100, B80, B60, B40, B30, B20 and B10). Finally, the physical and chemical properties of synthesis fuels such as density, flash point, kinematic viscosity, pour and cloud points were investigated based on the international standards of ASTM D 6751 and ASTM D 14214.

Toward estimation of biodiesel production from castor oil using ANN

ABSTRACTNowadays, a green replacement for the conventional petrodiesel introduced as biodiesel in which its economical production way is using feedstock. Also, environmentally friendly fuels attracted more attention due to the serious global warming problem. In the present study, two different artificial intelligencebased modeling was utilized to predict the production of biodiesel from castor oil. Also, a comparison between the two methods was carried out, and the more applicable method for the prediction of biodiesel production was introduced. To this end, biodiesel production yield from castor oil assumed to be the target of the model and various parameters such as temperature (T), time (S), methanol to oil molar ratio, and catalyst weight (C) expected as input parameters. ANN modeling shows high accuracy and robustness for the prediction of biodiesel production, and statistical parameters such as coefficient of determination and root-mean-square error are 0.9984 and 1.13, respectively.

Biodiesel production from oil-rich feedstock: A neural network modeling

ABSTRACTBiodiesel produced from oil-rich feedstocks is known as a green replacement for conventional petroleum diesel. Transesterification is the common method used for biodiesel production. Hence, in this contribution, neural network modeling and least square support vector machine (LSSVM) modeling were used to predict the transesterification of castor oil with methanol to form biodiesel. Also, genetic algorithm was used for the optimization of predictive model. Input and output parameter of predictive models for the prediction of biodiesel production yield and estimation of the efficiency of biodiesel production are catalyst weight (C), methanol-to-oil molar ratio (MOR), time (S), temperature (T), and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield, respectively. Proposed LSSVM modeling predicts biodiesel production yield or FAME yield within ±2% relative deviation with a high value of coefficient of determination (0.99583) and a low value of absolute deviation (1.27) in which the mentioned statistical parameters represent the accuracy and robustness of the model.

Effectiveness of using deep eutectic solvents as an alternative to conventional solvents in enzymatic biodiesel production from waste oils

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proposed as a more benign replacement to toxic and volatile organic solvents in enzymatic biodiesel production, used to minimize methanol inhibition effect and enhance the stability of immobilized enzyme. Despite their several advantages, ILs are expensive, which renders the overall process unfeasible. In this work, the use of low-cost deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has been investigated as a new reaction medium for enzymatic biodiesel production from waste oils. A DES composed of chlorine-chloride and glycerol (ChCl:Gly) was tested and its effectiveness was compared to 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim][PF6], which has shown positive results. To decrease the viscosity of ChCl:Gly DES, ternary ChCl:Gly:water DESs with different water contents were prepared and tested. Despite lower cost compared to ILs, without successful repeated reuse of the DES-immobilized lipase system, their advantages remain theoretical. Therefore, the reusability of the DES-Novozym®435 system in consecutive cycles was examined. It was shown that 34% biodiesel production yield could be achieved in ChCl:Gly at 1:2 molar ratio, compared to 23% when [bmim][PF6] was used. The yield increased further, when the ternary DES of ChCl:Gly:water (1:2) with 3 wt% water was used, reaching 44%. By removing the by-product glycerol, the reusability of the DES-immobilized system was improved, with better results achieved using 1-butanol compared to using ethylene glycol.

Stirring and mixing in ethylic biodiesel production

This study aimed to analyze the influence of stirring and mixing on the production of soybean biodiesel. It was verified the influence of the baffle, different stirring speeds and two types of impellers (turbine and blade). The experiments were conducted by full experimental design 23 with the following fixed parameters: temperature (70 °C), oil/ethanol molar ratio (1/10), catalyst amount (1.5%), and reaction time (30 min). The independent variables were impeller type (turbine or blade), baffle (presence or absence), and stirring speed (150 or 350 rpm). Chromatographic analyses helped to determine the yield of biodiesel production at different operating times. The optimized parameters turbine impeller, absence of baffle, and stirring speed of 350 rpm provided high biodiesel yields within the first minutes of reaction. The analysis of the effect over time allows to verify in which period the variables had more influence on the biodiesel production and in which time there is no increase of the yield.

Application of ANNs, ANFIS and RSM to estimating and optimizing the parameters that affect the yield and cost of biodiesel production

ABSTRACTBiodiesel can easily be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines. It is environmentally friendly and can be produced from low-cost feedstocks such as waste cooking oil (WCO). WCO contains a significant amount of free fatty acid, which is extracted by a two-step process of converting the free fatty acid by acid catalysis (H2S04) and converting the triglycerides using an NaOH catalyst. Currently, the major challenge for the industrial production of biodiesel is optimizing the yield while meeting American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. In this study, experiments were performed to optimize the reaction conditions. The studied experimental parameters were the alcohol types (methanol, ethanol), the alcohol-to-oil molar ratio (AOMR; 3:1, 6:1, 9:1), the amount of catalyst (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt% of the oil), the temperature of the reaction (50, 60, 70, 80°C), the mixing intensity (300, 600, 900 rpm), and the reaction time (30, 60, 90 min). The biodiesel production yield (BPY) was optimized based on the experimental data. The optimum value of the BPY based on methanol is 95.92%, which is obtained at 73.80°C, with a reaction time of 74.02 min, an AOMR of 6.58:1, a catalyst concentration of 1.13 and a mixing intensity of 824.45 rpm. In the case of ethanol, the optimum BPY is 95.53%. which is obtained at 64.96°C, with a reaction time of 88.02 min, an AOMR of 7.005:1, a catalyst concentration of 1.25 and a mixing intensity of 592.18 rpm. These results of biodiesel production were confirmed by the experimental data.

Smart utilization of jatropha (Jatropha curcas Linnaeus) seeds for biodiesel production: Optimization and mechanism

Jatropha curcas Linnaeus (Jatropha curcas L.) seeds have been found to be an ideal sustainable and low-cost source of catalyst and oil feedstock for biodiesel production. Jatropha cake, remained dregs after jatropha curcas oil (JCO) extraction, has been treated by two different techniques; calcination and potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation to be used as novel heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterification reaction. The effect of calcination and KOH activation on the jatropha cake has been characterized. The basic strength and basicity of the catalysts have been determined as well. The effect of different operating conditions has been studied using JCO and waste cooking oil (WCO) to evaluate the efficiency of the catalysts. The catalysts produced higher biodiesel yield using JCO than WCO. In the case of using JCO, the two catalysts produced close biodiesel yield. Calcined jatropha cake (CJC) has been chosen as the optimum catalyst for its better reusability and lower preparation cost than KOH activated jatropha cake (KJC). The optimum operating conditions of the JCO transesterification process has been determined as 60min reaction time, 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1wt.% catalyst loading, 400rpm and 60°C. Biodiesel production yield of JCO was achieved to 94 and 96% with CJC and KJC catalysts.

Conversion of palm oil sludge to biodiesel using alum and KOH as catalysts

Abstract Conversion of palm oil sludge was studied by esterification and transesterification which used methanol as a reactant. The esterification of palm oil sludge was performed by variation of molar ratios of methanol to palm oil sludge (5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, and 25:1) and percentages of alum catalyst (3–7 wt%) at 60 °C for 3 h with stirring rate 300 rpm. Transesterification was also carried out by variation of KOH (0.5–2.5 wt%) at 60 °C and stirring rate 300 rpm for 1 h. The optimum molar ratio of methanol to palm oil sludge was 20:1 (6% alum catalyst). Meanwhile, the optimum concentration for transesterification was 1.5% of KOH. The yield of biodiesel production was 93%, the density and kinematic viscosity were 0.864 g mL−1 and 12.8 mm2 s−1, respectively. The existence of ester compounds in the product was shown by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry spectrum data of carbonyl group (C O) at 1744 cm−1 and C O of ester at 1234; 1119 and 1026 cm−1. Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry analysis showed the biodiesel product contains palmitic acid methyl ester (23.4%), trans-methyl oleate (75.5%), cis-methyl oleate (

Process optimization of Tung oil methyl ester (Vernicia fordii) using the Taguchi approach, and its fuel characterization

ABSTRACTIn this research paper, Tung oil for biodiesel creation has been examined. The oil removal methods from Tung seeds and transesterification technique for production of Tung oil methyl ester (TOME) are investigated. There are several experimental factors correlated to the production of Tung biodiesel; the only four factors resolved as yet are molar ratio of alcohol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature. The Taguchi method (design of experiment, DOE) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) have been used for the production of TOME with different process parameters. The orthogonal array matrix, signal/noise (S/N) ratio and ANOVA are used to find out the optimal process parameters. The L_9 orthogonal array matrix was used to optimize the maximum yield of Tung biodiesel production. The optimal experimental conditions of process parameters obtained from this work are a 5:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration 2 wt%, reaction temperature 55 °C, and reaction time 60 min, using KOH as catalyst, during this investigation. According to the Taguchi technique, the molar ratio of methanol to oil plays the most vital role in the yield of TOME. Finally,the yield of TOME was enhanced to 93.20% with the optimal conditions of the control factors which were achieved by the Taguchi technique.

Biodiesel synthesis from waste oil using novel microwave technique: Response surface modeling and optimization

ABSTRACTBiodiesel has become a source of renewable energy that is in immense demand due to the rise in price of fuels and its utilization to produce various conventional assets. Biodiesel has gained wide attention as it emits less carbon monoxide and other pollutants, compared to that of fossil diesel. In this work, biodiesel was synthesized from waste frying oil (WFO) using a microwave-assisted transesterfication process under various operating conditions including microwave power, irradiation time, temperature, and catalyst dose. The Box–Behnken design was used to examine the biodiesel yield. Numerical optimization technique was used to obtain the maximum biodiesel production, which was found to be using a microwave power of 325 W, an irradiation time of 200 s, a temperature of 70°C, and a catalyst dose of 1 g/g. Using these conditions, a biodiesel production yield of 97% was achieved. Fuel properties of the synthetized biodiesel were compared with the ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards.

Hybrid nero-fuzzy methods for estimation of ultrasound and mechanically stirring Influences on biodiesel synthesis through transesterification

Abstract Accurate estimation of transesterification efficiency is needed for designing operational conditions and obtaining the maximum yield of biodiesel production. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to analyse the applicability of three different hybrid soft computing techniques for the prediction of transesterification yield under ultrasound irradiation as a novel and under mechanical stirring as a traditional method of biodiesel synthesis. The models include ANFIS-PSO (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System linked with Particle Swarm Optimization), ANFIS-GA (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System linked with Genetic Algorithm) and ANFIS-DE (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System linked with Differential Evolution). Independent variables including reaction temperature, reaction time, reactant concentrations, catalyst loading and power input were considered as the network inputs while the reaction yield was considered as the network output. The obtained simulation results were then analysed using Kolmogrov-Smirnov method as well as root mean-square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R 2 ). The analyses confirmed the validity of the proposed models. It was found that although ANFIS-PSO had better performance in training phase, it generated the weakest results in testing phase. Meanwhile, ANFIS-DE provided the best statistical characteristics compared to the other methods for estimating the transesterification yield under either ultrasound irradiation or mechanically stirring.

An Improvement in Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil by Applying Thought Multi-Response Surface Methodology Using Desirability Functions

The exhaustion of natural resources has increased petroleum prices and the environmental impact of oil has stimulated the search for an alternative source of energy such as biodiesel. Waste cooking oil is a potential replacement for vegetable oils in the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel is synthesized by direct transesterification of vegetable oils, which is controlled by several inputs or process variables, including the dosage of catalyst, process temperature, mixing speed, mixing time, humidity and impurities of waste cooking oil that was studied in this case. Yield, turbidity, density, viscosity and higher heating value are considered as outputs. This paper used multi-response surface methodology (MRS) with desirability functions to find the best combination of input variables used in the transesterification reactions to improve the production of biodiesel. In this case, several biodiesel optimization scenarios have been proposed. They are based on a desire to improve the biodiesel yield and the higher heating value, while decreasing the viscosity, density and turbidity. The results demonstrated that, although waste cooking oil was collected from various sources, the dosage of catalyst is one of the most important variables in the yield of biodiesel production, whereas the viscosity obtained was similar in all samples of the biodiesel that was studied.

Production, Composition and Fuel Properties of Tallow Biodiesel: A Case of Botswana

Biodiesel has been identified globally as presenting an opportunity for development of a sustainable fuel source, especially in light of international pressures for greenhouse gas emission reductions and the unpredictability of availability and pricing of fossil fuels. For Botswana, the internal development of biodiesel could signify a positive move away from a dependency on imported fuel products, provide sustainable employment and contribute to poverty alleviation measures. In the current study, biodiesel was synthesized from animal fat and tested for fuel properties. Results have shown a biodiesel production yield of 93%, chemical composition that is typical of a biodiesel fuel, and fuel properties that are largely comparable to those of petroleum diesel.

Biodiesel Production from Oils Extracted from Date Pits

Biodiesel production had received a considerable attention as a green, non-toxic and renewable alternative to petroleum diesel. To avoid using vegetable oils, which are expensive and compete with food, as feedstock, waste oils have been proposed. However, these waste materials contain a large amount of free fatty acids that complicates the production process. In this work, biodiesel production using an alternative feedstock; namely oils from date-pits, has been investigated. These oils have the same favorable features of straight oils, and at the same time are considered waste, since they are extracted from a waste material. The yield of oils extracted using n-hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus was compared to that of oils extracted using methanol-chloroform solvent mixture. The extracted oils were then converted to biodiesel via transesterification with methanol in presence of Novozym&#174435 or Eversa&#174Transform. The highest oils extraction yield of 11.7%, per dry weight sample, was obtained using Soxhlet extraction apparatus compared to 8.9% using methanol-chloroform mixture. The highest biodiesel production yield was 30% of the oil used, achieved after 6 hours using Novozym&#174435 at 40°C, 5:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 10wt% enzyme loading. By using a chemical alkaline catalyst, NaOH, at the same conditions, the yield was 27%.

Process optimization for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using multi-enzyme systems through response surface methodology

Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) and lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) were covalently immobilized onto epoxy-functionalized silica. In this study, we developed a multi-enzyme system to produce biodiesel with waste cooking oil and methanol. To increase the biodiesel production yield, a mixture of 1,3-specific lipase (RML) and nonspecific lipase (CALB) was used. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to study the effects of four factors, CALB:RML ratio, ratio of t-butanol to oil (wt.%), water adsorbent content (wt.%) and reaction time on the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield. A quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for methanolysis reaction by multiple regression analysis. The optimum combinations for the reaction were CALB:RML ratio (3:1), t-butanol to oil (10 wt%), water adsorbent content (22.5 wt%) at the reaction time of 10 h. FAME yield of 91.5%, which was very close to the predicted value of 95.6%, was obtained. Verification experiment confirmed the validity of the predicted model.

Bioprospecting hot spring metagenome: lipase for the production of biodiesel.

Screening of metagenomic library from Taptapani Hot Spring (Odisha) yielded a positive lipase clone (pUC-lip479). Sequence analysis showed an ORF (RK-lip479) of 416 amino acid residues which was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Optimum pH and temperature of purified lipase RK-lip479 were 8.0 and 65°C, respectively, and found to be stable over a pH range of 7.0-9.0 and temperatures 55-75°C. RK-lip479 could hydrolyse a wide range of 4-nitrophenyl esters (4-nitrophenyoctanoate, 4-nitrophenyldodecanoate, 4-nitrophenylpalmitate, 4-nitrophenylmyristate and 4-nitrophenylstearate), and maximum activity was observed with 4-nitrophenyldodecanoate. RK-lip479 was resistant to many organic solvents, especially isopropanol, DMSO, methanol, DMF, ethanol, dichloromethane, acetone, glycerol and ethyl acetate. RK-lip479 also showed activity in the presence of monovalent (Na+ and K+), divalent (Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+ and Ag2+ ) and trivalent cations (Fe3+ and Al3+). Yield of biodiesel production was in the range of 40-76% using various waste oils with RK-Lip479 under optimized conditions.

Covalent immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase on core-shell magnetic nanoparticles for production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil

In the present work, lipase from Candida antarctica (CALB) was covalently immobilized on functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to catalyze biodiesel synthesis. Core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized by coating Fe3O4 core with silica shell (Fe3O4@SiO2). The nanoparticles functionalized with (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxylsilane (GPTMS) were used as immobilization matrix. The protein binding efficiency on functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 was calculated as 84%, preserving 97% of specific activity of the free enzyme. Physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticles and the immobilized lipase were characterized by TGA, XRD, SEM, IR, TEM and DLS. Higher thermal stability and methanol tolerance for immobilized derivatives were obtained compared to the free enzyme. The immobilized lipase was then used to produce biodiesel by transesterification of waste cooking oil with methanol. In an optimization study, the effect of oil to methanol ratio, tert-butanol and molecular sieve as water adsorbent on the yield of biodiesel production were considered. Optimum oil to methanol ratio at 1:3 was observed for immobilized CALB in biodiesel production. Molecular sieve had a great effect on yield, with almost 100% conversion. The immobilized preparation of CALB also presented a good reusability, keeping 100% of its initial activity after 6 cycles of the reaction.