To fully utilise the excellent yield stress of the hot-rolled high-strength rebar (HSR) in concrete structures, it is of great necessity to improve the concrete's deformation capacity. Adding steel fibres is one of the leading ways to upgrade the ductility of cement-based material, yet investigation on the mechanical responses of the steel fibre concrete (SFRC) column reinforced with HSRs is rarely reported. To fill this gap, this paper conducts an experimental study to investigate the axial compressive performance of the SFRC-HSR columns. Based on the collected test data of actively and passively confined SFRC members, a modified concrete plasticity model is following developed and verified by comparing with the tests. The model includes a collection of modifications in the yield surface, flow rule and hardening law considering the influence of the fibre addition. In compliance with the detailed FE modelling settings, the confinement stress distribution and the cooperative working mechanism of the axially-loaded SFRC-HSR columns are revealed, and the reason for the difference in typical load-displacement curves is clarified. Finally, combined with the modified hardening rule and the yield model, stress-strain relationships of the concrete cover and core are proposed to predict the load-displacement development rule of the axially-loaded SFRC-HSR columns. This research could be a scientific reference for applying SFRC columns reinforced by HSRs in engineering practice.