Pea Yield Research Articles

Genome-wide association study uncovers pea candidate genes and metabolic pathways involved in rust resistance.

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important temperate legume crop providing plant-based proteins for food and feed worldwide. Pea yield can be limited by several biotic stresses, among which rust represents a major limiting factor in many temperate and subtropical regions. Some efforts have been made to assess the natural variation in pea resistance to rust, but its efficient exploitation in breeding is limited since the resistance loci identified so far are scarce and their responsible gene(s) unknown. To overcome this knowledge gap, a comprehensive genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been performed on pea rust, caused by Uromyces pisi, to uncover genetic loci associated with resistance. Utilizing a diverse collection of 320 pea accessions, we evaluated phenotypic responses to two rust isolates using both traditional methods and advanced image-based phenotyping. We detected 95 significant trait-marker associations using a set of 26,045 Diversity Arrays Technology-sequencing polymorphic markers. Our in silico analysis identified 62 candidate genes putatively involved in rust resistance, grouped into different functional categories such as gene expression regulation, vesicle trafficking, cell wall biosynthesis, and hormonal signaling. This research highlights the potential of GWAS to identify molecular markers associated with resistance and candidate genes against pea rust, offering new targets for precision breeding. By integrating our findings into current breeding programs, we can facilitate the development of pea varieties with improved resistance to rust, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and food security. This study sets the stage for future functional genomic analyses and the application of genomic selection approaches to enhance disease resistance in peas.

Influence of Organic Growth Promoters on Quality and Yield of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Influence of Organic Growth Promoters on Quality and Yield of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Effect of different sowing dates and nipping on growth and yield of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L Millsp.)

Effect of different sowing dates and nipping on growth and yield of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L Millsp.)

Economic Feasibility of Ratoon Pigeon Pea under Different Levels of Irrigation, Fertilizers and Mulching

Background: Ratooning in pigeon pea is one of the unexplored options for increasing the production and income through more number of crops per year under adequate supply of inputs. Dearth of knowledge on the ratooning, its yield and economics in pigeon pea on which the current study aimed at providing the basic idea of its suitability for cultivation. Methods: The field experiment investigated during October 2020- February 2021 at University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru. The experiment was conducted with 2 levels of irrigation, 3 levels of fertigation and 2 levels of mulching under split-split plot design. Result: The experimentation of ratoon pigeon pea with varied levels of inputs revealed that ratooning was found to be an economically feasible option with higher returns and lower cost of cultivation. The study comprehensively covers and states the adaptability of the practice in terms of yield and economics.

Revolutionizing Garden Pea Yield: A Synergistic Strategy with Plant Extracts, Bio-control Agents and Fungicides for Root Rot Disease Management and Optimal Productivity

Background: Pea, a vegetable crop cultivated in cooler regions globally, holds substantial economic significance in India. Unfortunately, root rot poses a significant challenge, especially during the early stages of plant growth, with Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi identified as the causative agent. To address this issue, a comprehensive study was conducted over two consecutive years, evaluating the efficacy of various plant extracts, bioagents and fungicides, both in field and laboratory settings, to control root rot in pea. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Jaipur in the Rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23 aimed to develop a sustainable strategy to gather valuable insights and observations throughout the growing seasons to combat root rot in pea crops, specifically using the susceptible variety Arkel. Result: Among all fungicides, plant extracts and bio-control agents that demonstrated efficacy in laboratory settings were subsequently evaluated in real-field conditions. In field condition seed treatment with tebuconazole 50%+ trifloxystrobin 25% at 0.1% along with soil application of neem cake at 5q/ha was found best with minimum disease incidence and maximum pod yield (75.80 q/ha). Among these treatments, neem cake was the most effective in reducing the incidence of root rot in peas compared to the application of mustard cake.

The biostimulatory effect of humic‐based soil amendment on plant growth, root nodulation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and yield of field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

AbstractIntroductionPea is one of the most important pulse legumes globally due to its high protein, which is due to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen‐fixing rhizobia. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) should be optimized to maximize nitrogen fixation and achieve higher yields with more grain protein. The use of humic‐based soil amendments in crop production has garnered considerable attention in recent years due to their biostimulatory effect in improving plant growth, yield, nutritional quality and soil health. This study examines the impact of a humic‐based soil amendment (Humalite) on root nodulation, SNF, plant growth, yield and grain protein of pea.Materials and MethodsChemical characterization was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Pea plants inoculated with Rhizobia were grown in pots under greenhouse conditions with five different Humalite rates (0, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 kg ha−1). SNF capacity was assessed using the 15N‐isotope dilution method.ResultsFTIR analysis revealed the abundant presence of hydroxyl (‐OH) and carboxyl (‐CO) functional groups in Humalite. Plants treated with Humalite displayed augmented root traits [root length (21%–50%), root surface area (24%–51%), volume (26%–53%), average nodule weight (11%–91%)], plant biomass [shoots (13%–29%) and roots (29%–54%)], shoot nitrogen concentration (12%–33%), shoot total nitrogen content (38%–53%), percentage nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (8%–14%) and total shoot nitrogen fixed (48%–80%) compared to the control plants at the flowering stage. Furthermore, at seed maturity stage, plants treated with Humalite at 400 and 1600 kg ha−1 exhibited a significant increase in plant biomass (4%–14%), number of seeds (8%–16%), seed weight (3%–11%), seed nitrogen content (8%–20%) and total seed nitrogen fixed (7%–22%) compared to the control plants.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that humic‐based soil amendment can effectively enhance plant growth, root nodulation, SNF and seed yield, thereby supporting sustainable agricultural practices.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield, quality and economic aspects of pea (Pisum sativum L.) in rainfed condition of Himachal Pradesh

Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield, quality and economic aspects of pea (Pisum sativum L.) in rainfed condition of Himachal Pradesh

Effect of bio-fertilizers and phosphorus on growth and yield of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Effect of bio-fertilizers and phosphorus on growth and yield of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Harnessing Plant Growth–Promoting and Wilt‐Controlling Biopotential of a Consortium of Actinomycetes and Mycorrhizae in Pigeon Pea

ABSTRACTFusarium‐induced wilt significantly affects the cultivation and yield of pigeon peas. This warrants sustainable disease management while promoting plant growth. The present study investigated the biopotential of coinoculation of Streptomyces pseudogriseolus S‐9 and Rhizophagus irregularis for plant growth promotion and mitigation of the impact of Fusarium wilt on pigeon pea over three seasons at pot and field levels. Pigeon pea plants were subjected to Fusarium wilt stress and treated with different inoculation strategies, including single and combined applications of S. pseudogriseolus S‐9 and R. irregularis. Plant growth parameters and yields were assessed to evaluate the efficacy of the coinoculation. In the pot experiment, T‐6 treatment resulted in the longest root (62.56 ± 0.01 cm) and shoot (70.24 ± 0.01 cm) lengths compared to the application of commercial biofungicide T‐8 (Trichoderma). This treatment also significantly influenced the yield of potted plants. It resulted in the highest fresh root weight (62.27 ± 0.01 g), fresh shoot weight (70.24 ± 0.02 g), maximum root (55.25 ± 0.01 g) and shoot dry weights (52.25 ± 0.01 g). In the field experiment, pigeon pea plants treated with the bioinoculant also demonstrated a substantial increase (р ≤ 0.05) in total grain yield, the weight of 100 grains, and the number of filled grains compared to the control group in all experimental seasons. In vitro, antagonism assay of compatibility of mycorrhizae and bacteria showed good activity using powder formulation. Thus, the consortium application inspired the broad application of Streptomyces and Trichoderma as effective bioinoculants for wilt management and yield improvement in pigeon peas.

Determinants of smallholder membership in farmers’ groups in the pigeon pea-based farming system in Uganda

BackgroundMembership in farmers’ group (FGs) is an important social aspect of agricultural development. Little is known about the relative importance and benefits from participation in FGs in Uganda, specifically for pigeon pea smallholders in northern Uganda.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey with 257 smallholders to examine the factors that motivate farmer’s group membership and its influence on pigeon pea yield and technical efficiency (TE) in northern Uganda. We applied the Stochastic Production Frontier (SPF) model and complementary models to assess membership impact on pigeon pea yield and TE determinants, respectively. TE is defined as the degree to which smallholders use the minimum feasible farm inputs to produce a given level of pigeon pea grain.ResultsResults show that FG members were generally older and more experienced, and had better access to extension services (76%) and credit (43%) compared to non-members. Smallholders’ age, access to agricultural training, extension services, and the distance travelled to market centres were statistically significant (p < 0.05), thus limiting the likelihood of FG membership. TE for both groups was low and quite similar, at 63% and 59% for members and non-members, respectively, implying that both groups did not use the available farm resources to maximize pigeon pea yield.ConclusionOur results confirm that FG membership enhances smallholder’s access to extension, agricultural training services and credit. For northern Uganda, the study provides recommendations for increased government investment in the human, financial and physical capacity of extension agents as a strategy for rural development and improved livelihoods. In addition, policy incentives can encourage farmers to seek membership in farmers’ groups and related associations.

The effectiveness of using the laboratory samples based on bacteria of the genus Streptomyces on peas in the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region

Data on productivity, fungal diseases and the quality of seed peas grown on sod-podzolic medium-clay soil in 2021–2023 using pre-sowing seed treatment separately and in combination with plant vegetation treatment with experimental preparations based on local strains of the genus Streptomyces (A4 and 8A1-3) are presented. The comparison drugs were the chemical fungicide Pioneer, KS and the biological drug Pseudobacterin-2, J. The assessment of the biological effectiveness (BE) of the drugs was carried out on cultivars of peas of various morphotypes bred by the FARC North-East: ‘Falensky yubileiny’, ‘Falensky usaty’, ‘Falensky kormovoy’. The biological effectiveness of all tested preparations in protecting peas from root rot and ascochitosis was determined by the weather conditions of the year of research. In 2021, a significant decrease in the development of root rot compared with the control (38.4 %) was facilitated by seed treatment with a preparation based on S. antimycoticus 8A1-3 strain (29.0 %). A significant reduction in the development of pea root rot in 2022 was achieved by seed treatment with the chemical fungicide Pioneer (by 9.1 %), the reference bio-drug Pseudobacterin-2 (by 9.9 %) and the test strain S. antimycoticus 8Al-3 (by 7.1 %). In protecting peas from ascochitosis in 2022, the strain Streptomyces A4 (BE 72.7 %) proved itself as a Pioneer chemical fungicide (BE 72.7 %), and the strain Streptomyces 8A1-3 (BE 84.1 %) significantly surpassed them in effectiveness. The effect of drugs on the yield of peas in the years of research (HTC = 0.77–0.83 with an average long-term HTC = 1.4) was estimated as insignificant. Treatment with both experimental and commercial preparations of seeds and vegetative plants did not adversely affect the grain size and the content of crude protein in it. The ‘Falensky usaty’ was distinguished among the studied cultivars by large seeds: the mass of 1000 grains was 258.8±18.5 g. The ‘Falensky kormovoy’ and the ‘Falensky jubileiny’ cultivars proved to be medium-seeded ones (174.7±23.1 and 147.9±37.1 g, respectively). The content of crude protein in grain was negatively affected by the development of root rot on peas (correlation coefficient r =-0.77). The maximum crude protein content was recorded during the joint treatment of seeds and plants with a preparation based on S. castalarensis A4 (24.0±2.6 %) in the ‘Falensky jubileiny’ cultivar, with Pseudobacterin-2 (23.1±2.0 %) in the ‘Falensky kormovoy’ cultivar, with a preparation based on S. antimycoticus 8A1-3 (21.1±1.7 %) in the ‘Falensky usaty’ cultivar.

Weed and yield of different field pea seed rates and carryover effect of ALS inhibitor herbicides applied in preceding wheat crop

Intercropping with greater pulse seeding rates for weed mitigation could increase growers yield returns and potentially reduce weed resistance, caused by frequent herbicide applications. In 2021, a split-split plot experiment in North Star, Alberta was sown to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in two fields; half the plots were sprayed with Thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl at 29.65 g.a.i.ha−1 (9.89 + 4.94 respectively) at flag leaf with other half left untreated. In the following spring (2022), field pea (Pisum sativum L.) was sown at 0.5X, 1X and 1.5X seeding rate (101, 202 and 303 kgha−1, respectively) with either ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) or rye (Secale cereale L.) at 5.6 and 19.1 kgha−1, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or oat (Avena fatua L.) at 33.7 kgha−1, plus monocrop control. Objectives were to a) identify most weed suppressive intercrop, and b) how companion crops affected pea seeding rates. Herbicide sprayed plots had less weeds compared to unsprayed despite cropping system adopted and rye was best companion crop to reduce weeds. Rye-pea (1.11) or ryegrass-pea (0.98) land equivalent ratio (LER) were greater than oat-pea (0.75). Cereal Agressivity (A) (2.64X10−3 and 2.18X10−2 in oat and barley) and actual yield loss (AYL) (3.06 in oat, 0,39 in barley) was greater than pea (−2.67X10−3, −2.29X10−2 for A and 2.95, 0.73 for AYL in oat and barley respectively), inversely to competitive ratio (CR) (0.07, 2.60 in oat and pea; 0.25, 0.63 in barley and pea). More pea stands decreased cereal CR (0.36,0.11 and 0.05 at 0.5X, 1X and 1.5X pea seeding rates) and AYL (1.56, 1.41 and 0.59 for same pea seeding rates). Overall, a) increasing pea seeding rates reduce weeds and increase competitivity towards cereals, and b) despite rye being more suppressing, barley and oat promote pea yields with less area likewise. This study demonstrated the variety of IWM strategies possible in Northern Alberta.

The vacuolar sulfate transporter PsSULTR4 is a key determinant of seed yield and protein composition in pea.

Pea is a grain legume crop with a high potential to accelerate the food transition due to its high seed protein content and relatively well-balanced amino acid composition. The critical role of external sulfur (S) supply in determining seed yield and seed quality in pea makes it essential to understand the impact of whole plant S management on the trade-off between these two traits. Here, we investigated the physiological relevance of vacuolar sulfate remobilization by targeting PsSULTR4, the only pea sulfate transporter showing substantial similarity to the vacuolar sulfate exporter AtSULTR4;1. Five mutations in PsSULTR4 were identified by TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes), two of which, a loss of function (W78*) and a missense (E568K), significantly decreased seed yield under S deprivation. We demonstrate that PsSULTR4 triggers S distribution from source tissues, especially lower leaves, to reproductive organs to maintain seed yield under S deficiency. Under sufficient S supply, sultr4 seeds display lower levels of the S-rich storage protein PA1 at maturity. They also overaccumulate sulfate in the endosperm at the onset of seed filling. These findings uncover a role of PsSULTR4 in the remobilization of vacuolar sulfate during embryo development, allowing the efficient synthesis of S-rich proteins. Our study uncovers that PsSULTR4 functions (i) in source tissues to remobilize stored vacuolar sulfate for seed production under low S availability and (ii) in developing seeds well supplied with S to fine-tune sulfate remobilization from the endosperm as a critical control point for storage activities in the embryo.

Multi-trait multi-environment genomic prediction of preliminary yield trial in pulse crop.

Phenotypic selection of complex traits such as seed yield and protein in the preliminary yield trial (PYT) is often constrained by limited seed availability, resulting in trials with few environments and minimal to no replications. Multi-trait multi-environment enabled genomic prediction (MTME-GP) offers a valuable alternative to predict missing phenotypes of selection candidates for multiple traits and diverse environments. In this study, we assessed the efficiency of MTME-GP for improving seed protein and seed yield in field pea, the top two breeding targets but highly antagonistic traits in pulse crop. We utilized a set of 300 selection candidates in the PYT that virtually represented all possible families of the North Dakota State University field pea breeding program. Selection candidates were evaluated in three diverse, contrasting environments, as indicated by a range of heritability. Using whole- and split-environment cross validation schemes, MTME-GP had higher predictive ability than a standard additive G-BLUP model. Integrating a range of overlapping genotypes in between environments showed improvement on the predictive ability of the MTME-GP model but tends to plateau at 50%-80% training set size. Regardless of the cross-validation scheme, accuracy was among the lowest in stressed environments, presumably due to low heritability for seed protein and yield. This study provided insights into the potential of MTME-GP in a public pulse crop breeding program. The MTME-GP framework can be further improved with more testing environments and integration of additional orthogonal information in the early stages of the breeding pipeline.

Effect of date of sowing and weed management practices on the growth, yield attributes and yield of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in vertisols of Chhattisgarh

Effect of date of sowing and weed management practices on the growth, yield attributes and yield of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in vertisols of Chhattisgarh

Influence of nano urea on growth, yield and quality of pigeon pea

Influence of nano urea on growth, yield and quality of pigeon pea

Effect of Different Levels of Macronutrients and Rhizobium on Soil Health and Yield Attributes of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The field experiment was carried out at the central research farm in the Department of Soil Science and Chemistry, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Rabi season 2023-24. The soil texture in the experimental region was sandy loam. The design was set up using randomized block design, with two levels of sulphur (50 and 100%), Rhizobium, and NPK (20:60:40) at different levels. The treatment T9 (@100% NPKS +@100% Rhizobium+ 100% Sulphur) gave the best results in terms of plant height, number of pods plant-1, and total Field Pea yield. It also showed a slight decrease in pH, bulk density, and particle density; however, there was a significant increase in pore space, water holding capacity, EC, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as plant growth and yield attributes. There was no discernible difference in the growth and production of Field Pea under control. The use of Biofertilizer, as well as their blend with complete NPK and S, significantly increased the characteristics of growth and total yield attributes of Field Pea.

Influence of pre-sowing seed treatment on pea yield

Influence of pre-sowing seed treatment on pea yield

Impact of cluster frontline demonstration on increasing productivity and profitability of pigeonpea in Bihar

The present investigation was conducted on cluster frontline demonstration (CFLD) on pigeonpea with improved pigeon pea varieties (Malviya Chamawtkar or MAL-13, LRG-41 and IPA-203) in Kharif season over three at 104 farmer’s field covering 40 ha rainfed/upland areas of 12 villages of Bhagalpur district to know the field gap, technology gap, extension gap, economic return, the extent of farmer’s satisfaction and constraints faced by the farmers, especially pigeon pea growers. Based on three years’ mean data the highest pigeon pea yield (16.98 q/ha) was received from the demonstration plot, which was 39.6% higher as compared to existing common farmers’ practice. Extension gap, technology gap, and technological index were found as 4.82 q/ha, 5.51 q/ha, and 23.8%, respectively. The highest net return (Rs. 80,292/ha) and B:C ratio (3.75) were also calculated in CFLD technology as compared to existing common farmers’ practices.

Crop Diversification and Fertilization Strategies in a Rainfed System with Drought Periods

Crop diversification and the reduction of nitrogen (N) inputs are key issues in the EU for more sustainable agriculture. An experiment was set up in a semiarid rainfed Mediterranean system. Our hypothesis was that these challenges could be addressed by introducing new crops and using pig slurries (PSs). The experimental factors were N fertilization at sowing (with or without PS) combined (according to a split-block design) with N fertilization as topdressing (the control, two N mineral rates, and two N rates from PS). Barley, rapeseed, and pea performances were evaluated in two different crop sequences: (i) barley–rapeseed or rapeseed–barley after a fallow season, and (ii) barley–pea or pea–barley after a fallow season followed by a non-fertilized barley crop. The results of the four-year study demonstrated that under a spring drought risk, barley performed better than peas in terms of relative crop yield maintenance. After fallow, N can be saved while maintaining the yields and total biomass of barley and rapeseed. In the second crop sequence, maximum pea and barley yields were associated with a minimum topdressing of 60 or 120 kg mineral N ha−1, respectively. However, slurry fertilization at sowing also allowed the highest yields for barley. Rapeseed and peas can be introduced to reduce N fertilization inputs. However, the obtained yield plateau for pea and rapeseed (3 and 4 Mg ha−1, respectively) and the effect of a yield spring drought on pea yields (50% reduction) might be a constraint for the success of EU policies on crop diversification.