Yield Contributing Characters Research Articles

Effects of Different Levels of Irrigations on Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of Wheat at Bangladesh Condition

A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Agricultural University's Department of Soil Science research site to investigate the impact of varying irrigation regimes on the growth, yield, and yield-related attributes of the wheat cultivar BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi). The study employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiments consisted of 6 treatments designated as T0 = control or no irrigation, T1 = 1/ crown root initiation (CRI), T2 = 2/CRI+ tillering, T3 = 3/ CRI+ tillering + booting, T4 = 4/ CRI+ tillering + booting + earing, T5 = 5/ CRI+ tillering + booting + earing + milking number of irrigations at different growth stages. All irrigation treatments were shallow, with a depth of 2 cm. We applied irrigation treatments five times during the crown root initiation (CRI), tillering, booting, earing, and milking. We applied all irrigation treatments in chronological order based on the numbers. Treatment T5 (5 number of irrigations) exhibited superior performance across all measured agronomic traits. It significantly outperformed other treatments in terms of the highest plant height (90.80 cm), effective tillers number hill-1 (5.20), spike length (12.40 cm), grains number spike-1 (41.03), grain yield (4.067 t ha-1), 1000-grain weight (55.11 g), straw yield (5.067 t ha-1), and yield plot-1(9.133 t ha-1). In all cases, the non-irrigated or control treatment gave the lowest result. Ultimately, the experiment suggests that five times application of irrigation showed superior results compared to other treatments for successful wheat production.

Effect of Different Spacing Levels on Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

The experiment titled "Effect of different spacing levels on yield and yield contributing characters in cocoa" was conducted at the Coconut Farm of the Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Utilizing a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments replicated three times, the study aimed to investigate the impact of spacing levels on cocoa yield traits. The treatments involved in the experiment included a double row of cocoa planted between two rows of coconut trees, with spacing configurations as follows: T1 (3m x 1.2m), T2 (3m x 2m), T3 (3m x 2.5m), and T4 (3m x 3m). Additionally, a single row of cocoa between two coconut rows was examined, with spacings represented by T5 (1.5m), T6 (2m), T7 (2.5m), and T8 (3m). Results revealed significant variations among spacing treatments, with cocoa at 3m spacing demonstrating the highest productivity, yielding 43.47 pods per tree and 1021.48 g of dry beans per tree. Noteworthy findings included T1 (3m x 1.2m) exhibiting the longest pods (16.64 cm), T6 (2m) the widest pod girth (21.67 cm), and T8 (3m) producing the heaviest pods (204.50 g). Additionally, T6 yielded the highest total beans per pod (37.34) and dry bean weight (25.44 g), T4 had the heaviest single fresh bean (1.63 g), and T2 demonstrated the highest single dry bean weight (0.70 g). These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing cocoa cultivation practices, emphasizing the importance of spacing configurations in maximizing yield and bean characteristics.

Agronomic biofortification of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) through iron and boron under varying seedling densities

At present, we have adequate production of rice to fulfill the needs of humans. Now it is time to produce biofortified rice, whose grains contain enough amounts of nutrients like iron and boron. Two field experiments were carried out in Kharif 2019 and 2020 at Meerut (Uttar Pradesh), India, to find the effect of iron and boron nutrition on rice with different planting densities. The main plot treatment consists of three planting densities, and the subplot treatment consists of five foliar applications of micronutrients. They were tested in a split-plot design (SPD) with three replications. The results revealed that the rice transplanted with one seedling/hill gave the highest iron and boron content in grains and/or the crop fortified with iron and boron at 0.1 and 0.04% applied at the maximum tillering (MT) and panicle initiation (PI) stages of rice, respectively. The higher values of yield-contributing characters such as effective tillers/m2, panicle length (cm), grain weight/panicle (g), and test weight (g), as well as quality parameters such as nutrient content in grain (mg/kg), volume expansion ratio, protein content in grains (%), and amylose content (%) of rice were noticed in one seedling/hill except effective tillers/m2 during the first and second years. Application of Fe and B at the MT and PI stages of rice improved almost all the yield attributes and quality parameters. Planting density of two and three seedlings/hill was recorded at par values of grain yield, followed by one seedling/hill. Rice transplanted with three seedlings/hill obtained an average of 10.1 and 10.6% more grain yield than one seedling/hill during the first and second years, respectively. However, the application of Fe at 0.1% and B at 0.04% during both stages through foliar spray resulted in the highest seed yield and showed parity with the application of iron at 0.1% at the MT stage and boron at 0.04% at the PI stage. Economics revealed that the planting density of three seedlings/hill gave the maximum net returns of 61,585 and 66,752 ₹/ha with a benefit–cost ratio of 2.12 and 2.19 during 2019 and 2020, respectively. Furthermore, the highest net returns (62,188 and 67,938 ₹/ha) and benefit–cost ratio (2.15 and 2.23) were observed from the treatment of iron at 0.1% and boron at 0.04% at the MT and PI stages during the first and second years, respectively.

Analyzing the synergistic impact of UAV-based technology and knapsack sprayer on weed management, yield-contributing traits, and yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for enhanced agricultural operations

Modern agriculture uses agrochemicals to boost crop yield and quality. Using knapsack sprayers, Indian farmers apply herbicides, insecticides, and other chemicals. Herbicides are applied by manually operated knapsack sprayers, which are laborious, uneven, and prone to human mistakes. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a promising agricultural spraying alternative to manual operations. Future agricultural and field scouting technology aids weed management, pest control, and automated irrigation systems. Drone herbicide spraying was compared to traditional and mechanical knapsack sprayers in this study. The study also tested knapsack (manual) and UAV herbicide pre- and post-emergence and spraying on wheat crops. Herbicide application by knapsack and drones was examined for weed control, yield-contributing characters, and wheat yield. The experiments were performed at Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth's Department of Agronomy in Parbhani, Maharashtra. A randomized block design (RBD) with eight treatments, including drones and knapsack sprayers for weed management in wheat crops with different herbicide application times and repeated hoeings (cultural method), was compared to absolute weed-free, where no weeds were allowed to grow in wheat by frequent weeding and weedy inspection. The experimental field measured 7.2 m x 6 m gross land area and 6.3 m x 5.6 m net land area. When winds were light, the drone was flown at 3 m to avoid herbicide droplets drifting. The study found that unweeded wheat yields dropped 38 % owing to weed insects. The pre-emergence (PE) application using a knapsack sprayer and post-emergence (POE) herbicide application via a drone synergistically resulted in the highest growth and yield for T3, attaining values of 11.02 gm/plant, an average of 284.97 grains/plant, and a per-hectare grain yield of 4256.59 kg/ha. The cultural approach of weed management (T4) reduced yield by 21.2 %; however, treatment T3 improved yield contributing characteristics and losses by just 2.8 %. UAV-based herbicide spraying is a fast and easy method that contributes to achieving sustainable development goal (SDG) 2 for Zero Hunger by promoting sustainable plant protection and crop production.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Coarse Rice

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2020 at farm of College of Agriculture, Kaul (Kaithal) of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to investigate the response of short duration non-scented rice variety HKR-48 to nitrogen under two different methods of crop establishment. The experiment was laid out in RBD factorial design consisting of two establishment methods i.e. direct seeded (DSR) and transplanted (TPR) as main plot treatments and six different levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha) in sub- plots with three replications. The experiment showed that plants grown under the DSR method had greater height and tiller production at all growth stages but experienced higher tiller mortality later on. DSR also resulted in higher early-stage dry matter accumulation compared to TPR, but there was no significant difference at later stages or at harvest. Although the number of effective tillers did not significantly differ between DSR and TPR, DSR had 16% more grains per panicle with the same test weight. However, the transplanted crop had a significantly higher grain yield (11.9%) compared to the direct-seeded crop. Increasing nitrogen dosage up to 120 kg N/ha positively influenced growth parameters and yield-contributing characters. There was no significant difference between 120 kg N/ha and 150 kg N/ha in respect of growth indicators. Grain yield was significantly enhanced with increased nitrogen dosage, but the difference between 120 kg N/ha and 150 kg N/ha was not significant.

Evaluation of the Potentiality of Eight Advanced Populations of Brassica Rapa L. Based on Yield and Yield Contributing Characters

In a study conducted at the experimental field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University from November 2018 to February 2019, eight advanced populations of Brassica rapa L. were assessed to explore their variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlations and path coefficient considering twelve yield-contributing traits. Significant variation was observed among all populations for all traits. Minimum difference between phenotypic and genotypic variance was noted in most of the traits, while high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation occurred in the number of secondary branches per plant, number of siliquae per plant, thousand seed weight, and seed yield per plant. Traits like days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, and days to 80% maturity exhibited high heritability with low genetic advance. Conversely, the number of siliquae per plant demonstrated high heritability with high genetic advance, suggesting potentiality for trait selection. Correlation analysis identified significant positive associations between seed yield per plant and several traits. Path coefficient analysis highlighted direct positive effects on seed yield per plant from days to 80% maturity, root length, number of secondary branches per plant, and thousand seed weight. Chronologically, G6 performed the best showcasing most of the traits especially seed yield per plant and days to 80% maturity which can be considered as important breeding material for improvement of B. rapa L. SAARC J. Agric., 21(2): 109-118 (2023)

Ameliorative Effect of Wood Biochar for Cadmium Stress on Soybean (Glycine Max L. Merrill) Growth and Yield

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that affects plant growth and yield. Biochar can mitigate the detrimental effect of Cd on plants. To assess effectiveness of wood biochar (WB) in mitigating Cd stress, a pot experiment was conducted with six treatments in Soyabean crop viz., control (0% biochar and no Cd stress), 1.5% WB, 3% WB, 100 mg CdCl2 Kg-1 soil, 100 mg CdCl2 Kg-1 soil +1.5% WB, 100 mg CdCl2 Kg-1 soil +3% WB. The impact of Cd on the growth, physiological status, yield and yield-contributing characters of Soybean were found to be significant (p<0.05). The application of 1.5% and 3% WB significantly (p < 0.05) alleviated Cd toxicity to Soybean under Cd stress conditions. There was no significant difference in the effect of two rates of wood biochar’s (1.5% and 3% WB) on growth, physiological status and yield of Soybean. Therefore, it can be concluded that 1.5% WB is sufficient to reduce toxicity caused by Cd stress in Soybean. SAARC J. Agric., 21(2): 157-168 (2023)

Performance of Different Graded Dose of Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Quality of Black Gram Varieties (Vigna mungo L.)

A study was conducted during the kharif season of 2022 at the Research plot, Department of Agronomy, AKS University, Madhya Pradesh to investigate the impact of graded doses of fertilizers viz., Control (F0), NPK @ 18:18:18 kg ha-1 (F1), NPK @ 19:19:19 kg ha-1 (F2), and NPK @ 20:20:20 kg ha-1 (F3) and three varieties i.e., IPU-2-43 (V1), PU-31 (V2), Indira-1 (V3) on black gram. The experimental design employed was a Randomized Complete Block Design, with the 12 treatment combinations replicated three times. Results revealed that treatment F3 (NPK @ 20:20:20 kg ha-1) significantly enhanced plant height (40.73 cm), number of branches per plant (4.49), number of leaves per plant (27.09) and number of root nodules (30.89). This grade also resulted in maximum yield attributes such as the number of pods per plant (22.00), grains per pod (4.89), test weight (36.98 g), grain (9.31 q/ha) and stover yield (18.10 q/ha). Additionally, the highest protein content (21.71 %) in black gram grain was observed with the application of F3 (NPK @ 20:20:20 kg ha-1). Regarding varieties, Indira-1 displayed superior growth parameters and yield-contributing characters compared to IPU-2-43 and PU-31. Notably, Indira-1 exhibited higher protein content in seeds. The results suggest that the application of NPK @ 20:20:20 kg ha-1 and cultivation of the Indira-1 variety hold promise for enhancing black gram productivity.

Performance of Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes for Yield and Yield Contributing Characters under Drought and Heat Stress Conditions Evaluated at Sudan Savanna, Nigeria

Drought stress (DS) and heat stress (HTS) are two major factors limiting maize productivity in the tropical regions. High temperatures and moisture deficit can cause significant decline in maize yields under rainfed and irrigated systems, with Africa being one of the most affected areas. Heat and drought tolerance can be accomplished through genetic management approach. The aim of this research is to assess the degree of variation in tolerance to drought and heat on yield and yield contributing traits. Field trials were conducted on genetic analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines under combined drought and heat stress conditions. The parental materials comprise eight inbred lines that were crossed in a complete diallel pattern and in all possible combinations; thereafter the checks, parents and resultant F1 were evaluated at two locations, i.e., Kano University of Science and Technology and Audu Bako College of Agriculture research farms both in Kano state of Nigeria, during 2021 dry season. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The results have shown that the crossing of P4 X P9 and P3 X P4 had produced significantly higher means of yield contributing attributes like grain weight, anthesis-silking interval and grain yield. These parental lines might be used in maize breeding programs in Nigeria as sources of drought and/or heat tolerance to boost maize production, particularly in dry season.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Yield Contributing Characters on Seed Yield in Green Gram (Vigna radiate L.)

The present investigation was carried out to assess the genetic variability parameters, correlation and path analysis in 21 green gram genotypes for 13 quantitative traits at field experimentation center, during kharif 2022 in Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Uttar Pradesh in Randomized Block Design in three replications. Analysis of variance indicated high significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits. Green gram (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the important pulse crops because of its short growth duration, adaptation to low water requirement and soil fertility. Variability is a greater need for initiating a breeding program for yield and yield contributing traits. High seed yield per plant was recorded by SM-2029, SPM-2040, PHULEMOONG-95418, CO-8, CO-7. All the traits showed significant variation among the lines. High Genotypic Coefficient of Variance and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variance was recorded for Number of pods per plant, Number of clusters per plant, Number of primary branches and Plant height where Genotypic Coefficient of Variance exhibited at moderate level and Number of pods per plant exhibited highest percentage of broad sense heritability and also high in genetic advance followed by Plant height and Number of primary branches and Number of clusters per plant. The studies on Genotypic Coefficient of Variance and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variance indicated that the presence of high amount of variation and role of the environment on the expression of these traits. Seed index positively correlated to seed yield per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Seed index, Biological Yield and Number of Primary branches exhibited high positive direct effect to seed yield per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic path coefficient analysis. Correlation coefficients in most cases were higher than their phenotypic correlation coefficients indicating the association was largely due to genetic reason. At both genotypic and phenotypic levels, significant positive correlations were observed for Seed Index, Days to maturity, Days to 50% pod setting, Plant height, Number of pods per plant and Number of clusters per plant.

Assessment of Genetic Variability for Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The study was conducted at the department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh during the period from April 2018 to August 2018 to study variability, heritability, genetic advance, interrelationship among 14 important characters among the 15 popular rice genotypes of Bangladesh. Significant variation in plant height of BRRI dhan43, in 50% flowering BRRI dhan42 and BRRI dhan43, for days to maturity BRRI dhan42 and BRRI dhan43, for number of unfilled grain per panicle BRRI dhan48, for flag leaf length Lakhi Lata, for flag leaf width Lohar Gura, for panicle plant-1 BRRI dhan27, for number of filled grain per panicle Kalo Jamvi, number of filled grain per panicle Lakhi Lata, for 100-grain weight BRRI dhan48, for yield plant-1 BRRI dhan48 were found. Besides, yield per plant and 100-grain weight showed high genotypic and phenotypic co-efficient of variation while other characters showed moderate genotypic and phenotypic co-efficient of variation, except days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, panicle length, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, dry matter, and harvest index. All but, plant height and spikelet per panicle, all other characters studied in this experiment showed high heritability and high genetic advance in percent of mean. Panicle per plant, no. of filled grain, 100-seed wt., and harvest index are positively correlated. Yield per plant is also significantly and positively correlated with flag leaf length at the genotypic level but non-significant at phenotypic level. Grain yield showed non-significant positive association with flag leaf width and panicle length. Above information suggests that yield per plant would increase with increase of these characters. Path co-efficient analysis suggested that flag leaf length, panicle per plant, and flag leaf width showed moderate to low direct effect, but 100-seed weight showed highest positive direct effect toward yield per plant. Plant height showed a low negative direct effect on grain yield per plant while days to maturity, panicle length, no. of filled grain, no. of unfilled grain per panicle and dry matter had considerable negative direct effect on grain yield per plant and showed a negligible indirect effect. Thus, selection based on maturity period, number of panicles per plant, panicle length and higher number of filled grains per panicle might be effective for improving yield of rice.

Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Genotypes

Twenty diverse genotypes were evaluated at Horticulture research centre of SVP university of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut during spring season, 2022. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of variance revealed significant among all the genotypes for all the characters under study. The high percentage of Genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation for fruit diameter, fruit yield per plot, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per hectare, node number to first male flower, average fruit weight while, moderate were found for node number to first female flower and TSS and lowest in days to germination, number of leaves per plant, vine length, number of primary branches per plant, days to first male flower, days to first female flower and days to first fruit harvest which estimated that high degree of variability in these traits. The highest heritability recorded for fruit diameter 99.45% followed by number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plot, fruit length, node number to first female flower, average fruit weight, number of leaves per plant, node number to first male flower, days to first male flower, fruit yield per hectare, days to first fruit harvest, TSS, days to germination, vine length, days to first female flower and number of primary branches per plant. Genetic advance as percent of mean was highest for fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit yield per plot, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per hectare, node number to first male flower, average fruit weight, node number to first female flower. Which indicate that above characters may be most potential for further improvement.

Evaluation of Purple Segmented Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Genotypes for Growth and Yield Contributing Characters under Coimbatore Condition

Aim: Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops which is grown in India and throughout the world which belongs to Solanaceae family with chromosome number 2n =24. This investigation is mainly aimed to evaluate the brinjal genotypes and identify the superior genotypes with high yield, good quality and tolerance to shoot and fruit borer.
 Study Design: The experimental materials consisted of twenty-one genotypes and two check were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two replications.
 Place and Duration of Research: The study was carried out at Horticulture orchard, Department of Vegetable Science, Horticulture College and research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2022-2023.
 Methodology: In this study, twenty-one genotypes along with two checks were collected from various part of Tamil Nadu. Plants were raised in portrays and 30 days old plants were transplanted to main field at 60 X 60 cm spacing. Growth and yield parameters were observed and recorded.
 Results: Based on per se performances CBE-SM-006 found to be superior genotype since, it recorded highest marketable fruit yield, number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits per cluster and minimum fruit and shoot borer infestation followed by CBE-SM-108. Hence, CBE-SM-006 and CBE-SM-108 are the promising genotypes which can be used for further breeding programme. 
 Conclusion: The study will provide detail knowledge on selecting the superior genotypes for further crop improvement in brinjal.

Screening of Mustard Germplasm against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum) and Analysis of Yield Contributing Characters

The current experiment was carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS) Polasa, Jagtial during rabi 2020-21, with the goals of (1) assessing the resistance of Indian mustard germplasm lines to powdery mildew disease and (2) analysing the yield and its contributing traits, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height in centimetres, primary branch number, secondary branch number, siliqua number and siliqua length in centimetres. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there were statistically significant differences between the genotypes and their characteristics. The genotypes viz., DRMR-150-35, Black gold, and RH-9304 performed best on average out of 50 different varieties for twelve different characteristics, including high seed yield per plant, high 1000-seed weight and high harvest index.Two resistant genotypes (GM-3 and Swarna Jyothi) and nine genotypes (Pusa mahak, PM-25, PM-26, PDZM-31, Pusa tarak, Pusa bahar, Ashirwad, DRMR-601, and JM-2) demonstrated considerable resistance reaction to the powdery mildew disease after being screened against the illness. We can solve the disease effect problem by utilizing these germplasm lines as donors in future breeding programme to develop powdery mildew resistant lines.

Genetic Diversity for Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

In the present investigation, At RARS, Jagtial, 68 genotypes, including three checks were evaluated for genetic diversity for selection of diverse parents. Divergence studies through D2 statistic indicated the presence of substantial diversity by forming large number of clusters with wide range of inter-cluster distance.The 68 genotypes were distributed into eight clusters based on the D2 values. Among the eight clusters, cluster I was the largest comprising of 30 genotypes followed by cluster II with 22 genotypes and Cluster III and V with six genotypes in each cluster remaining clusters IV, VI, VII, VIII were solitary. The data on character means for eight clusters indicated that, cluster III was having highest mean value for number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, seed yield per plant and 1000 seed weight. Cluster VIII for days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to maturity and number of branches per plant. The genotypes JCS 2611, JCS 2454, and JCS 3599 have a high cluster distance and might be employed directly used for adaptation or may be used as parents in future hybridization programme.

Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Putative M2 Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus L.) Accessions

Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus L.) is a multipurpose, orphan leguminous crop in Kenya .It is characterized with narrow genetic diversity and low yield output. Use of nuclear techniques such as gamma ray induction in breeding for improved genetic variability is an effective approach in improvement of this important crop. Studies on genetic variability estimates of two Kenyan dolichos bean accessions were undertaken as the pre-requisites for selection of potential high yielding putative accessions for production. This study was conducted between May 2020 and October 2020 at biotechnology department, University of Eldoret research field, Kenya. 0gy, 300gy and 400gy mutant accessions of Eldo maridadi and Eldo black I respectively were raised in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data was collected either on plot basis or from randomly taken 3 plants on days to 50% flowering, leaf length, number of flower buds per race , raceme length (cm) , plant height (cm), number of nodes per raceme , pod length (cm), 100 seed weight (g), dry seed yield (g). The data collected for each quantitative trait was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for simple lattice design. There was high PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability in, raceme length (cm), plant height (cm), number of nodes per raceme, pod length (cm), 100 seed weight (g), dry seed yield per plant (g) in Eldo black I accession traits than in Eldo maridadi .The different accession following mutation did exhibit difference in trend of genetic variability estimates. An indication of genotypic differences, response to mutation, lesser influence of environment in expression of the traits, prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance and amenability of the traits to simple selection. Eldo maridadi accessions exhibited high to low heritability with low genotypic advance as percent of mean in evaluated traits thus direct selection on this traits may not beneficial. Other traits or further improvements on yield potentiality and yield traits on the accessions of this genotype are suggested by creating variation and selection.

Estimation of Heterosis for Seed Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of Desi x Desi Crosses of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Late Sown Condition

Aims: To estimate the relative heterosis & heterobeltiosis for seed yield and it’s contributing characters in chickpea. The study was conducted in chickpea for the evaluation of genetic makeup of chickpea genotypes and their further use in chickpea improvement program, information regarding their mean performance and heterosis is very helpful.
 Study Design: Randomized block design (RBD) was followed.
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at research farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura (SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasathan) during rabi2019-2022.
 Methodology: An investigation consisted of eight chickpea genotypes viz., RSG-888, CSJD-884, RSG-963, RSG-973, RSG-974, CSJ-515, Avrodhi and HC-5 and crossed in all possible combinationswere raised inrandomized block design (RBD) with three replications in late sown condition December, 2021.
 Results: The ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) for different characters revealed that the significant mean square due to generations and parents for all the studied characters under study.The maximum relative heterosis over mid-parent was observed as 49.99 per cent (CSJ-515 × HC-5). Similarly, maximum heterosis over better parent was observed as 35.46 per cent (RSG-973 × HC-5). Therefore, these crosses were observed more heterotic as well as heterobeltiotic for seed yield per plant under late sown environment.
 Conclusion: In this study additive and non additive type of gene actions were important in governing all traits studied resulting in high heterosis in selected cross combinations for seed yield per plant and attributed traits.

Study on the Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of Aus Rice Varieties in Various Soil Moisture Levels

The experiment was conducted at the Plant Physiology Laboratory (central laboratory) and Shade house of Field Laboratory of Agricultural Botany Department, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh under a field experiment was also carried out on yield contributing parameters. There were three rice genotypes namely BRRI dhan55 (V1), BR6976-2B-15 (V2) and tolerant check Hashikalmi (V3) and seven water stress were imposed as treatments. The treatments were arranged for 0 days of water stress (control) irrigated continuously throughout the experimental period (T0). When the seedlings were 20 days old, water deficit was imposed for seven days (T1), when the seedlings were 35 days old, water deficit was imposed for seven days (T2), when the seedlings were 55 days old, water deficit was imposed for seven days (T3), when the seedlings were 75 days old, water deficit was imposed for seven days (T4). When the seedlings were 95 days old, water deficit was imposed for seven days (T5) and when the seedlings were 115 days old, water deficit was imposed for seven days (T6). BRRI dhan55 and Hashikalmi produced the highest tillers, grains, number of spikelets and yield. The grain sterility percentage is much higher in BR6976-2B-15 due to water stress treatment compared to other genotypes. Grain yield was the highest in BRRI dhan55 and Hashikalmi and gradually decreased with increased water stress treatment compared to other genotypes. Decreased grain yield per plant under water stress treatment reduction of tillers, panicle, filled grains, root, shoot, spikelet/panicle, panicle dry matter content, and with other causes. The harvest index was decreased due to water stress conditions in all the genotypes while less affected in BRRI dhan55 and Hashikalmi.

Evaluation of Different Spacing For Growth and Yield Contributing Characters of Tree Type Mulberry

The two tree type, mulberry V1 and G4, were examined in the investigations for the impact of various spacing on growth and yield metrics. The results show that spacing has an impact on how mulberries grow. Among the different spacings, 6 ft x 6 ft had the highest single shoot length (133.10 cm), minimum internodal length (3.95 cm), length of the longest shoot (128.47 cm), total shoot length (1267.18 cm), physiological attribute like leaf area (137.75 cm2), and yield attributes like single leaf weight of 5.35 g, weight of 100 leaves (518.50 g), number of leaves per shoot (61.75), and leaf yield per plant (3.00 kg). The cultivation of tree-type mulberries is particularly adaptable to a 6' x 6' spacing.

Evaluation of Different Spacing For Growth and Yield Contributing Characters of Tree Type Mulberry

The two tree type, mulberry V1 and G4, were examined in the investigations for the impact of various spacing on growth and yield metrics. The results show that spacing has an impact on how mulberries grow. Among the different spacings, 6 ft x 6 ft had the highest single shoot length (133.10 cm), minimum internodal length (3.95 cm), length of the longest shoot (128.47 cm), total shoot length (1267.18 cm), physiological attribute like leaf area (137.75 cm2), and yield attributes like single leaf weight of 5.35 g, weight of 100 leaves (518.50 g), number of leaves per shoot (61.75), and leaf yield per plant (3.00 kg). The cultivation of tree-type mulberries is particularly adaptable to a 6' x 6' spacing