Yield Attributes Of Wheat Research Articles

Enriched Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag application for improving grain yield and quality of wheat grown under nutritionally poor degraded soil

Aim: To evaluate the impact of enriched steel slag on the physico-chemical characteristics of soil and yield attributes of wheat under poor quality degraded soil. Methodology: Steel slag was biologically and organically amended with natural sources of phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) and characterized for its nutrient content along with biological activity. The impact of resultant products was assessed on soil quality and yield component traits of wheat for two consecutive years (2021-2022 and 2022-23). Results: Application of slag based products significantly (p<0.05) improved the plant height, biological yield, grain yield and ear bearing tillers (EBT) of wheat even with 80% of recommended fertilizer dose (NPK). Further, in comparison to control, a moderation of soil pH (8.6 to 8.8), EC (0.18 to 0.20 dS m-1), OC (0.22 to 0.24 %) and essential mineral macronutrients viz., N (126 to 130 kg N ha-1), P (8.0 to 13.0 kg ha-1), K (100 to 125 kg ha-1) were observed with the application of amended steel slag products. No significant change with respect to existing heavy metal concentration viz., Co, Ni, Cd and Pb in soil was observed when supplemented with amended slag products. Interpretation: Steel slag can be transformed favorably for on-farm application to improve wheat yield besides serving as an environmentally sustainable alternate of soil conditioner for the management of degraded soil. Key words: Degraded soil, Heavy metals, Steel slag, Waste management, Wheat

Influence of phosphorous fertilizer on mineral nutrition and yield attributes of wheat: Acquisition with PSTOL1 gene for arid environment

To boost agricultural yields, understanding mineral nutrition’s reliance on fertilizers is crucial, underscoring the need to evaluate nutrient-use efficiency for optimal fertilization. In this regard, a field study was conducted to elaborate the role of phosphorus fertilizer in enhancing growth, yield and marginal rate of return in four wheat varieties; two Zn-biofortified (Zincol-2016 and Akbar-2019) and two standard types (Anaj-2017 and FSD-2008). The study revealed that application of phosphorus significantly enhanced the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) contents in straw (13 %, 59 % and 79 %) and grains (63 %, 92 % and 28 %) respectively. Similarly, the contents of Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) were reduced in straw (23 % and 19 %) and grains (19 % and 18 %) respectively after application of 80 and 120 kg P2O5, however at 40 kg P2O5 the contents of Zn and Fe were slightly enhanced. The grain yield (21 %) and harvest index (11 %) was maximum at 80 kg P2O5 as compared to 40 and 120 kg P2O5. The Marginal rate of return over investment (MRR) in P2O5 was maximum (241 %) in Akbar-2019 when P-fertilizer was applied at the rate of 80 kg P2O5 per ha−1. Regression analysis showed a positive correlation between grain yield and its determinants. Biofortified wheat varieties responded better to 80 kg P2O5, outperforming standard varieties in yield. Additionally, our findings demonstrate a significant upregulation of PSTOL1 gene expression at 80 kg P2O5 level. Concludingly the application of P-fertilizer at the rate of 80 kg P2O5 per ha−1 enhanced growth, yield and rate of return of testing wheat varieties especially the biofortified ones; Zincol-2016 and Akbar-2019.

Synergistic effects of inorganic and organic fertilizers with Kappaphycus alvarezii bio-stimulant on yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Synergistic effects of inorganic and organic fertilizers with Kappaphycus alvarezii bio-stimulant on yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Yield and Yield Attributes of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop under Different Thermal and Moisture Regimes

A field experiment was carried out at Agrometeorological Research Farm of ANDU and T., Kumarganj, Ayodhya (UP) during rabi 2022-23 and 2023-24 to study the impact of different thermal regimes/sowing environments and moisture levels on wheat yield and yield attributes. Treatment consisted of three thermal regimes viz.15th November, 25th November and 5th December in main plot with four moisture levels viz, I1 at CRI, I2-CRI+tillering, I3-CRI+ jointing and milking, I4-CRI+ jointing+anthesis and dough stage in sub plot. Results reveal that 15th November thermal regime and I4 moisture level obtained higher values of effective tillers m-2, length of the spike, no. of spikes/plant, no. of grains/ear, no. of spikelet/spike, test weight followed by 25th November and minimum values were observed for crops sown on 5th December thermal regime during both year of experiment. There was significant variation observed in the grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index among the three distinct thermal regimes. The highest yield 47.25 and 47.73 q ha-1 were recorded under the 15th November thermal regime, followed by 25th November (44.75 and 45.2 q ha-1) and minimum at 5th December 36.75 and 37.1 q ha-1 during both year of experiment respectively. Among the moisture level I4 has obtained the maximum values of yield 46.67 and 47.1 q ha-1during 2022-23 and 2023-24, respectively.

Effect of different nitrogen levels and nano urea on growth and yield attributes of wheat under mid hills of Himachal Pradesh

Effect of different nitrogen levels and nano urea on growth and yield attributes of wheat under mid hills of Himachal Pradesh

Effect of Seed Rate and Nitrogen on Growth and Yield Attributes of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The field experiment entitled Effect of Seed Rate and Nitrogen on Growth and Yield Attributes of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was conducted, in the experiment comprising a total 12 treatment combinations; such as three seed rates (100, 125 and 150 kg/ha) and four levels of nitrogen (75, 100, 125 and 150 kg/ha). Which was carried out in split plot design with three replications. Results revealed that the growth, yield and economics of wheat significantly differed with different seed rates and nitrogen levels. Results showed that crop sown using seed rate of 100 kg/ha recorded significantly higher plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike and test weight as compared to 125 and 150 kg/ha seed rates. Higher dry matter accumulation, number of tillers per meter row length and straw yield recorded with seed rate of 150 kg/ha over 100 and 125 kg/ha. However, significantly higher grain yield and biological yield, net returns and B: C ratio were recorded with the seed rate of 125 kg/ha as compared to seed rate of 150 and 100 kg/ha. Among nitrogen levels, significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of tillers per meter row length, spike length, number of grains per spike and test weight, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield, net returns and B: C ratio recorded with the application of nitrogen @ 125 kg/ha as compared to application of nitrogen @ 75 and 100 kg/ha, but it was at par with the application of nitrogen @ 150 kg/ha as compared to 125 and 150 kg/ha seed rates.

The Effect of Mannitol and Nano Urea on Terminal Heat Stress on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present investigation was conducted during Rabi season, 2022-23 & 2023-24 at the student instructional farm (SIF) of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya- 224229 (U.P.). The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications, seven treatments and wheat variety (HD 2967). The treatment was comprised of control distilled water spray, Mannitol 25, 50, 100 ppm and Nano urea 25, 50, 100 ppm respectively, which was foliar sprayed at 30 DAS. The observations have been studied on growth, bio-chemical, yield and yield attributes of wheat. Observations were recorded at 60, 90 DAS and at maturity stages for timely sowing (15 November) and late sowing (15 December). However, yield and yield parameters were taken at the time of harvesting of the crop. Foliar spray of mannitol and nano urea were performed well at 60, 90 DAS and at maturity parameters. Foliar application of nano urea with 25 ppm was recorded superior on plant height (cm), dry weight plant-1 (g), chlorophyll content in leaves (SPAD value), Catalase activity (g-1 fresh weight min-1), Peroxidase activity (mg g-1 fresh weight min-1), Super oxide dismutase activity (mg g-1 fresh weight min-1) However, yield and yield attributes viz length of spike, number of tillers plant-1, number of grains spike-1, grain yield plant-1 It is concluded from the result that foliar spray of nano urea 25 ppm was found most effective to increasing all characters and yield parameters of wheat.

Effect of NPK and Growth Regulators on Yield Attributes of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present experimental study was carried out during Rabi season 2020-21 at Instructional farm, BTC College of Agriculture and Research station, Bilaspur (C.G.). The soil of the experimental field was clay in texture. The wheat Var. HI-1544 was grown and treatments were replicated three times in randomized block design. The experiment consists of nine treatments The crop was sown on 11th November, 2020 and harvesting was done on 24th March, 2021.The result revealed that maximum yield parameters the significantly higher grain (45.55 q ha1) and straw (46.45 q ha-1) yields were observed under the treatment 150 % RDF NPK + Two spray of growth regulator at first node (35 DAS) and boot leaf stage (60 DAS) (T9). Further, among the nutrient management treatment, significantly maximum grain and straw yield up to (43.65q ha-1) and (46.35q ha-1) respectively were recorded under150 % RDF NPK (T6). However, the treatment (T9) was statically similar with the treatment (T6). The improvement in yield attributes and yield of wheat was recorded with the application of 150 % RDF NPK + Two spray of growth regulator at first node (35 DAS) and boot leaf stage (60 DAS) (T9) which was at par with the application of 150 % RDF NPK (T6). Treatment (T9) assigned yield advantage of 21.19 % and 21.52 % in grain and straw yield respectively as compared to 150 % RDF NPK (T6).

Effect of conservation tillage and weed management practices on yield and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Effect of conservation tillage and weed management practices on yield and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Effect of Nano-Fertilizer and Bio-Growth Regulator on Yield Attributes of Wheat

Effect of Nano-Fertilizer and Bio-Growth Regulator on Yield Attributes of Wheat

Influence of Various Methods of Sowing and Organic Manures on the Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The study was conducted at the certified organic experimental farm of SHUATS Model of Organic Farm (SMOF) at NAI, Prayagraj, in the winter rabi season of 2020-21. The primary objective was to scrutinize the nuanced impact of diverse sowing methods and organic manures on the yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This comprehensive investigation consisted of nine treatments, each replicated three times and arranged in a randomized block design. Noteworthy findings emerged, revealing that Row sowing coupled with Poultry manure (5 t/ha), Panchagavya 3% FS, and Jeevamrut 500 l/ha FS resulted in the tallest plant height (78.30 cm). Moreover, the optimal combination of SWI with Poultry manure (5 t/ha), Panchagavya 3% FS, and Jeevamrut 500 l/ha FS exhibited the highest number of tillers per plant (10.53) and the maximum dry weight per plant (18.00 g/plant). Better yield performance, however, was achieved by Row sowing in conjunction with Poultry manure (5 t/ha), Panchagavya 3% FS, and Jeevamrut 500 l/ha FS, where it not only showcased the highest grain yield (3.16 t/ha) and straw yield (4.48 t/ha) but also demonstrated superiority in gross return (Rs. 1,44,000.00/ha), net returns (Rs. 95,940.00/ha), and an impressive benefit-cost ratio of 1.99. These outcomes underscore the paramount importance of precision in agricultural practices for achieving enhanced productivity and economic viability.

Effect of bioaugmented Linz-Donawitz slag and biochar on physiological and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Industrial wastes and agricultural by-products are increasingly used in crop production as supplements along with fertilizers. An experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2021 and 2022 at the research farm of the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to determine the individual and combined effects of bioaugmented Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag and biochar on physiological and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety HD 2967. Bioaugmented products with cow-dung, LD slag and biochar in different combinations were prepared in laboratory scale and applied in crates. All the treatments were applied with 100%RDF except control. Growth parameters such as total leaf area, chlorophyll content, NDVI; and leaf photosynthetic attributes such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were affected by bio-augmentation. Our study reported an increase in total leaf area (18.2–21.3%), chlorophyll content (26.5–31.0%), net photosynthetic rate (93.2%), stomatal conductance (61.3%), transpiration rate (24.7%) in bioaugmented treatments with LD slag and biochar over 100%RDF. A yield increase of 25.6 and 27.1% was found in bioaugmented treatments with a combination of LD slag (2 t/ha) and biochar (1 t/ha) over 100%RDF during 2021 and 2022, respectively. No. of spikes, grains per spike and dry biomass weight were positively influenced by bioaugmentation. The bioaugmented treatments with a combination of LD slag and biochar gave significantly higher grain yield, followed by bioaugmented LD slag compared to bioaugmented biochar alone in the respective application rate of treatments.

Soil Manuring and Genetic Variation Conjunctively Surmount the Partial Drought Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Crop growth is negatively influenced under water-stress conditions, which is among the most yield-limiting factors significantly decreasing crop yield. This study evaluated the effect of water-deficit stress on physiological, bio-chemical and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under both constantly wet and water-stressed conditions on two wheat varieties (UJALA-14, SARC-4). Further, the combined impacts of crop genetic variability and organic manuring in soil was studied for overcoming the partial drought stress in wheat. Treatments of different levels of irrigation water alone or with farmyard manure (FYM) @ 20 Mg ha‒1 were compared as: constantly wet irrigation (control), irrigation intensity equal to field capacity (FC), ½ FC + FYM, and ¼ FC + FYM. Crop growth, physiological and chlorophyll as well as sodium and potassium contents were measured. The findings of current study exhibited that shortage of water had negative effects on growth, physiological, bio-chemical and yield attributes of wheat. Genotype SARC-4 exhibited superior growth response having constantly wet and field capacity condition, on the other hand UJALA-14 gave better growth response under water stress conditions of ½ FC and ¼ FC when treated with FYM amendment. It is concluded that partial drought stress developed tolerance in wheat genotypes particularly in UJALA-14, which was strengthened with organic amendment. Combined use of drought tolerant varieties and application of FYM as a fertilizer is very effective way to enhance crop yield.

Effect of Seed Rates and Sowing Dates on Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy farm of Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Khumaltar, Lalitpur to evaluate the effect of sowing dates and seed rates on yield and yield attributes of wheat. The experiment was laid in a split-plot design with three replications treated with 4 sowing dates as the main plot factor (12th Nov, 27th Nov, 12th Dec, and 27th Dec) and 4 seed rates as subplot factor (100 kg ha-1, 120 kg ha-1, 140 kg ha-1 and 160 kg ha-1). Results revealed that the leaf area index was significantly affected by sowing dates and was comparatively superior in 2nd sowing date (27th Nov) wheat. Similarly, in the case of seed rates, the leaf area index was influenced significantly and was recorded to be increasing with an increase in seed rates. Phenological parameters like days to 50% heading, flowering, and maturity were observed maximum (116, 123, and 179 days, respectively) in early sown wheat and reduced with the subsequent delay in sowing. Maximum values of yield and yield attributes like effective tillers per meter square (635.6), spike length (9.56 cm), grains per spike (41.49), grain yield (7.59 Mt ha-1), and straw yield (9.58 Mt ha-1) were observed in the wheat sown in 2nd date (on 27th Nov) which differed significantly to wheat sown on other dates. Seed rates had no significant influence on grain yield and yield attributes. Thousand-grain weight was found maximum (46.26 g) in early sown wheat (on 12th Nov sown wheat, reduced with the subsequent delay in sowing, and the harvest index was observed as maximum (0.51) under December 27 sown wheat. Though the yield and its attributes were not influenced significantly by seed rate, the maximum yield (6.18 Mt ha-1) was observed in wheat sown at the rate of 120 kg ha-1. Considering seed yield and its parameters, 2nd date of sowing wheat (27th Nov) and seed rate of 100 kg ha-1 could be the best option to uplift the productivity of wheat in rainfed lowland conditions of Lalitpur, Nepal.

Unveiling the Synergistic Impact of N & P Levels Alone and in Conjunction with Bio-Inoculants (Azotobacter and PSB) on Growth and Yield of Wheat

The experiment conducted during the Rabi season of 2022-23 at Rajoula Agriculture Farm of Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya in Satna, Madhya Pradesh, investigated the growth characteristics and yield attributes of wheat under various treatments. The experiment, utilizing a randomized block design with 3 replications and 13 treatments, including different levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and bio-inoculants (Azotobacter and PSB). The wheat variety RAJ-4238 was grown as test crop. Based on experimental findings result revealed significant effects on wheat growth and yield attributes. Notably, plant height (91.80 cm), tiller count/ plant (7.47), and spike number/plant (14.27) at different stages were significantly improved by specific treatments, with the treatment containing T10 (100% N & P + PSB + Azotobacter + 100% K) consistently producing the most favorable results. Moreover, yield attributes such as number of spikelets/plant (599), number of grains/plant (550), test weight (53.87 gm), straw yield (51.14 q/ha) and grain yield (38.33 q/ha) were all significantly influenced by the same treatment combination T10 (100% N & P + PSB + Azotobacter + 100% K). However harvest index (44.37 %) was significantly influenced by the treatment T12 (50% N & P + PSB + Azotobacter + 100% K). These findings emphasize the potential for tailored nutrient and bio-inoculant management practices to enhance wheat production in the region.

Evaluation of System of Wheat Intensification on Growth Parameters and Yield Attributes of Wheat

An experiment was carried out in the field during rabi season 2022-23 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.). The experiment was conducted to determine the response of wheat crop to different planting methods and biofertilizer application. There were nine treatments in the experiment, each replicated thrice and it was laid out in Randomized Block Design. The results showed that System of Wheat Intensification in combination with Azotobacter and Azospirillum recorded significant and higher plant height (101.93 cm), number of tillers / hill (12.91), plant dry weight (24.53 g), number of effective tillers / hill (9.78) and number of grains / spike (58.76). Whereas, Raised bed in combination with Azotobacter and Azospirillum significantly increased Leaf area index (3.66) and Crop growth rate (17.42 g/m2/day) compared to other treatments.

Effect of Nitrogen Management on Growth Attributes and Yield Attributes of Wheat

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2022-23 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P) to determine the “Effect of Nitrogen management on growth and yield of wheat”. There were nine treatments each replicated thrice and the experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design. The results showed that treatment 6 (75% N through urea + 25 % N through poultry manure) recorded significantly higher plant height (119.20 cm), maximum number of tillers/ m2 (214), higher plant dry weight (64.34 g), highest Crop growth rate during the interval of 50-75 DAS (35.73 g/m2/day), maximum number of effective tillers/ m2 (144.5), maximum number of grains/ spike (53.33) and highertest weight (97.71 g) compared to other treatments.

Response of Different Moisture Regimes and Nitrogen Sources on Soil Health, Growth and Yield Attributes of Wheat: A Comprehensive Review

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a ancestor of the Poaceae family, is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. On a global scale, wheat is the main cereal that is cultivated and produced most widely. Irrigation has been essential to keep wheat a key food crop around the world. In response to climate change, it is also becoming more important. In response to better irrigation management, a key aspect in increasing water productivity and maintaining the viability of water resource use in agricultural production. At all growth stages of the crop, the wheat crop's growth and yield characteristics improved with rising levels of moisture regime. The performance of the yield component parts has been linked to higher nitrogen fertilization levels.

Exploring the recuperative potential of brassinosteroids and nano-biochar on growth, physiology, and yield of wheat under drought stress

Drought stress as a result of rapidly changing climatic conditions has a direct negative impact on crop production especially wheat which is the 2nd staple food crop. To fulfill the nutritional demand under rapidly declining water resources, there is a dire need to adopt a precise, and efficient approach in the form of different amendments. In this regard, the present study investigated the impact of nano-biochar (NBC) and brassinosteroids (BR) in enhancing the growth and productivity of wheat under different drought stress conditions. The field study comprised different combinations of amendments (control, NBC, BR, and NBC + BR) under three irrigation levels (D0, D1 and D2). Among different treatments, the synergistic approach (NBC + BR) resulted in the maximum increase in different growth and yield parameters under normal as well as drought stress conditions. With synergistic approach (NBC + BR), the maximum plant height (71.7 cm), spike length (17.1), number of fertile tillers m–2 (410), no. of spikelets spike–1 (19.1), no. of grains spike–1 (37.9), 1000 grain weight (37 g), grain yield (4079 kg ha–1), biological yield (10,502 kg ha–1), harvest index (43.5). In the case of physiological parameters such as leaf area index, relative water contents, chlorophyll contents, and stomatal conductance were maximally improved with the combined application of NBC and BR. The same treatment caused an increase of 54, 10, and 7% in N, P, and K contents in grains, respectively compared to the control treatment. Similarly, the antioxidant response was enhanced in wheat plants under drought stress with the combined application of NBC and BR. In conclusion, the combined application of NBC and BR caused a significant increase in the growth, physiological and yield attributes of wheat under drought stress.

Response of nitrogen scheduling and weed management on growth and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was conducted to study response of nitrogen scheduling and weed management on growth and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at the Experimental Farm, Mata Gujri College, Shri Fatehgarh Sahib during Rabi season of year 2018-2020. The experiment laid out in Split Plot Design (SPD) with three replications. The nitrogen scheduling includes N1 -½ Basal + ¼ at 4WAS + ¼ at 8 WAS, N2 -⅓ at 4 WAS + ⅓ at 8 WAS + ⅓ at 10 WAS, N3 -¼ at 4 WAS + ¼ at 6 WAS + ¼ at 8 WAS + ¼ at 10 WAS while weed management treatment were W2 -clodinafop @ 60 g/ha, W3 -sulfosulfuron @ 25 g/ha, W4-carfentrazone @ 20g/ha along with weed free and weedy check. The results revealed that the maximum growth and yield attributes were recorded of N3 -¼ at 4 WAS + ¼ at 6 WAS + ¼ at 8 WAS + ¼ at 10 WAS which was at par N2 -⅓ at 4 WAS + ⅓ at 8 WAS + ⅓ at 10 WAS and found significantly superior over N1-½ Basal + ¼ at 4WAS + ¼ at 8 WAS.N3 -¼ at 4 WAS + ¼ at 6 WAS + ¼ at 8 WAS + ¼ at 10 WAS + W3 -sulfosulfuron @ 25 g/ha recorded significantly maximum which was significantly superior over all the treatments.