Yellow-brown Color Research Articles

The effect of deep-frying and pan-frying methods on the organoleptic properties, protein, and calcium content of presto milkfish floss (<i>Chanos chanos</i>)

This study investigates the impact of deep-frying and pan-frying processing methods on the sensory characteristics, protein content, and calcium levels of presto milkfish floss (Chanos chanos). A pre-experimental study design was employed using a randomized block design, with data analyzed through unpaired t-tests and the Mann-Whitney test at a 95% confidence interval. Significant differences were observed in the acceptability of the floss regarding color, taste, and texture (p<0.05). In contrast, no significant difference was found in aroma (p>0.823) between the deep-fried (A1) and pan-fried (A2) samples. The post-hoc analysis revealed that deep-fried presto milkfish floss (A1) achieved the highest overall acceptability regarding color, taste, aroma, and texture. The deep-fried variant (A1) was preferred by the panelist and met the fish floss quality standards set by SNI 7690-1-2013. This variant was characterized by a yellowish-brown color, enhanced taste due to higher oil content, which determines the number of double bonds that will accelerate the oxidation rate, and a crunchier texture resulting from reduced moisture content, which also slowed microbial growth. The aroma was deemed pleasant and consistent with the ingredients used. Chemical analysis showed that the deep-fried presto milkfish floss (A1) contained 20.6 g of protein and 115.7 mg of calcium per 100 g. This composition contributes approximately 103% of the daily protein requirement and 17.8% of the daily calcium requirement for children aged two years.

The Relationship Between Water Physical Quality and Skin Disease Complaints in KB Village, Percut Sei Tuan District

Clean water is a basic need for humans, so its availability is very important. Clean water quality can have an impact on health. However, if the quality of clean water does not meet the requirements, such as a fishy odor and a yellow-brown water color, then this can result in skin diseases. This research aims to determine the condition of the physical quality of water used by the community and determine the relationship between the physical quality of water and complaints of skin diseases. Quantitative research using the chi-square analysis test was used on a population of 680 families and a sample of 55 respondents were obtained which were randomly selected. The results of this study show that the relationship between physical water quality and complaints of skin diseases obtained a significance value of 0.011 < 0.05. The conclusion of this research is that the physical quality of water influences complaints of skin diseases in KB village, Percut Sei Tuan District. Researchers submit suggestions to the Government to provide more physical water facilities to the people of Kampung KB and the community is expected to pay attention to the physical quality of water to avoid complaints of skin diseases.

Formulation and test of physical properties of eyeshadow cream with natural dyes of Kasumba turate flower extract (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) contains two natural pigments,, namely yellow carthamin and orange-red carthamin dye which are used as natural dyes. The research aimed to see whether safflower extract could be used as a natural coloring in eyeshadow cream and the physical properties of eyeshadow cream. The 70% ethanol extract of safflower was formulated into lip cream preparations, with varying concentrations of 0% (K-), 1% (F1), 2% (F2), and 3% (F3). Testing the physical properties of the preparation, namely the organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, type of cream test, spread test, spreadability test, viscosity test, and hedonic test. The formulation of the lip cream of safflower extract showed a distinctive smell of orange essence, yellow to brownish yellow color, semi-solid form, homogeneous preparation until the 28th day, easy to apply, had a pH (4.5-7.0), type cream O/W, has a viscosity of 10,000-20,000 cPs and spreadability of 5-7 cm. This study concludes that Safflower extract can be used as a natural dye in Eyeshadow cream preparations and meets the requirements of good physical properties of Eyeshadow cream preparations.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of sumac fruit oil and analysis of its fatty acid composition.

The use of ultrasound for enhancing the extraction of sumac fruit oil was investigated to maximize the utilization of available sumac fruit resources. The optimal extraction parameters were determined using single-factor trials and Box-Behnken design optimization and were found to be a liquid-to-material ratio of 13:1mL/g, an ultrasound temperature of 47°C, and an ultrasound duration of 32min. These yielded a 20.59% extraction rate of the oil. The ultrasonic-assisted approach markedly increased the extraction rate and significantly reduced the extraction time when compared to classical Soxhlet extraction. The resulting sumac fruit oil had a brown-yellow color with peroxide, acid, and iodine concentrations of 2.43mg/g, 0.44g/100g, and 135g/100g, respectively, and relative density (d20 20), and refractive index (20°C) values of 0.911, and 1.469, respectively. The primary fatty acids in the oil were stearic, linoleic, palmitic, linolenic, and oleic acids. With a 74.14% unsaturated fatty acid content, it has a high nutritional value as well as significant development and usage potential. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study demonstrates a highly efficient method for extracting vegetable oils and fats. It has the advantages of simple operation, low extraction temperature, short extraction time, high extraction rate, no damage to the material structure, excellent phusicai and chemical properties of the extracted vegetable oil, low cost, and the potential application in the food industry is crucial.

ANALISIS SIFAT FISIKA DAN SIFAT KIMIA GEL BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK BIJI PALEM PUTRI (Adonidia merrillii)

Biodiesel is an alkyl ester of long-chain fatty acids, the most common of which are methyl esters or ethyl esters. The manufacturing process involves esterification and transesterification. Traditional sources of biodiesel raw materials such as palm oil, soybeans, and jatropha have been widely studied. The princess palm, widely known as an ornamental plant, produces fruit containing seeds with quite high oil potential. This research aims to produce biodiesel and determine the physical and chemical properties from putri palm seeds. This research is experimental research with a quantitative descriptive approach. Putri palm seed oil is extracted using the soxhletation method with n-hexane solvent. The oil was then esterified using methanol with a catalyst of 1% sulfuric acid with a mole ratio of oil and methanol of 1:8 at a temperature of 60°C for 3 hours. The esterified oil is then transesterified using methanol and KOH with a methanol to oil ratio of 1:20 with KOH of 0.8% for 2 hours at a temperature of 60°C. This research has succeeded in making biodiesel from putri palm seeds. The biodiesel produced is in the form of a gel referred to as biodiesel gel with a yellowish brown color with a density of 1,236 gr/ml and a pour point of 36-38°C. The FFA/ALB value is 0.587%, the acid number is 1.177 mg KOH/g, the IOD number is 34.514 (g-I2/100 g), the saponification number is 63.19 mg KOH/g, the heating value is 48.088 MJ/Kg, and the cetane number 38,620. The IOD number, saponification number, and heating value meet the SNI standards for liquid biodiesel in general, while the cetane number and ALB value are close to SNI standards.

Antioxidant Activity of Arabian Leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi L) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume) Herbal Tea

Herbal tea is a drink made from the roots, stems, flowers, leaves, seeds and fruit skin of plants which have medicinal plant benefits, easily dissolved in hot water. Herbal teas have health benefits related to the antioxidant and free radical inhibitor activity of tea which is rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This study aims to determine the physical quality and antioxidant activity of herbal tea from Arabic bidara leaves and cinnamon. The method and type of research carried out is quantitative research using a descriptive design. Test parameters include physical quality tests, qualitative flavonoid tests, quantitative flavonoid tests and antioxidant activity tests using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The research results from the physical quality test of chopped herbal tea have a brownish yellow color, a typical tea smell, and a typical tea bitter taste. Qualitative flavonoid tests showed that herbal tea contained flavonoid compounds in the flavonol group due to the orange color that was formed, then continued with a test to determine total flavonoid levels with results of 14.382%. The antioxidant test results on herbal tea showed an IC 50 value of 38.294 mg/L, which is included in the very strong antioxidant category.

Nessler Method Verification for Determining Ammonia in Shrimp Pond Wastewater and Its Application in the Ammonia Adsorption Test with Lampung Natural Zeolite

Ammonia levels exceeding 0.50 mg/L can threaten organisms in aquatic environments. The Nessler method is one of the ammonia analysis methods based on the reaction between ammonia in a basic solution and Nessler reagent (K<sub>2</sub>HgI<sub>4</sub>), forming a colloidal dispersion with a brownish-yellow colour. The colour intensity is determined by spectrophotometry. This research aims to verify the Nessler method for determining ammonia levels in shrimp pond wastewater. The research results indicate that the Nessler method shows good linearity in the range of ammonia concentrations from 1 to 5 mg/L, with a correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) value of 0.9962. The precision value was determined from repeatability, expressed as %RSD (Relative Standard Deviation), i.e., 1.92%, and it meets acceptance criteria, which should be less than 0.5 of the Horwitz RSD. The accuracy obtained from the standard addition method provides a percentage recovery value of 99.25%, meeting the AOAC acceptance criteria. The detection limit and quantification limit of the technique are 0.3883 mg/L and 1.2943 mg/L, respectively. The verified method is then applied to analyze shrimp pond wastewater samples from Sriminosari Village, East Lampung, resulting in an ammonia concentration of 1.52 mg/L. The ammonia levels were then reduced by adsorption with natural zeolite Lampung, decreasing ammonia levels by 20.30%. Meanwhile, adsorption with an activated zeolite reduced the ammonia levels by 45.30%.

Physical Test of Avocado Leaf Extract Cream Formula

Avocado (Perseaamericana Mill) is a plant that grows widely in subtropical and tropical areas, one of which is Indonesia. The leaves of the avocado plant, which we can use as traditional medicine, are reported to be anti-bacterial and can inhibit the growth of several bacteria, including Staphylococcus aurus. The active substances contained in avocado leaves are flavonoids, quercetin and tannin which are useful as anti-bacterials and as a source of natural antioxidants. This study aims to determine the results of the physical test of the avocado leaf extract cream formula. This type of research is quantitative with a descriptive research design. In testing the cream, an organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, absorption test and adhesion test were carried out. The results obtained in the organoleptic test were seen from the yellowish brown color, the semi-solid dosage form, and the distinctive creamy smell of avocado leaves, the homogeneity test of the cream did not occur in phase separation, namely the water phase and the oil phase, the pH test of the cream had a pH of 7, the power test Spread the cream with a diameter of 6.1 cm, the cream's absorption test can absorb water optimally, and the cream's adhesion test obtains an adhesion time of 1.48 seconds. The physical test of the avocado leaf extract cream formula meets the requirements.

Karakteristik Fisikokimia dan Sensori Selai Lembaran Albedo Semangka (Citrullus lanatus.) dengan Substitusi Daging Buah Cempedak

Sheet jam is a processed jam food product that is processed with the addition of hydrocolloid so that it has a semi-solid, plastic and non-sticky texture. This study aims to utilize the watermelon rind and chempedak fruit in the manufature of sheet jam as one of the food diversifications. This studi used a one-faktor Completely Randomizd Design (CRD), namely the comparison of the watermelon rind and chempedak fruit flesh with 3 treatment levels (50%:50%, 60%:40%, 70%:30%). Data analysis used ANOVA with Duncan's Advanced Test at 95% confidence interval. The analysis used included chemical test analysis (moistur content, ash content, pectin content, crude fiber content), physical tests (total dissolved solids and color test), sensory quality, and hedonic tests to determine the product with the best treatment. The best treatment of sheet jam was with a ratio of 50% watermelon rind and 50% puree of chempedak pulp, having a moistures content of 19.83%, ash content of 0.42%, pectin content of 3.23%, crude fiber of 2.92%, and TDS 21.8 % °Brix. The results of the sensory quality of sheet jam with the best treatment had a brownish yellow color, tended to be sweet, smelled of less strong watermelon albedo, had a strong aroma of chempedak, and quite springy in texture. The results of the hedonik test on sheet jam were the best for color, aroma, taste, texture, and Overall parameters in the direction of liking (6,42 – 7,30).

Physico-functional properties, structural, and nutritional characterizations of Hodgsonia heteroclita oilseed cakes

The physicochemical and functional properties, structures, and nutritional characterizations of Hodgsonia heteroclita oilseed cake powder (OCP) obtained from oil extraction with no pretreatment (NP), heat pretreatment (HP; drying at 55 °C until reaching 10% moisture content), and the combined heat and enzymatic pretreatment (HEP; 2.98% (w/w) enzyme loading, 48 °C of incubation temperature and 76 min of incubation time) were investigated. HP and HEP caused a decrease in lightness but an increase in the yellow–brown color of OCP. The results showed that HEP-OCP had significantly lower oil and water absorption index, pasting properties and gelatinization enthalpy while higher water solubility index, foaming and emulsifying properties than NP-OCP and HP-OCP. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction indicated a small change in the protein secondary structure after pretreatment. Moreover, depending on pretreatment method, OCP samples contained a significant difference in nutritional values. However, all OCP samples could be claimed as high protein sources, containing all 9 essential amino acids and 9 non-essential amino acids. Finally, HEP-OCP seemed to have suitable properties to use as a potential ingredient in various food products such as soups, sauces, ice-cream, mousses, chiffon cakes and whipped toppings.

Pembuatan Snack Bar Rasa Biryani dengan Menggunakan Berbagai Jenis Pemanis Sebagai Bahan Perekat

Snack bars are snacks consisting of ingredients such as cereals, fruits and sometimes nuts that are glued together with adhesives. The adhesive material has the function of providing a solid and sturdy texture so as to produce the desired characteristics of the snack bar. The adhesive material used in making snack bars is sugar or sweetener. This study aims to determine how the organoleptic quality and nutritional content of snack bars using various types of sweeteners (glucose syrup, High Fructose Syrup (HFS), and honey) as an adhesive material. This type of research is experimental with observational data collection through organoleptic quality assessment and nutritional content of biryani flavored snack bars. The results showed that the snack bar with High Fructose Syrup (HFS) produced the best snack bar organoleptic quality, perfect block-shaped snack bar; solid and not hollow; slightly brown yellow color; biryani aroma; crunchy texture and easy to break; and balanced sweet and biryani taste; Laboratory analysis showed that biryani-flavored snack bar has nutritional content in the form of calories of 285.80 kcal/100g, with carbohydrate content of 69.24%, protein of 15.40%, fat of 3.24%, moisture content of 10.90% and ash content of 1.22%.

LITERATURE REVIEW: PERANAN ACAULOSPORA TERHADAP PENYERAPAN FOSFOR PADA AKAR TANAMAN SINGKONG

Mycorrhiza is a form of mutualistic symbiosis between plant roots (rhiza) and fungi (mykes). Plants will get various kinds of nutrients, especially phosphorus (P) from their mycorrhiza, while mycorrhiza will get carbon (C) from plants. Phosphorus is a macro nutrient that plants must have. Phosphorus has important functions in plants, namely during respiration, photosynthesis, energy transport, energy storage, cell enlargement, cell division, as well as processes within plants, stimulating plant root development and germination. Mycorrhiza is grouped into three types, namely ectendomycorrhiza, ectomycorrhiza, and endomycorrhiza. This journal review uses the SLR or Systematic Literature Review method with the aim of knowing the meaning of mycorrhiza, characteristics, enzymes that play a role, the mechanism of phosphorus absorption in mycorrhiza, mycorrhizal colonization, and mycorrhizal symbiosis in cassava plants. This article discusses mycorrhiza, one of the mycorrhizal genera, namely Acaulospora, which is included in the endomycorrhiza or Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). The spores are characterized by a brownish yellow color and a rough surface like orange peel. The phosphatase enzyme is produced by Acaulospora hyphae. This enzyme helps increase the amount of P nutrients that are useful for plants by releasing the fixation of P nutrients from Al, Fe, and Ca in the soil, so that phosphate elements are available to plants.

Photocatalytic, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Efficacy of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Fabricated by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

The biomass filtrate of the endophytic bacterial strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Fa.2 was utilized for the eco-friendly production of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). The yellowish-brown color’s optical properties showed a maximum surface plasmon resonance at 415 nm. The morphological and elemental composition analysis reveals the formation of spherical shapes with sizes of 5–40 nm, and the Ag ion comprises the major component of the produced Ag-NPs. X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline structure, whereas dynamic light scattering reveals the high stability of synthesized Ag-NPs with a polydispersity index of 0.413 and a negative zeta potential value. The photocatalytic experiment showed the efficacy of Ag-NPs to degrade methylene blue with maximum percentages of 73.9 ± 0.5 and 87.4 ± 0.9% under sunshine and UV irradiation, respectively, compared with 39.8% under dark conditions after 210 min. Additionally, the reusability of Ag-NPs was still more active for the fifth run, with a percentage decrease of 11.6% compared with the first run. Interestingly, the biogenic Ag-NPs showed superior antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria (MIC = 6.25 µg mL−1), Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1), and uni- and multicellular fungi (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1). Moreover, the biosynthesized Ag-NPs could target cancer cells (Pc3 and Mcf7) at low concentrations compared with normal cell (Vero) lines. The IC50 of normal cells is 383.7 ± 4.1 µg mL−1 compared with IC50 Pc3 (2.5 ± 3.5 µg mL−1) and McF7 (156.1 ± 6.8 µg mL−1). Overall, the bacterially synthesized Ag-NPs showed multifunctional features to be used in environmental catalysis and biomedical applications.

Dyeing of Silk Yarn With Natural Dye from Teak Leaves

Objective: This study investigated the impacts of using teak leaf-derived natural dye for dyeing silk yarn. Theoretical Framework: This research uses a conceptual framework for the development of natural fibers for application in textile production. By testing the properties of dyed fibers obtained from teak trees cultivated in Thailand. which tests the properties of the fibers and the adhesion of colors obtained from teak trees. Method: This research explored two mordanting methods (pre-mordanting and post-mordanting) across varying conditions. The study documented the ideal parameters for dyeing, as well as color values, color strength, and fastness properties of the silk yarn. Results and Discussion: by dyeing at 90°C for 60 minutes with a pH of 3. Silk yarn treated with a mixture of teak leaf extract and a mordant substance displayed a yellowish-brown color, except when dyed with ferrous sulfate, which produced a dark gray-brown shade. The silk yarn exhibited fair color fastness when subjected to washing and perspiration, while its resistance to light was rated as poor–moderate. On the other hand, the results in terms of rubbing and water fastness showed a good to very good level. Research Implications: The fibers obtained from the research process have the properties of fibers and color adhesion on the yarn that are highly resistant to washing. Moreover, dyed yarn is beautiful and durable. Originality/Value: These findings underscore the potential utility of teak leaf extract-based natural dyes for silk yarn dyeing.

Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigations of Borassus flabellifer Linn. Flowers

Borassus flabellifer Linn. commonly known as palmyra pam. The main purpose of the present work was to conduct systematic investigation of various extracts of B. flabellifer. Linn. flowers. The flowers of B. flabellifer Linn. belonging to family Areaceae were collected from Pune district. Authenticated at Botanical Survey of Pune. In this study B. flabellifer. Linn. flowers were evaluated for morphological characteristics, powdered microscopy, pharmacognostic investigation, preliminary phytochemical investigation as per World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The soxhlet apparatus was used for extraction, along with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform and a hydro-alcoholic solvent. Flowers were also extracted by cold maceration. Morphologically flowers were showed a yellowish-brown color, sweet, pleasant taste. Powdered microscsopy was showed presence of fibres, vessels, crystals of calcium oxalate, starch grains. Pharmacognostic investigation shows foreign matter- Nil, total ash, water-soluble, acid-insoluble, sulphated ash was observed to be 3.5, 0.5, 0.5, 4.5%, respectively. LoD was found to be 4.6%. Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and water-soluble extractive values were observed to be 0.2, 2.6, 0.4, 5.8 and 7.6%, respectively. Fluorescence analysis was also done. Extract contains carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, triterpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. Present study could be helpful for the proper identification and further research work.

Assessment of Sensory Attributes in White Tea Utilizing the High Identity Traits (HITS) Methodology Employing an Immersive Approach

White tea is a plant-derived product from Camellia sinensis L, which is processed without enzymatic oxidation and fermentation. The high identity traits (HITS) is a sensory evaluation method that identifies dominant attributes using five attributes to describe each sample. The sensory evaluation research on white tea uses the HITS method with an environmental approach aimed at identifying dominant attributes of white tea using both trained and untrained panelists, as well as at determining the intensity of these dominant attributes using an environmental approach with both trained and untrained panelists. The materials used were five samples of Gamboeng white tea, Heizl, Dandang, Pucuk, and Ennie1. The HITS method with trained panelists successfully identified dominant attributes as follows: yellow-brown brew color, rose aroma, rose flavor, astringent aftertaste, and light mouthfeel. Meanwhile, the experiment using untrained panelists showed dominant attributes as follows: yellow-brown brew color, jasmine aroma, jasmine flavor, astringent aftertaste, and light mouthfeel. The HITS method with an immersive approach for both trained and untrained panelists had an impact on increasing the intensity of aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel while decreasing the intensity of aftertaste.

The high-hardness ceramic glazes based on basalt from Bali Province for ceramic body coatings

The ceramic glaze method is not only done to add color aesthetics but also to increase the hardness of the glaze. Basalt is one of the raw materials developed as a ceramic glaze material because it is cheap, easy to find, and has good characteristics. This research aims to determine glaze characteristics by varying the concentration of basalt rocks from the Ababi area, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province. The experiment used basalt at 45%-61%, Feldspar 27%-37%, Kaolin 3%-8%, and ZnO 7%-10% as raw materials for glaze, not frit glaze. Heating the glaze material layer at 1,250 °C for 3 hrs. The product characteristics of glaze ceramics include chemical composition, crystal phase, microhardness, porosity, density, thermal expansion coefficient, and surface morphology. Basalt from Bali is characterized by its high Fe2O3 content, reaching 20.07 wt%. Compared to basalt in generally, it has a different impact on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the ceramic glaze produced. Based on the observation of ceramic glaze products, the glaze composition with 56% basalt, 32% feldspar, 5% kaolin, and 7% ZnO showed the best coating, with a yellowish-brown color and an average thickness of 79.82µm. The hardness value of the glaze layer is 6.5 GPa, exceeding the standard hardness value of glazes on the market. Glazed ceramics contain the minerals Gahnite (ZnAl2O4) and Coesite (SiO2), which can increase the hardness of the glaze. This research demonstrates the tremendous potential and added value of using basalt from Bali Province as a raw material for glazed ceramics.

Bactericidal action of cost-effective colorimetric acid-base sensor of dyed cotton-based fabrics as a promising wound dressing mat

Acid-base sensitive fabrics is considered as one of interesting features for smart textile applications; therefore, this work presents a simple treatment of cotton fabric with 3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) followed by dyeing with curcumin dye. On the contrary, the dyed cationized cotton fabric exhibited a rough surface owing to the curcumin dye adsorption onto the surface of cationized cotton fabric. The interesting acid-base sensitivity of the dyed (dyed cationized cotton) fabric was observed and the color of dyed cationized cotton was changed from brownish yellow color to bright yellow color in acidic pH up to 6 while by increase the pH than 8 the color changed from brownish yellow to reddish brown color. The color change can easily be observed by naked eye. It was found that, dyed cationized cotton fabric exhibit the highest bactericidal activity compared with the undyed cationized cotton fabric, and untreated cotton fabric, which possessed the lowest antibacterial effect. The results show that a more serious case for dyeing cotton fabric leads to bacterial cell membrane permeability than untreated cotton fabric or a control group. Furthermore, the research showed that untreated, cationized and dyed/cationized cotton fabrics are unaffected by negative reactions. The dyeing process increased the functional performance of cotton fabric, as they have better anti-adhering capability. This technique can be tailored for biomedical especially with wound dressing, which designed to prevent the biofilm formation. Results obtained in this work recommend that dyed cationized cotton fabric with curcumin is an excellent pH sensitive for wound dressing material that can prevent the bacterial infection and control of biofilm adhesion.

Effect of light treatmeat on oxidation and flavour of dry-cured Wuchang fish

Lighting conditions are an important factor affecting dry-cured products. This study investigated the effects of treatments with different light intensities (0 lx, 1000 lx, 25000 lx) and different light sources including red light, blue light, UV-light on oxidation leve and flavor change in dry-cured Wuchang fish. The results showed that dry-cured Wuchang fish exhibited an attractive brown-yellow color, the highest oxidation degree of myoglobin (Mb), the highest fat oxidation under the light conditions of 25000 lx light intensity and UV-light irradiation. This phenomenon was observed that the degree of Mb oxidation was increased, while the degree of fat oxidation was increased. At 25000 lx light intensity and UV-light irradiation, dry-cured Wuchang fish showed an ignificantly decreased fatty acid conten (especially oleic acid and linoleic acid), significantly increased characteristic volatile compound contents (22 for 25,000 lx light intensity and 27 for UV-light irradiation), which contributed to the improvement of quality stability of dry-cured Wuchang fish. Our findings provide theoretical support for the industrial application of exogenous light in dry-cured Wuchang fish.

A comparative study on the treatment of kitchen grey water using microalgae consortia and microalgae-synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Comparative study on the potential of microalgae consortia and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using microalgae (M-AgNP) consortia for the treatment of kitchen grey water was investigated in this study. The microalgae consortia consisting of four species, viz., Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., Coelastrum sp., and Pediastrum sp. were isolated from a local fish pond and the silver nanoparticles were synthesized with the same. Thus, synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited a distinctive yellowish-brown colour and spherical morphology. Extensive qualitative and quantitative characterization techniques were employed to determine their size and morphology. Both microalgae consortia and M-AgNP were used separately for the treatment of kitchen grey water under experimental conditions. The synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrated promising potential for domestic wastewater treatment, leading to substantial reductions in various parameters: total dissolved solids (29.6%), conductivity (49.4%), chemical oxygen demand (64.6%), and heavy metals (arsenic-63.5%, zinc-45.6%, cadmium-88%, copper-60.52%, and lead-80.82%). Notably, microalgae exhibited superior removal efficiency for nitrate (83.1%), sulphate (70.3%), and phosphate (96.5%) compared to microalgae-synthesized silver nanoparticles. This study underscores the effective utilization of both microalgae and microalgae-synthesized silver nanoparticles for wastewater treatment applications.