Yellow Tongue Research Articles

Tannerella forsythia and coating color on the tongue dorsum, and fatty food liking associate with fat accumulation and insulin resistance in adult catch-up fat.

We aimed to determine the alteration of Tannerella forsythia and coating color on the dorsal tongue, and fatty food liking in catch-up fat in adult (CUFA), as well as the probable associations between fat accumulation, insulin resistance (IR) and these changes. T. forsythia on the tongue dorsum, fatty food liking, fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity were investigated in CUFA humans and rats, and tongue-coating color was observed in CUFA individuals. We further determined the changes of fatty food liking, fat accumulation and IR in T. forsythia-infected rodents by oral lavage. Increases in fat accumulation, IR, percentage of subjects with yellow tongue coating and that with T. forsythia detected were observed in CUFA individuals. Additionally, the fat ranking scores were significantly lower and the hedonic ratings of low-fat options of sampled food were lower, while the ratings of high-fat options were remarkably higher in CUFA subjects. Additionally, T. forsythia level elevated in CUFA rats, and fatty food liking, fat accumulation and IR increased in CUFA and T. forsythia-infected animals, with the increases in T. forsythia infection and fatty food liking preceding the occurrence of fat accumulation and IR. T. forsythia and yellow coating on the dorsal tongue and fatty food liking associate fat accumulation and IR in CUFA. Moreover, we tentatively put forward that T. forsythia, which is very important in yellow tongue-coating microbiota, and its consequent increases in fatty food liking, might be crucial in the development of fat accumulation and IR in CUFA.

Bacillus as a potential diagnostic marker for yellow tongue coating.

Observation of tongue coating, a foundation for clinical diagnosis and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is a major indicator of the occurrence, development, and prognosis of disease. The biological basis of tongue diagnosis and relationship between the types and microorganisms of tongue coating remain elusive. Thirteen chronic erosive gastritis (CEG) patients with typical yellow tongue coating (YTC) and ten healthy volunteers with thin white tongue coating (WTC) were included in this study. Patients were provided a 2-course targeted treatment of a herbal medicine Ban Xia Xie Xin decoction, traditionally prescribed for CEG patients with YTC, to evaluate the relationship between tongue coating microbiota and diagnosis of CEG with typical YTC. The tongue coating segregation structure was determined using Illumina Miseq sequencing of the V4–V5 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Bacillus was significantly observed only in CEG patients with YTC, but not in patients who received the decoction. YTC (n = 22) and WTC (n = 29) samples were collected for bacterial culturing to illustrate the relationship between Bacillus and YTC. The Bacillus positivity rate of YTC samples was 72.7%; Bacillus was not observed in WTC samples. In conclusion, Bacillus was strongly associated with YTC.

Managing psychological stress in the MS medical visit: A qualitative analysis of patient perspectives and unmet needs

Results:The implication of Gastrointestinal Heat Retention Syndrome is because of the invisible heat evil or tangible hot junction due to gastrointestinal excess heat state; It’s etiology and pathogenesis is Tai Yang disease and Shao Yang disease mistreatment or gastrointestinal tract intrinsic heat result from improper diet and emotionalmaladjustment, congenital gastrointestinal excess heat, suffer exogenous evil directly; It’s main clinical manifestation includes aversion to heat, easy to sweat, halitosis, thirsty to drink cold, constipation, urine yellow, red tongue, yellow thick tongue coating and Slippery rapid pulse; It has no both objective and unitive diagnosis standard so far. It has a significant relationship with the occurrence of digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, endocrine system and neurological system diseases. Conclusion:Gastrointestinal Heat Retention Syndromehas become common clinical syndromes of many kind of disease so far, but previous studies of it is lacking. Physicians ages have generally common opinion on the implication, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, but they have different views on the diagnosis standard. Therefore, further research on the Gastrointestinal Heat Retention Syndrome, especially on it’s diagnosis standard is meaningful to the development of clinical diagnosis and treatment for gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome-related diseases. Contact: Guokai Lv, yuhe221@126.com

Capsaicin Eclogue

Capsaicin Eclogue Sally Wen Mao (bio) The Trinidad scorpion is shaped like a wrinkled valentine. Its taste exudes mudslide, the hurt of long fortnights—kettle whiplash, Bunsen flame, red-blooded bullet. Tongue a piece of tinder. Driftwood mouth. Brown tongue, yellow tongue, miscegenation of burnouts. Raw white, yolk drains through gullet, burning spigot. But the scorpion doesn’t only sting—these seeds cross borders, travel through sense and tissue, drill into eyeballs, stampede the remote throat. Have courage: swallow. Dance in all the forest fires of the future: Tingle— Tangle—Sweat—Drool—Heave—Spin—Break- Dance! Mix the pulp. Snakes snap their jaws through stomach lining. The furniture melts and outside, the cool evening breaks your legs. Tag the building with your spit! Each little devil fits inside your hand: Naga vipers. Infinity chillies. Naga jolokia. Taste one million Scoville units. This is how tongues make mistakes. Your name in lights, on stranger lips. Your lips, in red myth. [End Page 149] Sally Wen Mao Sally Wen Mao teaches writing at Cornell University. Her first manuscript was a finalist for Tupelo’s 1st/2nd Book Prize and the Four Way Books Intro Prize in Poetry. Recent work can be found in Gulf Coast, Indiana Review, Passages North, Quarterly West, and West Branch, among others. Copyright © 2013 Center for Literary Publishing

Effect of the Yellow Sea warm current fronts on the westward shift of the Yellow Sea warm tongue in winter

Based on long-term and high resolution NOAA/NASA AVHRR Pathfinder SST data and applying new indices, the present study gives a quantitative description of the pattern and interannual variation of the westward shift of the warm tongue (WSWT) relative to the bathymetric trough of the Yellow Sea (YS), which was only qualitatively mentioned in the previous works. The thermal fronts associated with the warm tongue are also accurately determined using a newly presented front-detection method. A new mechanism on the WSWT is presented according to the significant physical relations between the WSWT and fronts. The originally northward flowing YS warm current (YSWC) source water is prevented by the front on its northern side (YF-N), which resides in the east-west direction and across the entrance of the YS trough, from advancing further northward along the YS trough. Instead, the warm water is induced to flow westward along the front and connect with the northward flowing compensating flow in the interior YS, forming the entire westward shifted YS warm tongue. Observations confirm the above hypothesis by revealing the fact that when the northern front moves more southward or becomes stronger, the WSWT enhances. The other local dynamics, such as the wind in the YS and the YSWC itself, do not directly influence the WSWT; however, they do modulate it through determining the position and strength of the YF-N.

Association between tongue appearance in Traditional Chinese Medicine and effective response in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Explore the associations between the tongue appearances in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and effective response (ACR20 response based on American College of Rheumatology) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with Chinese medicine (CM) and western biomedical combination therapy (WM). This study used the data from a previous multi-center randomized-controlled clinical trial. Data pertaining to tongue coating and tongue body color were collected. In order to simplify the tongue diagnosis for easily understood by biomedical professionals, only two typical tongue coating (white and yellow) and four typical tongue body colors (purple, pink, pale and red) were identified for this analysis. 170 cases with clear tongue coating and 198 cases with clear tongue body color in TCM treatment (Glucosidorum Tripterygll Totorum tablets and Yishen Juanbi tablets) group, 181 cases with identified tongue coating and 189 cases with identified tongue body color in WM treatment (diclofenec, methotrexate and sulfasalazine) group were included for the analysis. The ACR20 response at 12 weeks and 24 weeks were used as an outcome measure of efficacy. The effective rates in patients with different tongue appearances were analyzed with Chi-square method and the association between the changes of tongue coating/body color and the ACR20 response was analyzed with a repeated measures logistic regression analysis. At 12 weeks, the ACR20 responses in the patients treated with CM and WM therapy were 33.6% and 53.0%, respectively, and at 24 weeks, they were 57.9% and 84.3%, respectively. RA patients with white tongue coating showed higher effective rate than those patients with yellow tongue coating in the treatment with WM intervention (p<0.05), and there was no difference in the patients with CM intervention. Further association analysis showed that TCM would be less effective for the patients with pale tongue body (p=0.0323), and WM would be less effective for the patients with purple or red tongue body (p=0.0291 and 0.0027, respectively). TCM was less effective for the patients with pale tongue body, and WM was be less effective for the patients with purple or red tongue body, or white tongue coating. The results suggest that tongue coating and body color might be used to help identify a subset of RA patients both for CM and WM interventions.

Study on the tongue manifestations for the blood-stasis and toxin syndrome in the stable patients of coronary heart disease

To explore the tongue manifestations for the blood-stasis and toxin syndrome in the stable patients of coronary heart disease (CHD) according to the acute cardiovascular events (ACEs) in one-year follow-up which based on the pathogenesis hypothesis of "blood-stasis and toxin causing catastrophe". Totally 254 stable CHD cases were enrolled after diagnosed by coronary angiography, their tongue appearances were recorded by the digital camera of uniform type, 29 cases with ACEs during one-year follow-up were assigned in ACEs group. The non-ACEs were matched in proportion of 2:1 according to the gender, age (±2.5 years), diabetes mellitus history and previous acute coronary syndrome hospitalization history in the non-ACEs group, and 54 cases were eligibly included. The differences of tongue appearance between the ACEs and non-ACEs group were compared. Fifteen cases manifested with bluish tongue (including bluish-grounding or bluish purple tongue), among which 11 cases (37.9%) in the ACEs group and four cases (7.4%) in the non-ACEs group, and there was significant difference (P<0.002). Twenty six cases showed yellow tongue coating in the non-ACEs group, which was significantly higher than that in the ACEs group (48.1 vs. 10.3%, P=0.001). The tongue of sticky greasy coating was more frequently occurred in the non-ACEs group than that in the ACEs group (66.7% vs. 41.4%, P=0.026). The proportion of purplish-red sublingual vessel was higher in the ACEs group than that in the non-ACEs group (41.4% vs. 20.4%, P=0.041). Odd ratio (OR) analysis showed that the patients with bluish tongue, purplish-red sublingual vessel, dry-greasy or dirty greasy coating were more likely to experience ACEs during one-year follow-up (OR: 11.67, 95%CI: 3.34 year 3.34-40.81, P<0.001; OR: 2.76, 95%CI: 1.02 1.02-7.44, P<0.05; OR: 3.12, 95%, CI: 0.89 0.89-10.92, P=0.066). The bluish tongue (including bluish-grounding or bluish purple tongue) and purplish-red sublingual vessel were potential tongue manifestations of blood-stasis and toxin. The tongue coating changing from sticky greasy to dry greasy or dirty greasy was also probably a tongue manifestation of "transforming toxin", which need demonstration by further study.

Identification of salivary biomarkers in breast cancer patients with thick white or thick yellow tongue fur using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitative proteomics

To explore the presence of informative protein biomarkers in the salivary proteome of breast cancer patients with thick white or thick yellow tongue fur. Salivia samples were collected from 20 breast cancer patients with thick white or yellow tongue fur and 10 healthy controls. The samples were profiled by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The analyzed map and data were assessed with Mascott 2.2 and Scaffold software. Ratio of proteins between groups of less than 0.6 or more than 1.5 could confirm that there was difference between groups. A total of 464 proteins were identified and 125 proteins met strict quantitative criteria. There were 9 proteins associated with breast cancer, expression levels of which were up- or down-regulated more than 1.5 folds compared with healthy people. There were 16 proteins associated with tongue coating, of which 10 proteins expressed in breast cancer patients with thick white fur were lower than in patients with thick yellow fur, and the expressions of the other 6 proteins were increased. This study demonstrates that iTRAQ combined with LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomics is a powerful tool for biomarker discovery and the identification of proteins associated with breast cancer and tongue coating.

Hypolipidemic Effects of Three Purgative Decoctions

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), purgation is indicated when a person suffers an illness due to the accumulation of evil internal heat. Obese individuals with a large belly, red face, thick and yellow tongue fur, constipation, and avoidance of heat are thought accumulates of evil internal heat, and they are also treated with purgatives such as Ta-Cheng-Chi-Tang (TCCT), Xiao-Chen-Chi-Tang (XCCT), and Tiao-Wei-Chen-Chi-Tang (TWCCT) by TCM doctors. In previous studies, our group found that TCCT has potent anti-inflammatory activity, and that XCCT is an effective antioxidant. Since rhubarb is the principle herb in these three prescriptions, we will first present a thorough review of the literature on the demonstrated effect (or lack of effect) of rhubarb and rhubarb-containing polyherbal preparations on lipid and weight control. We will then continue our research with an investigation of the anti-obesity and lipid-lowering effect of TCCT, XCCT, TWCCT, and rhubarb extracts using two animal models. TWCCT lowered the serum triglyceride concentration as much as fenofibrate in Triton WR-1339-treated mice. Daily supplementation with XCCT and TWCCT significantly attenuated the high-fat-diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. In addition, TWCCT also significantly lowered the high-fat-diet-induced hypertriglycemia. Although feeding high-fat diet rats with these extracts did not cause loose stools or diarrhea or other deleterious effects on renal or hepatic function. None of these extracts lowered the body weight of rats fed on high-fat diet. In conclusion, the results suggest that XCCT and TWCCT might exert beneficial effects in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Factor Analysis on Symptoms and Signs of Chronic Low-Back Pain Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory

The objective of this study was to use factor analysis to explore patterns of symptoms and signs from patients with chronic low-back pain (CLBP) based on the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 513 patients with CLBP in four hospitals affiliated with Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China. Outcome measures comprised 31 symptoms and signs on a six-level self-report questionnaire. Four (4) factors were extracted. They were eventually interpreted as (1) "Qi and/or Blood Stagnation," which includes eight items such as piercing pain; activity limited by feeling of local heaviness, lumbar and flank stiffness with bending limitation and purple tongue, etc.; (2) "Cold/Damp," which has seven items (for example, Cold/Damp pain, pallid face and greasy coating, etc.); (3) a part of "Kidney Deficiency," which includes two items: "dull pain and recurrent vague pain"; (4) "Warmth/Heat," which is related to three items (namely, purple tongue, yellow tongue coating, and burning pain). The four factors accounted for 12.7%, 8.2%, 8.2%, and 7.8% of the total variance, respectively. There are seven items with uniqueness over 0.8. Four (4) TCM major groups of pathophysiology could explain 37% of variance of 31 symptoms and signs of the CLBP patients. Thirteen (13) items are not groupable.

Analysis on Tongue and Pulse Characteristics of 108 Patients with Bronchial Asthma

Abstract The aim of this study is to search for the standard parameters among the different patterns so as to provide significant tongue and pulse parameters for syndrome differentiation to help the clinical diagnosis. The relationship of tongue and pulse parameters of the asthma patients was compared and analyzed. 108 patients' tongue and pulse parameters were examined using the TP-1 digital analysis instrument on tongue and pulse in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The tongue and pulse parameters of 108 patients with bronchial asthma indicate that the most common tongue proper is pale-red tongue and pale-purple tongue, whereas the most common tongue coatings are the white, yellow, and tial tongue coating. The most common pulse proper is wiry pulse, slippery pulse, and slipper-wiry pulse. It is concluded that under the tongue and pulse parameters, the tongue color parameter, tongue coating parameter, thick tongue coating parameter, enlarged or thin tongue body parameter, RPSR1, RPSR3, RPSR4, RBF, RLMS2, PLMP2, RLMS3, and RLMP3 can provide significant symptoms for syndrome differentiation to TCM ( P

Dynamic changes in traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in patients with ischemic stroke treated by acupuncture

To explore the dynamic state of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes in acute ischemic stroke patients within 30 days of onset when treated with acupuncture, and to analyze the discrimination effects of the functions based on "decision trees" in identification of TCM syndromes of ischemic stroke. A total of 264 cases with acute ischemic stroke regularly treated by acupuncture were included. Unified syndrome questionnaire was made by document retrieval and expert advice. The syndrome elements of the patients with acute ischemic stroke were surveyed on any day of three time periods (days 0-3, 4-10 and 11-30). The study was performed on multi time dynamic state results and correlated factors of basic TCM syndromes of the 264 patients. Bayes discriminant function of four syndromes of acute ischemic stroke on the basis of "decision trees" was used for computing the rate of miscarriage justice by original test and cross-validation, and the discrimination effects of "decision trees" were evaluated too. Wind, phlegm, fire-heat, qi deficiency, blood stasis, and hyperactivity of yang due to yin deficiency syndromes were found in the patients with acute ischemic stroke treated by acupuncture on the first 30 days of onset, and the incidence rates were 80.7%, 68.9%, 52.7%, 50.8%, 29.2% and 25.0% respectively. The mean scores and incidence rates of the six syndromes decreased gradually on three-time-point, especially of blood stasis syndrome. The main combined-syndromes were two-syndrome, three-syndrome and four-syndrome, and three-syndrome was the most frequently encountered type. Single syndrome was not found in the patients with acute ischemic stroke on the first three days of onset. Two-syndrome combination types were wind-phlegm, wind-heat, wind combined with qi deficiency or phlegm stagnation due to qi deficiency, phlegm-heat and blood stasis combined with hyperactivity of yang due to yin deficiency, and the incidence rates were 54.5%, 42.8%, 40.9%, 39.4%, 35.6% and 3.8% respectively. The mean scores of phlegm and qi deficiency in high-age patients were higher than those in low-age patients. The mean score and incidence rate of qi deficiency in female patients were higher than those in male patients. The mean score of phlegm in female patients was higher than that in male patients. To simplify the "decision trees" composed of 21 items, the group of Bayes discriminant function including eight most significant items out of the original 21 items was set up. The discrimination effect of the eight items including reddish face, constipation, yellow tongue fur, short breath, bright-white or gray complexion, tinnitus, feverish palms and soles and scanty tongue fur was similar to that of the 21 items, and there was no significant difference between the two functions. Wind syndrome and phlegm syndrome are the major single syndromes occurring in acute ischemic stroke patients within 30 days of onset, and three-syndrome combination is the most frequent multiple syndrome type. After acupuncture treatment, some syndrome elements including wind, phlegm, fire-heat, qi deficiency, blood stasis, and hyperactivity of yang due to yin deficiency are gradually reduced, and combined syndrome type is gradually become simple. Eight syndrome element items including reddish face, constipation, yellow tongue fur, short breath, bright-white or gray complexion, tinnitus, feverish palms and soles and scanty tongue fur have important means in discriminating yin syndrome from yang syndrome and sthenia syndrome from asthenia syndrome.

Integrative medicine in clinical practice: From pattern differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine to disease treatment

Pattern (syndrome) differentiation is the key theory in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the important diagnostic principle for TCM therapy. More and more medical researchers recognize that the combination of disease diagnosis in biomedicine and pattern differentiation in TCM is essential for the clinical practice, and it has been a common practice model in China since it will produce better clinical effects (1) . Pattern differentiation is mainly based on symptoms (including self-mentioned signs), tongue appearance and pulse palpation. The symptoms, tongue appearance and pulse palpation are often diversified. Some of them, not closely related to the disease diagnostic parameters, are less focused upon by modern medicine, such as thirst and turbid urine and yellow tongue fur in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (2) . Although symptoms are diversified in a disease, they can be clustered into specific groups with biostatistical approaches, even though traditionally they are classified into groups based on TCM theory and clinical experiences. A multicenter RCT study on RA had shown that 18 symptoms (5 related to joint, 13 not related to joint but focused by TCM) in 396 patients could be classified into 4 factors (symptom combinations) with factor analysis. The symptom combinations are similar to the patterns differentiated by TCM theory in RA patients, which divides RA into three basic patterns: cold, hot and deficient patterns (3)