Area Of Yellow Sea Research Articles

On the August 12, 2015 occurrence of explosions and fires in Tianjin, China, and the atmospheric impact observed in central Korea

Just before midnight on August 12, 2015, violent explosions and massive fires occurred in the Tianjin Harbor, China, releasing extensive amounts of toxic gas and smoke, debris, and mineral dust into the atmosphere. Atmospheric damage resulted from the long-range transport of air pollutants (LRTAP) in neighboring areas and countries. It has been found that the smoke plumes circled around the Huabei Plain in the lee of the Taihang Mountains, the Shandong Peninsula, and the Bohai Sea before reaching the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula. The transport of widespread smoke plumes in the Yellow Sea region was evidenced from detailed analyses of images from various satellites including NOAA, MODIS, Himawari, and MTSAT. Satellite images clearly showed the generation of smoke emissions from Tianjin, the entire covering of smoke plumes over the Yellow Sea and nearby shore areas, and the LRTAP to the Korean Peninsula. The deposit of soil dust after the trace of rainfall confirmed LRTAP from the explosions and large fires in Tianjin. Also, air quality measurements of particulate matter (PM) 10, PM2.5, O3, CO, and visibility showed the atmospheric impact of widespread smoke plumes from Tianjin.

Spring and autumn living coccolithophores in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, China

The living coccolithophores (LCs) are an important class of calcified taxa of phytoplankton functional groups, and major producers of marine biogenic inorganic carbon, playing an important role in the marine carbon cycle. In this study, we report the two-demensional abundance, composition of LCs and its correlation with the environmental parameters in spring and autumn, in order to understand the ecological role of LCs in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. In spring, totally 9 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified using a polarized microscope at the 1 000× magnification. The dominant species were Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Helicosphaera carteri, and Calcidiscus leptoporus. The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0–7.72 cells/mL, and 0–216.09 coccoliths/mL, with the average values of 0.21 cells/mL, and 11.36 coccoliths/mL, respectively. The Emiliania huxleyi distribution was similar to Gephyrocapsa oceanica. The highest abundance of coccoliths was observed in the east of Shandong Peninsula in northern Yellow Sea, whereas Helicosphaera carteri distributed more widely. Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica were the two predominant species in LCs with higher abundances. The distribution of LCs was similar to that of coccoliths. In autumn, 14 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified with dominant species as Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Helicosphaera carteri, Calcidiscus leptoporus and Oolithotus fragilis. The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0–24.69 cells/mL, and 0–507.15 coccoliths/mL, with the average values of 1.47 cells/mL, and 55.89 coccoliths/mL, respectively. The highest abundance of coccoliths was located in Qingdao coastal waters and south of the survey area. The distribution of LCs was similar to the coccoliths; in addition, LCs presented large abundance in the east of the central Yellow Sea area.

Distribution of diatoms and silicoflagellates in surface sediments of the Yellow Sea and offshore from the Changjiang River, China

The spatial distribution of siliceous microfossils (diatoms and silicoflagellates) in the surface sediments was mapped at 113 sites in the Yellow Sea and sea areas adjacent to the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China. In total, 267 diatom taxa and two silicoflagellate species were identified from the sediments. The spatial variations in abundance and diversity were classified into three distinct geographic patterns using Q mode clustering: a south-north geographic pattern, a coastal-offshore pattern and a unique pattern in the Changjiang River mouth. The south-north geographic pattern was related to the spatial variations in sea temperature. Coscinodiscus oculatus, a warm-water species, indicated these variations by a gradual decrease in abundance from the south to the north. The coastal-offshore pattern was in response to the spatial variations in salinity. Cyclotella stylorum, Actinocyclus ehrenbergii and Dictyocha messanensis, the dominant brackish species in coastal waters, significantly decreased at the isobaths of approximately 30 m, where the salinity was higher than 31. Paralia sulcata and Podosira stelliger indicated the impact of the Yellow Sea Warm Current in the central Yellow Sea. The unique pattern in the Changjiang River mouth showed the highest species diversity but lower abundance, apparently because: freshwater input can significantly increase the proportion of brackish species; nutrients can supply the growth of phytoplankton; and high sedimentation rates can dilute the microfossil abundance in the sediments. Our results show that an integration of environmental factors (e.g., nutrient levels, sedimentation rate, sea temperature, salinity and water depth) determined the spatial characteristics of the siliceous microfossils in the surface sediments.

DNA barcode assessment of Ceramiales (Rhodophyta) in the intertidal zone of the northwestern Yellow Sea

A total of 142 specimens of Ceramiales (Rhodophyta) were collected each month from October 2011 to November 2012 in the intertidal zone of the northwestern Yellow Sea. These specimens covered 21 species, 14 genera, and four families. Cluster analyses show that the specimens had a high diversity for the three DNA markers, namely, partial large subunit rRNA gene (LSU), universal plastid amplicon (UPA), and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). No intraspecific divergence was found in our collection for these markers, except for a 1–3 bp divergence in the COI of Ceramium kondoi, Symphyocladia latiuscula, and Neosiphonia japonica. Because short DNA markers were used, the phylogenetic relationships of higher taxonomic levels were hard to evaluate with poor branch support. More than half species of our collection failed to find their matched sequences owing to shortage information of DNA barcodes for macroalgae in GenBank or BOLD (Barcode of Life Data) Systems. Three specimens were presumed as Heterosiphonia crispella by cluster analyses on DNA barcodes assisted by morphological identification, which was the first record in the investigated area, implying that it might be a cryptic or invasive species in the coastal area of northwestern Yellow Sea. In the neighbor-joining trees of all three DNA markers, Heterosiphonia japonica converged with Dasya spp. and was distant from the other Heterosiphonia spp., implying that H. japonica had affinities to the genus Dasya. The LSU and UPA markers amplified and sequenced easier than the COI marker across the Ceramiales species, but the COI had a higher ability to discriminate between species.

Development and utility of EST-SSR markers in Ulva prolifera of the South Yellow Sea

Ulva species can grow rapidly in nutrient-rich habitats causing green tides and marine fouling. A more complete understanding of the reasons behind these outbreaks is urgently required. Accordingly, this study attempts to use microsatellite markers based expressed sequence tag (EST) to analyze the genetic variation of several Ulva prolifera populations in the South Yellow Sea of China. Two hundred and thirty-eight SSRs were identified from 8 179 unique ESTs (6 203 newly sequenced and 1 976 downloaded from NCBI database) and 37 primer pairs were successfully designed according to the ESTs; 11 pairs were selected to detect the genetic diversity and relationship of 69 attached U. prolifera samples and 13 free-floating samples collected from coastal and off-coast areas of the South Yellow Sea. The results of cross-species transferability showed that six of the 11 EST-SSR primers could give good amplification in other five Ulva species and the average allele number was 4.67. Genetic variation analysis indicated that all 82 U. prolifera samples were clearly divided and most samples collected from the same site clustered together as a group in the dendrogram tree produced by unweighted pair-group mean analysis (UPGMA) method and the cluster results showed some consistency with the geographical origins. In addition, 13 free-floating samples (except HT-001-2) were grouped as a single clade separated from the attached samples.

Fault Plane Solutions of the Recent Earthquakes in the Northern Part of the Korean Peninsula

Fault plane solutions in North Korea and the northern part of the Yellow Sea (37.5oN-40.5oN, 124.5oE-128.5oE) was studied for the earthquakes that occurred from November, 2008 to May, 2013. The analysis was based on the data collected from seismic networks in Korea and China. Fault plane solutions were obtained from P and SH wave polarities and SH/P amplitude ratioes. Most earthquakes exhibited predominantly strike-slip fault characteristics with NNE-SSW or WNW-ESE nodal planes. The P-axes trends are mainly NE-SW or ENE-WSW direction in the northern part of the Yellow Sea and inland area of North Korea except some areas in the Hwanghae province. Fault plane solutions and main axis of stress field in the study region were similar to those observed in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula.

Green algae blooms caused by Ulva prolifera in the southern Yellow Sea: Identification of the original bloom location and evaluation of biological processes occurring during the early northward floating period

Over the past 6 yr, green algae blooms mainly caused by Ulva prolifera have been recorded in the Yellow Sea. Although satellite images provide a clear picture of the formation of these macroalgal blooms, the location of the original bloom area and the biological processes that occur during the early northward floating period remain poorly understood. Results obtained from more than 50 cruises conducted along coastal areas of the southwest Yellow Sea showed that the blooms originated along the coast of the Rudong area, where oceanographic conditions were favorable for accumulation of floating green algae. The dominant Ulva species changed during the period of northward drift. Massive floating Ulva blooms dominated by U. prolifera occurred mainly from June until the bloom disappeared. U. prolifera dominated the assemblage due to its rapid growth and production under suitable environmental conditions and its apparent competitive advantages over other Ulva species. Phylogenetic analysis of 5S spacer sequences showed that U. prolifera blooms in the Yellow Sea were not from a single genetic source and likely originated from or were supplemented with a number of different genetic sources.

Study of photosynthetic characteristics of the Pyropia yezoensis thallus during the cultivation process

The photosynthetic characteristics of thalli of cultured Pyropia yezoensis strains collected in January, February, and March in seaweed cultivation area of South China Yellow Sea were studied. Results showed that the maximum quantum efficiency (F v/F m) of all P. yezoensis thallus collected at different times was 0.65. The actual quantum efficiency (ΔF/F m′) of samples in January was the lowest of all samples, while the ΔF/F m′ of samples in March was significantly higher than those in January and February. The increase of temperature and photosynthetic pigments ratios of phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a (PE/Chla) and phycocyanin and chlorophyll a (PC/Chla) from January to March may be the important reasons for the increase in light use efficiency of thallus; although the thallus in March was significantly thicker than in January which may have reduced the light energy absorbed by photosynthetic pigments, the increase of relative high energy use efficiency also helped to maintain the photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate in March. The thicker thallus also reduced photodamage, and the thallus area was increased obviously in March, so the growth rate of thallus in March was over 35 % higher than that in February. Our research indicates that the photosynthetic characteristics of P. yezoensis strains thalli have a close relationship with their growth stage and environmental factors especially temperature, and those photosynthetic characteristics are also reflected in the growth rate of the thalli.

Variations of morphology and photosynthetic performances of Ulva prolifera during the whole green tide blooming process in the Yellow Sea

Since 2007, the world's largest macroalgal blooms have occurred along the coastal area of the Yellow Sea for 6 consecutive years. In 2012, shipboard surveying and satellite remote sensing were used to monitor the whole blooming process. The blooms originated in Rudong sea area of the South Yellow Sea where bloom patches were of dark green and filamentous thalli were the dominant morphology. The scale of the blooms reached its peak size in Rizhao sea area of the North Yellow Sea, and decreased promptly and became insignificant in Qingdao coast where the blooms turned yellow, mostly with air sac blades. Meanwhile, vegetative cells of the green tide algae changed into cytocysts gradually from which germ cells were released as the blooms drifted northward. Additionally, chlorophyll contents and fluorescence activity of free-floating thalli in the North Yellow Sea were both significantly lower than that in the South Yellow Sea. Those studies presented here contributed to increasing our understanding about how the green tide declined gradually in the North Yellow Sea.

Variations of atomic mercury concentration in atmospheric surface layer over the Ussuri Bay of the Sea of Japan during the typhoon Bolaven passage in 2012

Presented are the results of measuring the concentration of atomic mercury Hg0 on August 28–30, 2012 in the atmospheric surface layer over the Ussuri Bay in the Sea of Japan during the typhoon Bolaven passage. It is revealed that the Hg0 concentration during this period varied from 1.7 to 3.3 ng/m3. The maximum values were observed at the coming of mercury-enriched air masses from the Yellow Sea area at the simultaneous decrease in the air pressure and increase in the wind speed.

The Ordered Network Structure of M ≥ 6 Strong Earthquakes and Its Prediction in the Jiangsu–South Yellow Sea Region

The the Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea region is one of the key seismic monitoring defence areas in the eastern part of China. Since 1846, M ≥ 6 strong earthquakes have showed an obvious commensurability and orderliness in this region. The main orderly values are 74∼75 a, 57∼58 a, 11∼12 a, and 5∼6 a, wherein 74∼75 a and 57∼58 a with an outstanding predictive role. According to the information prediction theory of Wen-Bo Weng, we conceived the M ≥ 6 strong earthquake ordered network structure in the South Yellow Sea and the whole region. Based on this, we analyzed and discussed the variation of seismicity in detail and also made a trend prediction of M ≥ 6 strong earthquakes in the future. The results showed that since 1998 it has entered into a new quiet episode which may continue until about 2042; and the first M ≥ 6 strong earthquake in the next active episode will probably occur in 2053 pre and post, with the location likely in the sea area of the South Yellow Sea; also, the second and the third ones or strong earthquake swarm in the future will probably occur in 2058 and 2070 pre and post.

Multielement geochemistry of offshore sediments in the southeastern Yellow Sea and implications for sediment origin and dispersal

In total, 116 surface sediments were collected from an offshore area of the southeastern Yellow Sea including a large mud belt (southeastern Yellow Sea mud: SEYSM) and analyzed for grain size and geochemical composition (organic carbon and 42 elements). Principal component analysis revealed that elemental compositions of the offshore sediments were mostly controlled by common aluminosilicate clay minerals and quartz (most elements), heavy minerals [Hf, Zr, U, Th, rare earth elements (REEs)], biogenic calcium carbonates (Ca, Sr), feldspar and mica (K, Ba, Pb), and Mn-oxides (Mn-oxide coatings on sand grains). Notably, total REE concentrations may be associated with heavy minerals (possibly zircon and monazite), especially in silty grains, even though heavy REE (HREEs) concentrations are more strongly controlled by clay minerals in muddy sediments. The diagnostic discrimination plots of geochemical compositions [e.g., Fe vs. Al, Mg vs. Al, light REE vs. HREE, and (La/Lu)ucc vs. (La/Y)ucc] suggested that the offshore sediments (especially in SEYSM deposits) were composed of a mixture of Korean river-derived silts and Chinese river-derived clays. This demonstrated that Chinese river sediments (especially clay particles) largely contributed to the formation of the giant mud belt in the Korean coastal area. Furthermore, the observed geochemical end-members provide new markers of sediment provenance, which can be used to track dispersal patterns and sediment limits from Chinese and/or Korean rivers.

목시조사(2000-2010)에 의한 한국 연안 고래류의 종류 및 분포

In the late 1970s, the National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI) started cetacean research to submit the Korean whale catch record to the International Whaling Commission. This continued until the moratorium on commercial whaling in 1986. The NFRDI resumed cetacean research with a pilot whale sighting survey in 1999. Subsequently, the NFRDI has conducted 53 cetacean sighting surveys within the Korean exclusive economic zone between 2000 and 2010. The surveys took a total of 760 days and cruising for 23,866 nautical miles. The finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis was sighted most frequently (735 times), followed by the minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata (396 times), the long-beaked common dolphin Delphinus capensis (102 times), and the Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (27 times). Minke whales were distributed in the Yellow Sea and coastal area of the East Sea from spring to fall. Pacific white-sided dolphin sightings were restricted to the middle and upper coastal areas of the East Sea in summer. Common dolphins were sighted from east of the southern coast to the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula from spring to fall. Finless porpoise occurred in all Korean coastal areas, except the middle and upper eastern coast.

Sequences Analysis of ITS Region and 18S rDNA ofUlva

Ulva, as the main genera involved in green tides in the Yellow Sea, has attracted serious concern in China. Especially,Ulva proliferais one of the causative species of the occurring. This paper focused on the complete sequences analyses of ITS, 18S, and the combined data to determine phylogenetic relationships among taxa currently attributed toUlva,Monostroma, and some other green algal. The samples are all concluded in the area of Yellow Sea, China. The results showed the content of G+C in 18S was approximately concentrated upon 49% in average of 19 subjects while the ITS region content of base G and C is obviously higher than A and T. Comparing the ITS and 18S rDNA sequences obtained in this paper to other species retrieved from GenBank, the genetic distance and the ratio of sequence divergence reflect thatU. pertusaandU. proliferahad closer genetic relationship with an 18S rDNA, which had genetic distance of 0.007 while ITS had further genetic distance. According to further comparison,Ulva proliferahas closest genetic distance withChloropelta caespitosa(0.057) andUlva californica(0.057), which is a reverification coincidedChloropelta,Enteromorpha, andUlvaare not distinct genera.

黄海中南部细纹狮子鱼的生物学特征及资源分布的季节变化

根据2009年7-8月、10月和2010年1月、5月黄海中南部渔业生物底拖网调查数据,对该海域细纹狮子鱼的生物学特征及其分布的季节变化作了分析。结果表明,细纹狮子鱼平均体长和平均体重从春季(4.7 cm、3.3 g)到冬季(34.2 cm、764.9 g)呈显著增加,并且雄性个体平均体长显著大于雌性个体(<em>P</em><0.05,春季除外)。性比(♀∶♂)随体长组和季节变化,体长越大趋向于雄性,反之趋向于雌性;夏季雄鱼居多(0.70∶1,<em>P</em><0.05),秋季则为雌鱼居多(1.35∶1,<em>P</em><0.05),而冬季(产卵群体)和春季性比接近于1∶1。细纹狮子鱼各季节摄食等级均在2.5以上,冬季雄性个体摄食等级显著大于雌性个体(<em>P</em><0.05),但雄性个体肥满度为全年最低(1.52)。细纹狮子鱼相对资源量和贡献率从春季(0.17 kg/h,1.54%)到秋季(15.36 kg/h,33.05%)呈上升状态,而冬季(2.37 kg/h,5.60%)有所下降。相比2000年,夏秋季相对渔获量和贡献率提高明显。全年集中分布于7.8-13.6 ℃,3.20%-3.38%的水域,平均体重和水深有显著的相关性(秋季除外)。另外,根据性成熟个体分布区和稚幼鱼分布的相关历史资料分析发现,除海州湾外,黄海中部深水区可能是细纹狮子鱼的产卵场。;Seasonal variations in distribution and biological characteristics of snailfish<em> Liparis tanakae</em> in the central and southern Yellow Sea were examined based on the bottom trawl survey data in July-August, October, 2009 and January, May 2010. The results showed that the average body length and the body weight markedly increased from spring (4.7 cm, 3.3 g) to winter (34.2 cm, 764.9 g). The average body length of male individuals was significantly larger than that of female individuals in summer and autumn (<em>P</em><0.05), and in winter (<em>P</em><0.01), but there was no significant difference between males and females in spring (<em>P</em>>0.05). By the analysis of covariance, there was a marked difference in growth between male and female individuals in autumn, but there were no significant differences in other seasons. T-tests showed that allometric factor b was lower than 3 in spring and winter <em>(P</em><0.05) and larger than 3 in summer (<em>P</em><0.05). Sex ratios (♀∶♂) changed with seasons and body length; larger body length corresponded with higher proportion of male individuals, whereas smaller body length corresponded with higher proportion of female individuals. The proportion of male individuals was higher in summer (0.70∶1, <em>P</em><0.05) and lower in autumn (1.35∶1, <em>P</em><0.05). However, there was no significant difference in sex ratios in winter and spring. The rate of sexual maturity reached 41.3% in winter, but was almost zero in other seasons of the year. The empty stomach rates were low (0-1.73%) in all seasons. The average feeding intensity was larger than class 2.5 through the whole year and showed significant gender differences in the spawning season (male>female, <em>P</em><0.05), but the condition factors of male individuals were at the lowest level (1.52). The relative biomass and the proportion of snailfish catch in the total catch increased from spring (0.17 kg/h, 1.54%) to autumn (15.36 kg/h, 33.05%) and decreased in winter (2.37 kg/h, 5.60%). In the present study, the relative biomass (kg/h) and the proportion of snailfish catch in the total catch in summer and autumn were much larger than those in summer and autumn, 2000. The snailfish is mostly found in sea areas with temperature 7.8-13.6°C and salinity 3.20%-3.38%, which indicates that it could be a low temperature and high salinity species. Its average body weight was significantly related to water depth (excluding in autumn). For example, bigger size individuals inhabited deep water in spring and shallow water in summer and winter. However, most snailfish were found in deep water (>65 m) throughout the year, except in spring. These suggested that the distribution of snailfish in spring (juvenile stage) was also affected by diet species, and individuals with body length between 2.2 cm and 5.7 cm appeared in areas of high-density plankton and <em>Gammaridae</em> species in the southern Yellow Sea, whereas those with body length between 5.8 cm and 17.0 cm were distributed in sea areas with high abundance of the shrimp<em> Crangon affinis</em> in Haizhou Bay. In addition, snailfish males might perform parental care. According to the combined information on the distribution of mature and juvenile snailfish, the deep-water area of the central Yellow Sea might represent the spawning ground for snailfish in addition to Haizhou Bay.

Genetic analysis of floating Enteromorpha prolifera in the Yellow Sea with AFLP marker

Extremely large accumulation of green algae Enteromorpha prolifera floated along China’ coastal region of the Yellow Sea ever since the summer of 2008. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was applied to assess the genetic diversity and relationships among E. prolifera samples collected from 9 affected areas of the Yellow Sea. Two hundred reproducible fragments were generated with 8 AFLP primer combinations, of which 194 (97%) were polymorphic. The average Nei’s genetic diversity, the coefficiency of genetic differentiation (Gst), and the average gene flow estimated from Gst in the 9 populations were 0.4018, 0.6404 and 0.2807 respectively. Cluster analysis based on the unweighed pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) showed that the genetic relationships within one population or among different populations were all related to their collecting locations and sampling time. Large genetic differentiation was detected among the populations. The E. prolifera originated from different areas and were undergoing a course of mixing.

Spatial distribution of dinoflagellate resting cysts in Yellow Sea surface sediments

Yellow Sea surface sediment samples collected on October 15-31, 2003 were analyzed using the palynological process to investigate the spatial distribution of dinoflagellate resting cysts. The sampling areas comprised four latitudinal transects, the northernmost of which was located off the Shandong Peninsula, China and the southernmost off Jeju Island, Korea. Each transect line was composed of six to nine stations, spanning the distance between the Chinese and Korean coasts. Twenty-five different types of dinoflagellate cysts were identified. Gonyaulax scrippsae, Alexandrium spp. (ellipsoidal type), and G. spinifera were the most dominant at all stations surveyed. Dinoflagellate cysts belonging to the Gonyaulacales comprised over 50% of all cysts collected. The latitudinal distribution trend showed that cyst concentrations along the two middle transects were much higher than those along the two northern and southern transects. Cyst concentrations in the offshore central areas reached their highest values within each transect and gradually decreased toward the Chinese and Korean coasts. Overall, cyst concentrations were markedly elevated in the offshore central Yellow Sea areas and gradually decreased outward in all four directions. This concentric cyst distribution pattern was consistent with the hydrographic features of the Yellow Sea, such as circular current systems, sedimentary properties, and water depth.

New phylogenetically distinct cyanophages found in the coastal Yellow Sea by Qingdao

Genetic composition of natural cyanophage population in the coastal Yellow Sea area near Qingdao was investigated using the g20 gene as a genetic marker. Amplification of this gene by PCR yielded sequences, which were cloned and subjected to the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Sixteen clones exhibiting different RFLP patterns were sequenced and analyzed. The sequence analysis indicated a diversity of cyanophages covering sixteen g20 genotypes. Their phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct phylogenetic groups. One group (7clones) localized with the cyanophage P77 in the cluster III described before. Second group (9 clones) did not localize with any of the cyanophage described so far and was designated as a novel W cluster. The study revealed a genetic diversity of cyanophages in the coastal Yellow Sea and confirmed the genetic differences between cyanophage populations in Western and Eastern Pacific.

서해안지역 조류 탐사 관련 과학관의 활성화에 관한 연구

본 논문에서는 최근 서해안 지역을 중심으로 활발히 건설이 진행되고 있는 세 곳의 조류 탐사관의 건축 및 전시 디자인의 특징을 조사하였다. 조류탐사관은 그 전시물의 내용상 자연사 박물관에 가까운 형식을 갖는다. 그러나 주로 조류의 관찰과 생태에 그 초점을 두는 전문화된 전시관이라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 조류 탐사 시설은 최근의 지역주의와 관광 자원 개발의 유행에 따라 난개발의 우려를 가지고 있다. 이러한 기초 조사를 통해 지역의 문화 유산을 보다 잘 보존하고 지역 문화 발전과 지역경제에 이바지하는 시설로 자리 잡는데 필요한 디자인적 요구 사항을 살펴보았으며 비교 분석을 통해서 추후 발전을 위한 디자인적인 개선 방안을 제시하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine three bird-watching science museums near the Yellow-sea area. The bird-watching science museum is similar to conventional science museum in terms of exhibiting objects, but in detail the bird-watching science museum is specialized in bird-watching and study it's ecology. So the sight should be near the place where the bird can be seen easily and the building should be built in ecological way. Now establishing museum in local area as a community development is pretty popular in Korea. as tourism purpose. But the main purpose of bird-watching museum should be educational and cultural way and next tourism. So in this study I tried to pick designing point of architecture and exhibition of bird-watching museum.

Tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon potential in northern area of the South Yellow Sea

The northern area of the South Yellow Sea, located in the offshore region of China, resulted from the continental-continental collision orogeny during the Mesozoic and can be divided into four stages in terms of tectonic evolution: (1) pre-orogenic passive continental margin stage (Z-T2); (2) foreland basin stage corresponding with the late phase of the Sulu (苏鲁) orogeny (J3-K); (3) post-orogenic intracontinental rifted basin stage (K2 t-E); and (4) regional subsidence and coverage stage (N-Q). Based on detailed investigation and study of the intracontinental rifted basin, hydrocarbon source rocks of Late Cretaceous Taizhou (泰州) Formation distributed well in the basin, and four reservoir-cap combinations as well as numerous trap structures were found. As a result, the geological conditions would be excellent for reservoir formation in the basin, and the oil resource amount is estimated at about 20×108 t, which makes the basin a major target for hydrocarbon exploration in the South Yellow Sea.