Yellow Root Research Articles

Formulation and Characteristics of Film Forming Hydrogel (FFH) of Yellow Root Extract (Arcangelisia Flava (L.) Merr.) As Wound Healing for Burns

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of yellow root extract (Arcangelisia Flava (L.) Merr.) and film-forming hydrogel (FFH) polymer on the physicochemical characteristics and stability of the preparation. The method for making FFH is carried out using varying concentrations (%) of 0,5 extract, 1, and 1,5, as well as variations in concentration (%) of PVP and PVA (2,8:15,2; 2,8:17,2; 2,8:19,2). F1 – F9 were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, including organoleptic, pH, spreadability, adhesive power, drying time, viscosity, stickiness, and mechanical properties. Next, freeze-thaw stability and data analysis were carried out using the LSD test at a confidence level of 95%. This research indicates that the FFH formulation of yellow root extract has good characteristics in the F1 formula with an extract concentration of 0.5% and a concentration (%) of PVP and PVP polymer (2.8:15.2), which meets all physicochemical characteristic tests. The results of data analysis using SPSS showed that the extract concentration and polymer concentration had a significant effect (0.05<0.05) on the characteristics and stability of the Yellow Root Extract Film Forming Hydrogel (FFH) preparation.

ANTAGONISM TESTING ON AN ETHANOL EXTRACT PREPARATION OF YELLOW ROOT STICKS (Arcangelisia flava L. Merr) TOWARD Yersinia enterocolitica AND Salmonella typhi BACTERIA

Yellow root (Arcangelisia flava L. Merr) contains ethanol compounds which is able to inhibit bacterial growth, both gram negative bacteria such as Stapylococcus aureus, Shigella sp., and Escherichia coli, as well as gram positive bacteria such as Yersinia enterocolitica, Streptococcus, Salmonella typhi, and Clostridium. This research is an experimental research that aims to determine the nature of antagonism (adaptability) between Yersinia enterocolitica bacteria and Salmonella typhi bacteria by administering yellow root extract at concentrations of 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% within 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. The results showed that the positive control and negative control treatmens were not able to inhibit the growth of Yersinia enterocolitica bacteria and Salmonella typhi bacteria.Yellow root extract has acidity that effectively inhibits Yersinia enterocolitica bacteria at a concentration of 50%, while the most effective concentration for inhibiting the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria is a concentration of 30%. Besides that, there are also differences in adaptability between Yersinia enterocolitica bacteria and Salmonella typhi bacteria. Salmonella typhi bacteria is more adaptable then Yersinia enterocolitica bacteria, this is evidenced by the inhibition zone formed which is smaller than Yersinia enterocolitica bacteria.

Characterization of Betalain Content and Antioxidant Activity Variation Dynamics in Table Beets (Beta vulgaris L.) with Differently Colored Roots

Antioxidant properties, betalain profiles and biochemical composition were studied in table beets with maroon and yellow root colors. Features of dynamic changes during the growing season were described. Significant differences in antioxidant activity were found in table beet accessions with differently colored roots. Negative dynamics of antioxidant activity were observed in all accessions. Statistically significant differences were registered among the accessions in the total amounts of phenolic compounds, chlorophylls, and betalains. The group of maroon accessions demonstrated strong positive correlations between their antioxidant activity and total phenolics (r = 0.91), antioxidant activity and betacyanins (r = 0.80), and between betacyanins and phenolics (r = 0.90). The antioxidant activity in the accessions with yellow roots was associated with chlorophyll b (r = 0.85), ascorbic acid (r = 0.83), and total phenolics (r = 0.83). The data are presented on the structure of betalains in two table beet groups contrasting in their root color. The results of the study made it possible to identify key components in the biochemical profile of differently colored beetroots, associated with their high antioxidant activity. Dynamic changes were shown for the antioxidant activity and fractional composition of betalains in table beet during its growing season, and a conclusion was made concerning the higher nutritional value of maroon cultivars.

The Flavonoids, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Activity from Ethanol Extract of Fibraurea tinctoria Lour

Oxidative stress has long been associated with increased risk for several diseases. Antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules and delays or prevents oxidative damage. Natural phenolic and flavonoid compounds are plant secondary metabolites directly contributing to antioxidant activity. Fibraurea tinctoria Lour, often called the yellow root, is a plant that has long been known in the traditional medicine of the native tribes of West Kalimantan to treat several diseases, including malaria, jaundice, and diabetes. This study aimed to quantify the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of yellow root stems. Yellow root stems were extracted by maceration in 96% ethanol for four days. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activities were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu, AlCl3, and DPPH methods. Phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of yellow root stems contains phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids. The total phenol and flavonoid contents were 40.2 mg GAE/g extract and 61.2 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The ethanol extract of yellow root stems showed moderate DPPH scavenging activity, with an IC50 of 152.13 ppm. From this study, it can be concluded that this plant could be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK BATANG AKAR KUNING (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) SECARA IN VITRO

Inflammation is a natural response that occurs in tissue damage caused by oxidative stress. Yellow root plant is one of the plants from the Menispermaceae family that contains bioactive compounds with several potential pharmacological activities, including as anti-inflammatory. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of administration of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol extract of yellow root on anti-inflammatory activity and test the most optimal anti-inflammatory activity on the type of solvent of yellow root extract (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.). This study used a method of stabilizing red blood cell membranes in vitro which was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Stabilization was observed through the inhibitory ability of yellow root extract against red blood cell lysis due to the induction of a hypotonic solution which was then compared with a positive control (Ibuprofen). Results showed that n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol extracts of yellow root can stabilize red blood cell membranes. Data analysis showed significant significance that there was a significant percent difference in red blood cell membrane stabilization in the four test groups. The most optimal anti-inflammatory activity was found in yellow root n-hexane extract at a concentration of 250 ppm which was 48.76% comparable to the positive control (Ibuprofen) at a concentration of 50 ppm of 59.09%.

Influence of packaging materials on storage of shatavari (Asparagus racemosus Willd.) root powder

The experiment was conducted at the Department of Post Harvest Technology, KRC College of Horticulture,Arabhavi, Belagavi district, Karnataka, India during 2020-21 to find out the suitable packaging material for storage ofshatavari root powder in Factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factors (types of roots and packagingmaterials). Different packaging materials viz., aluminium pouch, polyethylene lined aluminium pouch and polypropylenepouch were used for packing of shatavari root powder. Magnesium silicate, an anticaking agent was used at 1.00 and 1.50per cent concentration to avoid the caking of powder and vacuum packaging were also tried for these different packagingmaterials for storage of shatavari root powder without anticaking agent. The minimum moisture content (7.64%), wateractivity (0.550), L value (63.76) was noticed in yellow roots after three months of storage whereas maximum moisturecontent (8.10%), water activity (0.561) and L value (67.68) was observed in white root after three months of storage.Shatavari powder packed in polyethylene lined aluminium (laminated) pouch with vacuum recorded lower moisture content(6.25%), water activity (0.416), a* value (2.72), maximum L value (72.33) and b* value (19.82) followed by polyethylenelined aluminium pouch with 1.5 per cent magnesium silicate. The polyethylene lined aluminium pouch with vacuumcondition or 1.5 per cent magnesium silicate proved better for storage of shatavari root powder.

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC WITH GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANO PARTICLES AGIANST UROPATHOGENIC E.COLI BIOFILM

The bacterial ability to form biofilm had been complicated the infection healing process, due to antibiotic resistance. Urinary tract infection is an optimal example of such infections that caused by bacterial biofilms. So the current study aimed to find an alternative method to inhibit the uropathogenic bacteria using nanotechnology. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) was isolated from 110 clinical samples. These bacterial isolated were tested for their ability to form biofilm by two methods: Microtiter plate and congo red agar. Antibiotic susceptibility was detected to determine the multidrug-resistant isolates. An ecofriendly green method was depended for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using alcoholic extract of Lepidium meyenii yellow root. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by several techniques, and it was detected with a diameter of 44.89 nm. Anti-biofilm activity of AgNPs alone and with antibiotic was detected and the Scanning electron microscopy observations clearly indicated that 7.1825 mg/ml AgNPs prevented the biofilm formation. This is the first worldwide evidence-based research study about the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from alcoholic yellow root extract of plant Lepidium meyenii and use it against UPEC biofilm.

Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Two Brassica rapa Varieties: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory Mediators.

The present research study aims to appraise the potential of polyphenol-rich extracts from two Brassica rapa varieties on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Methanol extracts of peels and pulps of Brassica rapa yellow root (BRYR) and Brassica rapa white root (BRWR) were prepared using the soxhlet extraction technique. All four extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for the polyphenols, and results showed that 10 phenolic acids and 4 flavonoids were detected. Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid (174.6-642.3 mg/100 g of dry plant material) while catechin was the major (34.45-358.5 mg/100 g of dry plant material) flavonoid detected in the extracts. The total phenolic contents (TPC) of BRYR peel, BRWR peel, BRYR pulp and BRWR pulp extracts were in the range of 1.21-5.01 mg/g of dry plant material, measured as GAE, whereas the total flavonoid contents (TFC) were found in the range of 0.90-3.95 mg/g of dry plant material, measured as QE. BRYR peel extract exhibited the best DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50, 3.85 µg/mL) and reducing potential as compared with other extracts. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potential was assessed by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and the analgesic potential was investigated by a hot plate test. Suppression of biochemical inflammatory biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration were also determined. Results showed that BRYR peel extracts reduced paw edema and suppressed the production of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and RF most significantly, followed by BRWR peel, BRYR pulp and BRWR pulp extracts. In addition, histopathology observation also supports the anti-inflammatory effect of peel extracts as being greater than that of root pulp extracts. Moreover, it was observed that the analgesic effect of the root-peel extracts was also more pronounced as compared with root-pulp extracts. It can be concluded that BRYR peel extract has higher phenolic contents and showed higher suppression of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and RF, with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

Investigation of Chemical Components of Hexane Extract from the Stem of Arcangelisia flava via Phytochemical Test, GC-MS Analysis, FTIR Fingerprinting, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Arcangelisia flava, also known as yellow root, is a woody vine indigenous to the Philippines. It has been established that it possesses medicinal properties, and several of its bioactive compounds have been identified. However, most of its possible bioactive nonpolar chemical compounds remain unidentified. In this study, the stem of A. flava was investigated for its chemical components, FTIR fingerprinting, and antioxidant activity. The stem of A. flava was chopped, ground, and then extracted with hexane per gram of A. flava. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), phytochemical screening, GC-MS and FTIR analyses, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays were performed to evaluate the chemical components of A. flava hexane extract. TLC and phytochemical screening revealed the presence of some organic acids, triterpenes, sterols, essential oils, phenols, and flavonoids. Further characterization using GC-MS analysis revealed 64 chemical components classified into hydrocarbon, ketone, alcohol, aromatic compounds, aldehyde, ester, organosilicon, and other chemicals. The most abundant compound was hexacosane with a relative abundance of 43.17%. This was followed by tetracosane (8.85%), o-xylene (8.09%), and hexatriacontane (5.72%). The FTIR spectrum also revealed the presence of hydrocarbons such as alkanes and alkenes, confirming the 60% abundance of such class of compounds as revealed by GC-MS. Meanwhile, based on the CUPRAC and DPPH assay conducted, the hexane extract from the stem of A. flava had low antioxidant capacity. Based on the literature search, this is the first time the chemical composition of A. flava hexane extract has been evaluated and its chemical compounds identified. The findings presented in this paper should be taken into account for any future research on the species’ therapeutic properties.

Influence of exposure to light and storage period on color changes in gari produced from bio-fortified cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties

Light degrades carotenoids and thus the color of bio-fortified gari during storage. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the effect of exposure of bio-fortified gari to light during storage on its color. Gari samples obtained from the processing of fresh storage roots of three yellow root cassava varieties (TMSI011368, TMSI010593, and TMSI010539) and a white root variety (TMS30572) as check were packaged in three replicates in transparent white plastics containers (light condition) and blue plastics containers wrapped in black polythene bags (dark condition). These were stored on an open shelf in the laboratory in a 4 × 2 × 13 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. Immediately after processing and monthly for 12 months, the gari samples were evaluated for color using a scale of 1 (white) to 8 (pink). The result showed that yellowness of the gari from bio-fortified cassava varieties decreased over the storage period from 5.5 (TMS010539) immediately after processing to 2.5 (TMS010593, under both storage conditions) at 12 Months After Storage (MAS). The change was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by variety, storage duration and storage condition. Gari from varieties TMSI011368 and TMSI010593 had the least (38.3%) and highest (50.2%) percentage reduction in yellowness, respectively at the end of the storage period (12 months). Across the storage period, the mean color of gari samples stored in the dark condition (3.37) was significantly higher than the mean color of gari samples exposed to light (3.22). Therefore, the proper selection of cassava variety and the use of packaging containers that screen light from bio-fortified gari during storage can best preserve its color and ensure the availability of a reasonable amount of carotenoids to consumers after long-term storage (12 months).

Rapid Genetic Assessment of Carrot Varieties Based on AFLP Analysis

It is necessary to regard the biodiversity of carrot as a genetic source of useful and indispensable components for the human diet. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to discriminate eight carrot genotypes with different root colors. With the combination of enzymes Tru9I, PstI, and three sets of primer pairs corresponding to adapters joint to the restricted sites, 92 loci were produced, including 60 polymorphic ones. Each of the three primer sets showed high efficiency, according to estimations of PIC (0.34, 0.34, and 0.41), D (0.36, 0.67, and 0.67), Rp (5.5, 11.3, and 15), and HE (0.32, 0.49, and 0.49). The genetic distances were calculated using values of Nei’s coefficient. The most genetically similar were Chantenay Coeur Rouge and Colmar a Coeur Rouge at a distance of 0.12, whereas the most distant were Saint Valery and Purple Dragon at the highest distance of 0.34. Confirming its genetic identity, Purple Dragon and Gelber Goliath with purple and yellow roots were the most detached varieties from others at distances of 0.23–0.34 and 0.23–0.28, respectively. Male sterile Berlicum breeding accessions were well distinct from other orange-colored varieties at the highest distance of 0.30 from Deep Purple F1. Slight modifications including the facilitation of gel staining enables the wide use of the AFLP method for genetic diversity assessment in carrot breeding accessions.

Variation in Total Carotenoid Content of Gari from Yellow Root Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Varieties During Prolonged Storage

Agronomic characteristics of some novel yellow root cassava varieties (YRCVs) released in Nigeria in 2011 and 2014 were investigated during their development but there is paucity of information on the stability of total carotenoid content (TCC) in their products during storage, hence this study. Gari from three YRCVs (TMSI011368, TMSI010593 and TMSI010539) and a white root variety (TMS30572) as control were stored under daylight and dark conditions for 1 year. The samples were scored for colour on a scale of 1 (white) to 8 (pink) and analysed for TCC following standard procedures at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after storage (MAS). Data on TCC were subjected to analysis of variance at α0.05 and correlation was done between gari colour and TCC. Variety, season and storage duration effects were significant for TCC. Gari from white root had no TCC. The TCC of the bio-fortified gari samples reduced from between 7.49 µg/ g (TMSI011368) and 15.19 µg/ g (TMSI010593) at initial stage to 1.65 µg/ g (TMSI010539, daylight condition) and 2.09 µg/ g (TMSI010593, dark condition) at 3 MAS. Over the 12 months storage period, TMSI010593 and TMSI011368 had the least (7%) and highest (18%) percentage retention, respectively. Notably, colour and TCC of the gari samples were positively correlated under each storage condition.

Review: Potency of Borneo Endemic and Typical Plants as Anti-Cancer Medicines

The Island of Borneo (also known as Kalimantan), Indonesia has extensive forests overgrown with various plants. Some of them have been believed for generations and empirically have efficacy as traditional medicines. It is estimated that more than 200 medicinal plants are growing in the forests of Borneo Island. Some of them had been studied to have a number of secondary metabolites that act as anticancer, such as Bawang Dayak/Bawang Tiwai (Dayak/Tiwai Onion), Tahongai, Tanaman Sarang Semut (Ant Nest Plant), Batang Kuning (Yellow Stem)/Akar Kuning (Yellow Root), and Pasak Bumi/Tongkat Ali. Meanwhile, some of them still need to be investigated further regarding the secondary metabolites of their plant parts and their properties as herbal medicines, especially as anti-cancer, such as Sengkubak, Kayu Bajakah (Bajakah Wood), and Jahe Balikpapan (Balikpapan Ginger).Keyword: Anti-Cancer, Secondary Metabolites, Herbal Medicines, Borneo Endemic Plants

Phytochemical Testing and In Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity on Ethanol Extract of Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava L) Stems from West Kalimantan

The akar kuning plant (Arcangelisia flava L) from the Menispermaceae family is one of the Bajakah plant groups, which propagate among large trees and are commonly found in tropical forests in the West Kalimantan region. The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical compound and activity of anti-inflammatory from the akar kuning stem ethanol extract through the stabilization ability of the human red blood cell membrane (HRBC) in vitro. The akar kuning plant was taken from the forest of the Kapuas Hulu region, dried and mashed first and then extracted by maceration using the organic solvent ethanol. The ethanol extract obtained was concentrated using a rotary evaporatory, then a sample solution of akar kuning ethanol extract was made at several concentrations. Based on the results of phytochemical testing, this plant contained flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. Anti-inflammatory activity testing using rabbit blood and using diclofenac sodium as a positive control. The measurement results showed the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of the yellow root plant at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/mL were 28.77, 39.45, 57.53, , 62.80 and 75.50%, while the percentage of HRBC stabilization of the positive control was at the same concentration were 34.55, 46.34., 56.56, 69.88 and 87.33%.

Phenotypic diversity and selection in biofortified cassava germplasm for yield and quality root traits

Increasing carotenoid content and improving other root quality traits has been the focus of cassava biofortification. This study aimed to (i) evaluate the genetic variability for total carotenoid content (TCC), as well as for root yield and root quality attributes; (ii) estimate potentially useful correlations for selection; and (iii) select parents for breeding and estimate the genetic gain. Data from 2011 to 2020 of 265 cassava genotypes with cream and yellow roots were analyzed for dry matter content (DMC), shoot yield, fresh root yield (FRY), dry root yield (DRY), harvest index, average number of roots per plant, starch content, root pulp color, cyanogenic compounds, and TCC. The best linear unbiased predictions showed great phenotypic variation for all traits. Six distinct groups were formed for productive characteristics of root quality, mainly TCC, DMC and FRY. Only TCC showed high broad-sense heritability ({h}^{2}= 0.72), while the other traits had low to medium magnitude (0.21 ≤ {h}^{2} ≤ 0.60). TCC was strongly correlated with pulp color (r = 0.70), but null significance for DMC. The network analysis identified a clear separation between the agronomic and quality attributes of cassava roots. The selection of the 30 genotypes for recombination in the breeding program has the potential to raise TCC by 27.05% and reduce the cyanogenic compounds content by 23.03%, in addition to increasing FRY and DRY by 22.72% and 22.95%, respectively. This is the first consolidated study on the potential of germplasm for the development biofortified cassava cultivars in Brazil.

Potential Antimicrobe Producer of Endophytic Bacteria from Yellow Root Plant (Arcangelisia flava (L.)) Originated from Enggano Island.

Exploration studies of endophytic bacteria from Arcangelisia flava (L.) and their potential have not much been conducted. This research aims to explore and characterize the antimicrobial activity of endophytic bacteria in A. flava against pathogenic bacteria. This research consists of several steps including the isolation of bacteria, screening of the antimicrobial activity assay using the dual cross streak method, molecular identification through 16s rDNA analysis, and characterization of bioactive compound production through PKS-NRPS gene detection and GC-MS analysis. There are 29 endophytic bacteria that were successfully isolated from A. flava. The antimicrobial activity showed that there are four potential isolates AKEBG21, AKEBG23, AKEBG25, and AKEBG28 that can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that these isolates are identified as Bacillus cereus. These four isolates are identified as able to produce the bioactive compounds through the detection of polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS)-encoding genes. B. cereus AKEBG23 has the highest inhibition against pathogenic bacteria, and according to the GC-MS analysis, five major compounds are allegedly involved in its antimicrobial activity such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), diisooctyl phthalate, E-15-heptadecenal, 1-heneicosanol, and E-14-hexadecenal. This result suggested that B. cereus AKEBG23 as the endophytic bacterium from A. flava has a beneficial role as well as the plant itself. The bacterium produces several bioactive compounds that are allegedly involved in its antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria.

Valuasi Tumbuhan Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr) di Desa Gohong Kabupaten Pulang Pisau Kalimantan Tengah

The potential of medicinal plants in the forest area of Kalimantan is quite diverse, both those that have been utilized by the community around the region and those that have not been utilized. Gohong Village is a village in Pulang Pisau Regency of Central Kalimantan Province which has an area of ±51,037 ha. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential the spread and the economic value of yellow root medicinal plants in Gohong Village. The method used in this study is the Purposive Sampling method. The results of the analysis showed that an area of 2 hectares of yellow root plant potential was obtained as much as 2.174415 m3. The density value of yellow roots of 0,1875 or 0,188 for an area of 0.4 hectares there are 75 yellow root plants, and the average measurement plant found yellow root plants as many as 7-8 trees or per hectare, the density value of yellow root plants is 0.47. The frequency of yellow root plants at the research site was 0.8 with the number of plants as many as 75 trees. The spread of yellow roots in Gohong Village is uniform with a morisita index value of 0.8 respondent data in Gohong Village as many as 10 respondents obtained yellow root price data Per 1 Kg is Rp 50,000. Based on the analysis of the availability of yellow roots in the research location is quite significant and able to provide additional income for the community in order to support the economy.

Oral Subchronic Toxicity Test of Yellow Root Ethanol Extract (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) In Rats (Mus musculus)

Background: Yellow root (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) is a native Indonesian plant that contains alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and berberine. This plant is proven to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and anticancer activity. However, the effect on body weight, clinical symptoms and toxic symptoms has not been studied yet. Objectives: Accordingly, the objective of this research was to determine the effect of Arcangelisia flava Merr. extract with the multilevel maceration method on parameters of body weight, clinical symptoms and toxic symptoms in male rats. Material and Methods: A total of 16 male rats aged 6-8 weeks weighing 20-40 grams were divided into 4 groups. The control group was only given 1% sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), while the treatment group was given Arcangelisia flava Merr. extract at doses of 800, 900, and 1000 mg/kgBW orally for 28 days. At week 1 to week 4, body weight, clinical symptoms and toxic symptoms were observed for male rats. Result: Observations of toxic symptoms and symptoms showed that there were several symptoms that appeared in male rats and changes in body weight there were no significant differences from t0 to t1, t0 to t2, t0 to t3, and t0 to t4 for each treatment (p>0,05). Conclusions: The administration of Arcangelisia flava Merr. extract at doses of 800, 900, and 1000mg/kgBW for 28 days did not affect weight gain or loss, but these extracts did have an effect on symptoms in test animals such as straight fur and strange behavior.

Transcriptome and Re-Sequencing Analyses Reveal Photosynthesis-Related Genes Involvement in Lutein Accumulation in Yellow Taproot Mutants of Carrot

Carrots accumulate numerous carotenoids in the root, resulting in different colors. Orange carrots are primarily high in α- and β-carotene, while yellow carrots are packed with lutein. This study was designed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the yellow mutation involving lutein using a recently obtained yellow root mutant carrot (ym) via mutagenesis of an orange root wild type (wt). Microscopes were used to observe the variations in histological and cellular structures, and transcriptome and resequencing analyses were conducted for ym and wt. The root callus of ym contained fewer colored crystals and globular chromoplasts than those of wt. Based on ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) data analysis, 19 photosynthesis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched. Among them, there were 6 photosynthesis-related genes experiencing nonsynonymous mutations, including PSAL, PSB27-1, psbB, and three homologs of LHCB1.3, and Lut 5, the mapped gene regulating lutein content in carrot root, also had nonsynonymous mutations in ym. These 7 genes were shown to be significantly differently expressed at one or more time points during the lutein accumulation process. It is predicted that the 6 photosynthesis-related genes and Lut 5 are candidate genes for lutein accumulation, which results in root color mutation. The candidate genes identified in this study can provide a new insight into the molecular mechanism of lutein modulation.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Batang Arcangelisia flava Merr. sebagai Afrodisiaka pada Mencit Jantan dan Betina

This study aimed to analyze the effect of the stem extract of the yellow root plant (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) from Enggano Island on the introduction and locomotor activity of male and female mice (Mus musculus L.). The method used is an experiment with a completely randomized design. The treatment variations were extracted at a dose of 150 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW and 250 mg/kgBW, Neo Hormoviton capsules at a 200 mg/kgBW dose as a positive control, and without extract or strong drug as a negative control. The results showed that the administration of the extract caused an increase in the introduction activity, but the activity decreased with the increase in the dose of the given extract. Meanwhile, an increase in locomotor activity occurred at a dose of 250 mg/kgBW, while the doses of 150 mg/kgBW and 200 mg/kgBW tended to cause a decrease. Duncan's further test showed that a dose of 250 mg/kgBW increased locomotor activity which was more significant in female mice but not significantly in male mice. In conclusion, the extract at a dose of 250 mg/kgBW can increase locomotor activity, higher than Neo Hormoviton capsules at 200 mg/kgBW in both male and female mice.
 Keywords: Aphrodisiac, Sexual Activity, Arcangelisia flava, Fitness