Yellow Root Research Articles

Periodic graphics: The chemistry of bitters

Chemical educator and Compound Interest blogger Andy Brunning samples the ingredients and molecules that lend the cocktail flavorings their pungency To download a PDF of this article, visit cenm.ag/bitters. References used to create this graphic: Volatile and sensory profiling of cocktail bitters Aromatic plants in alcoholic beverages The extraction of yellow gentian root Quantification of phenolic compounds in sweet and bitter orange peel Minor diterpenoids from cascarilla Bitters for beginners A brief history of bitters A collaboration between C&EN and Andy Brunning, author of the popular graphics blog Compound Interest To see more of Brunning’s work, go to compoundchem.com. To see all of C&EN’s Periodic Graphics, visit cenm.ag/periodicgraphics.

FT-NIR characterization with chemometric analyses to differentiate goldenseal from common adulterants

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) has been a popular herb since the 1970s, with a US market share of over $32 million in 2014. Wild goldenseal has been listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species for decades. Limits in supply and greed for profit have led to adulteration with similar but more accessible and inexpensive plant materials. Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) coupled with three different chemometric models, partial least squares (PLS) regression, soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), and moving window principal component analysis (MW-PCA) provide fast, simple, nondestructive approaches to differentiating pure goldenseal from 4 common pure adulterants (yellow dock, yellow root, coptis, Oregon grape). All three models successfully differentiated authentic goldenseal from adulterants. The models were t-tested for detection of goldenseal intentionally mixed with individual adulterants at 2% to 95% theoretical levels made computationally. The PLS model was unable to detect adulterants mixed with goldenseal at any level. The SIMCA model was the best for detection of yellow root and Oregon grape adulteration in goldenseal, as low as 10%. The MW-PCA model proved best for detection of yellow dock at ≥ 15% and coptis adulteration ≥5% in goldenseal. This study demonstrates that NIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric analyses is a good tool for industry and investigators to implement for rapid detection of goldenseal adulteration in the marketplace, but also indicates that the specific approach to chemometric analysis must be evaluated and selected on a case-by-case basis in order to achieve useful sensitivity and specificity.

Effect of various nitrogen doses on copper and zinc accumulation in yellow lupine biomass

Abstract Field experiments determined copper and zinc content and accumulation in yellow lupine roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pods and seeds. The test factors included development stages (BBCH 65 and BBCH 90) at which harvest was performed as well as nitrogen doses (0, 30, and 120 kg·ha−1) introduced to the soil prior to sowing. A higher copper content (by an average of 20.9%) and zinc content (by 53.7%) were obtained in the whole mass of lupine harvested at the flowering stage compared to that at the full maturity stage. Yellow lupine fertilised with 120 kg N·ha−1 contained and took up more copper and zinc than both lupine cultivated without nitrogen fertilization and fertilised with 30 kg N·ha−1. The application of different nitrogen doses had no significant effect on the contents of the micronutrients in the seeds of the test plant. The amount of copper and zinc accumulated in the seeds was the largest following the application of 120 kg N·ha−1. Lupine accumulated the largest amounts of both elements in the leaves irrespective of the development stage at which the harvest was carried out. The bioaccumulation factor for copper and zinc was higher in the lupine harvested at the flowering stage than in the lupine harvested at full maturity, but it was not significantly determined by the applied nitrogen fertilization. The values of translocation coefficient for the tested heavy metals, usually higher than 1, indicate significant potential for their accumulation in yellow lupine biomass. Under conditions of an increased zinc content in the soil, lupine green matter harvested at the flowering stage contained an above-standard amount of this heavy metal and could not be used for animal feed.

VARIATION OF SOME TRAITS IN CARROT WITH DIFFERENT ROOT COLORS

The study was carried out in 2008-2016. The field experiments were performed at the territory of breeding centre and experimental facilities of FGBNU All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing, Moscow oblast. Varieties and hybrids originated from national and foreign breeding programs were used as a plant material for the study. In total 67 accessions including 34 with white root, 27 with yellow root and 6 with violet root were studied. Some traits of carrot were regarded, where it was shown that the root weight (Cv=20.350.5%), the core portion (Cv=10.9-26.7%) and leaf number (Cv=10.8-26.3%) in white carrot were the most variable traits, while a root length (Cv=8.1-15.1%), a leaf length (Cv=7.217.9%) and a root diameter (Cv=6,3-14,1%) were the less variable ones. In yellow carrot the significant variation was revealed in a root weight (Cv=20.1-48.2%), but low variation (Cv=12.2-25.1%) was observed in accession ‘Mestnaya’ from Uzbekistan. The great variation in root weight (Cv=20.152.0%) was found out among purple carrot, but low variation for the trait (Cv=11.1-26.8%) showed the accession ‘Purple Haze’. In the each group of different colored carrots, the hybrid combinations were selected out with low variability in such traits as the root weight, the core portion, the root length.

Total carotenoid and hydrogen cyanide contents of three varieties of yellow cassava roots at different stages of cassava slices ( Abacha ) and shreds ( Nsisa ) production

Three varieties of yellow cassava UMUCASS 36 (TMS 01/1368), UMUCASS 37 (TMS 01/1412) and UMUCASS 38 (TMS 01/1371) were assessed for their potential usage in processing into acceptable cassava slices (Abacha) and cassava shreds (Nsisa). Total carotenoid and hydrogen cyanide contents were evaluated at the different stages of cassava slices) and cassava shreds productions. Results showed that the various processing stages reduced the total carotenoid and hydrogen cyanide contents of the yellow cassava root varieties. Total Carotenoid content losses were mainly incurred after the boiling and oven drying processes for cassava slices and cassava shreds respectively. Total carotenoid content of cassava slices (Abacha) after boiling ranged from 4.4 to 5.07μg/g (Total carotenoid content of 60.27 to 65.12%) while that of cassava shreds (Nsisa) after oven drying ranged from 2.07 to 2.33μg/g (Total carotenoid content of 64.6 to 65.86%). The Hydrogen cyanide content after boiling ranged from 5.55 to 6.92mg/kg (Hydrogen cyanide content of 38.69 to 40.46%) for cassava slices and 6.22 to 6.95mg/kg (Hydrogen cyanide content of 39.54 to 42.59%) for cassava shreds. Sensory evaluation results showed that UMUCASS 36 was the most preferred variety for the production of cassava slices (Abacha) having a general acceptability mean score of 8.00 while all the three varieties were generally preferred for the production of cassava shreds (Nsisa) having general acceptability mean scores which ranged from 7.10 to 7.25.Keywords: Yellow cassava, slices, shreds, production stages, total carotenoids

Screening of some cassava starches for their potential applications in custard and salad cream productions

Custard powder and salad cream are two food products commercially manufactured using different quantities of corn starch. This study aimed at determining the physicochemical properties of some starches extracted from some white and yellow root cassava varieties. The prospective applicability of the cassava starches in custard powder and salad cream production was also determined. The physical, chemical and functional properties of eight cassava starches were determined using standard analytical procedures. Sensory acceptability of the products was also determined using untrained consumer group. Products made from corn starch were used as the reference samples. The physical, chemical and functional properties of the cassava starches varied significantly (p < 0.05). The results of multivariate data analysis (principal component and cluster analyses) showed that it was difficult to completely discriminate starches from the yellow fleshed and white fleshed cassava roots. Texture was the most important sensory attribute determining the two products’ acceptability. Starch powder dispersibility was found to have significant influence (p < 0.05) on the sensory acceptability of the two products. However, starch from a yellow fleshed root (TMS 01/1368) was the most preferred for salad cream making while starch from a white fleshed root (TMS 30572) was the most preferred for making custard powder. The starches showed high potential to replace corn starch for the respective product manufacture.

Influence of the type of packaging on textural properties of minimally processed yellow Peruvian roots

ABSTRACT The textural properties of minimally processed products indicate its quality, and the package is fundamental to maintain the conservation of these foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate texture alterations that occur during the storage period of minimally processed yellow Peruvian roots, using texture profile analysis (TPA) and relaxation, in function of four types of plastic packaging, combined to refrigeration. The roots were selected, sanitized, peeled and sliced. The processing continued with final sanitization, rinsing and immersion in ascorbic and citric acid solution. The slices were centrifuged and packed in expanded polystyrene trays covered with PVC film, and in high-density polyethylene bags (HDPE), polypropylene bags (PP) and multilayer polyolefin bags for vacuum, and stored at 5 ± 2 ºC and 90 ± 5% relative humidity during 12 days. For the TPA, the parameters of interest were hardness and adhesiveness, automatically calculated from the force curves (F) x time (s). For modeling the relaxation process, the generalized Maxwell model was used. The slices packed in PP and vacuum showed higher hardness and normalized force in the balance (0.7502 and 0.7580, respectively), indicating that they were more elastic, better preserving the quality during storage than slices packed in other packaging.

Yellow deposits formation in roots is a part of tobacco plant phenotype under sulfur deficiency

Background and Purpose: It is known that plants respond to sulfur (S) deficit by adapting their physiology and development. Nowadays, scientists concentrate on the cellular level of such response, studying molecular processes, often treating visual phenotypes as fully explored and obvious. The goal of this study was to challenge such believes and find a new visual phenotype of plants during their response to S deficit.Materials and Methods: The macroscopic and microscopic observation of Nicotiana tabacum plants grown under sulfur deficiency or control condition was conducted. Additionally, the absorbance spectrum of ethanol extracts from plant roots was measured.Results and Conclusions: In this study we showed that root color changes from colorless to yellow after transfer to S deficiency conditions. Microscopic observation of yellow roots showed that their color is a result of the yellowish deposits formation inside the root epidermis cells. Next experiments allowed to narrow down the list of chemicals responsible for the observed root phenotype to UV absorbing compounds. Our results, taken together with the data available in literature, pointed to the phenolic compounds as the most probable component of yellowish deposits responsible for change of root color during plant response to S deficiency. The physiological role of such accumulation is yet to be determined.

Influence of Cultivar on the Postharvest Hardening of Trifoliate Yam (Dioscorea dumetorum) Tubers

The influence of cultivar on the postharvest hardening ofDioscorea dumetorumtubers was assessed. 32 cultivars ofD. dumetorumtubers were planted in April 2014, harvested at physiological maturity, and stored under prevailing tropical ambient conditions (19–28°C, 60–85% RH) for 0, 5, 14, 21, and 28 days. Samples were evaluated for cooked hardness. Results showed that one cultivar, Ibo sweet 3, was not affected by the hardening phenomenon. The remaining 31 were all subject to the hardening phenomenon at different degree. Cooked hardness increased more rapidly in cultivars with many roots on the tuber surface compared to cultivars with few roots on the tuber surface. When both the characteristics flesh colour and number of roots on tuber surface were associated, cooked hardness in cultivars with yellow flesh and many roots increased more rapidly than in cultivars with white flesh and many roots, whereas cooked hardness in cultivars with yellow flesh and few roots increased more slowly than in cultivars with white flesh and few roots. Accessions collected in high altitude increased more rapidly compared to accessions collected in low altitude. The cultivar Ibo sweet 3 identified in this study could provide important information for breeding program ofD. dumetorumagainst postharvest hardening phenomenon.

Yellow deposits formation in roots is a part of tobacco plant phenotype under sulfur deficiency

Background and Purpose: It is known that plants respond to sulfur (S) deficit by adapting their physiology and development. Nowadays, scientists concentrate on the cellular level of such response, studying molecular processes, often treating visual phenotypes as fully explored and obvious. The goal of this study was to challenge such believes and find a new visual phenotype of plants during their response to S deficit. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic and microscopic observation of Nicotiana tabacum plants grown under sulfur deficiency or control condition was conducted. Additionally, the absorbance spectrum of ethanol extracts from plant roots was measured. Results and Conclusions: In this study we showed that root color changes from colorless to yellow after transfer to S deficiency conditions. Microscopic observation of yellow roots showed that their color is a result of the yellowish deposits formation inside the root epidermis cells. Next experiments allowed to narrow down the list of chemicals responsible for the observed root phenotype to UV absorbing compounds. Our results, taken together with the data available in literature, pointed to the phenolic compounds as the most probable component of yellowish deposits responsible for change of root color during plant response to S deficiency. The physiological role of such accumulation is yet to be determined.

Kinetics of mass transfer during deep fat frying of yellow fleshed cassava root slices

Kinetics of mass transfer [moisture content, oil uptake, total carotenoid (TC) and shrinkage] during frying of yellow fleshed cassava roots (TMS 01/1371) was investigated. Slices were divided into (i) fresh and (ii) pre-dried to 75 % moisture content before atmospheric frying and (iii) vacuum fried. Percentage TC and activation energies of vacuum, fresh and pre-dried fried samples were 76, 63 and 61 %; and 82, 469.7, 213.7 kJ/mol, respectively.

Study of Yellow Root (Arcangelisia Flava Merr) as a Natural Food Additive with Antimicrobial and Acidity-stabilizing Effects in the Production Process of Palm Sugar

Fermentation by several types of microorganisms was considered as one of several factors causing quality degradation of the palm sap used for production of palm sugar. During harvesting period, pH value of the palm sap gradually decreasing from 6.5 to approximately 4.5. In order to avoid the rapid fermentation, traditionally, the local community uses a material made by mixing small pieces of heartwood of jack tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus) with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) solution. However, the safety of this material if consumed by the human is still unclear. Consumption of food containing high concentration of slaked lime may cause several organ dysfunctions such as liver, kidney, also heart and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate an alternative material substituting the traditional one by examining the antimicrobial and acidity-stabilizing effects of Yellow Root (Arcangelisia flava Merr) extract. Antimicrobial activity of the water extract was evaluated through a disc-diffusion method using three microorganisms, Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Trichophyton rubrum. In addition, toxicity test was also performed using BSLT (brine shrimp lethality test). Water extract of A. flava exhibited a positive respond against Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Trichophyton rubrum with inhibition zones of 19.35, 16.98, and 19.78mm, respectively at application level of 2% (v/v). Furthermore, this extract also showed an ability to stabilize the acidity of fresh palm sap (pH 5.8 - 6.5) due to fermentation mechanism during harvesting and storing. The ability of the extract to stabilize the acid level may be caused by the presence of its active compounds such as alkaloid, tannin, and saponin. The glucosides of those compounds may inhibit the hydrolysis of disaccharide such as sucrose becomes its monosaccharides. Those compounds may also deactivate enzyme invertase secreted by the microbes which can increase the acid level. From the toxicity test, water extract of A. flava was considered as a natural product with no toxicity. Therefore, water extract of A. flava can be utilized as a safe natural food additive, especially in the production of palm sugar.

Assessment of genetic diversity based on morphological characters in some Iranian yellow carrot accessions (Daucus carota L.var. sativus)

Yellow carrot (Daucus carota L.var. sativus) is one of the rooty vegetable native to Iran which, Its use in food and drug has ancient history. Due to the importance of this vegetable, genetic diversity of nine Iranian carrot accessions were evaluated in this study, using morphological traits which included 12 qualitative traits, 18 quantitative traits and mineral nutrition. The results of quantitative traits revealed that Esfehan accession (1638.9 gr/m 2 ) and Kerman (1650.9 gr/m 2 ) were accounted for the highest yield average than the other accessions. Also from the view point of qualitative traits, root color in Shoshtar accession was purple and Esfehan accession had red root and yellow root were observed in the other accessions. Percentage of the total cumulative variance for the five main components of morphological characters was 88.17. Cluster analysis based on morphological characters put yellow carrot accessions into three groups. * Corresponding Author: Zeynab Mehrabi  zeynabmehrabi1@gmail.com

EFEITO DE ANTIOXIDANTES SOBRE O ESCURECIMENTO DE BATATAS BAROA MINIMAMENTE PROCESSADAS - DOI: 10.13083/1414-3984.v22n03a01

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações dos antioxidantes ácido ascórbico e ácido cítrico sobre o escurecimento de batatas baroa minimamente processadas. As raízes foram selecionadas, lavadas com detergente e enxaguadas em água corrente. Em seguida, foram sanitizadas, descascadas, cortadas em fatias de 1cm de espessura e novamente sanitizadas com posterior enxágue. Logo após, as rodelas foram imersas nos seguintes tratamentos: água gelada; solução de ácido ascórbico 1% + ácido cítrico 1%; solução de ácido ascórbico 2% + ácido cítrico 2% e solução de ácido ascórbico 3% + ácido cítrico 3%. As rodelas foram centrifugadas, acondicionadas em embalagens de polipropileno e mantidas a 5 ± 2 oC e 90 ± 5% de umidade relativa, durante um período de oito dias. Para a avaliação da perda de massa, o experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial 4 x 9 (4 tratamentos aos 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 dias) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Para as análises de cor, pH e teor de sólidos solúveis foi utilizado um esquema fatorial 4 x 5 (4 tratamentos aos 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 dias) com quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à metodologia de superfície de resposta. As batatas apresentaram melhor qualidade com o tratamento 3% ácido ascórbico + 3% ácido cítrico, chegando ao final do armazenamento com menor perda da coloração amarela.

Comparison of Aminocyclopyrachlor Absorption and Translocation in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) and Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)

Aminocyclopyrachlor has provided excellent control of many perennial weed species including leafy spurge, but control of yellow toadflax has been inconsistent.14C-aminocyclopyrachlor absorption was rapid in both leafy spurge and yellow toadflax and averaged 72% 48 h after treatment (HAT). However, translocation within the plant differed by species. More14C translocated to the aboveground portion of yellow toadflax (28% of applied) compared to leafy spurge (16.5% of applied). There was rapid translocation of14C-label to the roots of both species but more reached the belowground portion of leafy spurge than yellow toadflax. Over 12% of applied14C translocated into leafy spurge roots within 24 HAT but declined to 2% by 192 HAT. In comparison, only 2% of applied14C was found in yellow toadflax roots 24 HAT, and just 0.15% remained in belowground plant parts by 192 HAT. The inconsistent long-term control of yellow toadflax with aminocyclopyrachlor is likely due to poor translocation to the root system, which would allow for rapid regrowth in this hard to control perennial species.

Identification of Pro-vitamin A Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Varieties for Adaptation and Adoption through Participatory Research

In spite of diligent efforts by National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) Umudike and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) to make Nigeria the largest producer of cassava in the world, the adoption rate of elite cultivars by farmers is about 40% and that is unacceptable. In addition, all cassava cultivars presently grown in Nigeria are low in essential minerals, vitamins, and protein content, and high in cyanogenic content. Cassava with yellow roots contains elevated levels of β-carotene (pro-vitamin A), an essential nutrient, but they are not commonly grown in Nigeria. Because farmers select cultivars based on multiple criteria, participatory rural appraisal and selection are essential for a successful adoption of new improved varieties. A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and sensory evaluation were conducted in Abia, Imo, and Ebonyi states of Nigeria to assess farmers’ preferences for pro-vitamin A cassava. Some of the farmer-preferred traits included high yield, early maturity, tolerance to pests and diseases, sweetness, high amount of dry matter (DM) content, easy peeling, marketable roots, and roots that keep long in the ground without decaying. High pro-vitamin A cassava cultivars TMS 01-1368, TMS 05-1636, and TMS 05-0473 were better than farmers’ cultivar NR 8082, because of their color, high premium price, nutritional value, texture, among others, and were selected for adoption.

The Phytochemistry and The Anti-Bacterial Activity of Yellow Root (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) against Aeromonas hydrophila

Arcangelisia flava Merr had been long recognized by the Dayak community at Central Kalimantan. It was used for natural herbal due to its capability to medicate various diseases. It seemed that this plant was considered as having active substances that was useful for health. Therefore, f urther review on phytochemical components should be needed through screening and identifying the bioactive substance, and implementing a specific review about the solvent that was producing extract with high level of rendement and preventive zone. Result of the extraction of Yellow Root ( Arcangelisia flava Merr) showed that the rendement rate of methanol solvent was the highest. The phytochemical screening of the extract result was aimed to ensure the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, triterpen and tannin. Result of the test indicated that Yellow Root ( Arcangelisia flava Merr.) contained of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and terpenoid compounds, while tannin was not detected. The use of chloroform solvent was producing the extract result with widest preventive zone (17.25 mm) on A. hydrophila .

10.5937/ratpov50-4635 = Production of yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L.) nursery plants suitable for transplanting and cultivation under dry farming conditions in mountain region of Serbia

This paper deals with development of yellow gentian nursery plants in the open winter beds established in the mountainous region of Serbia at 1000 m a.s.l. Number, weight and size of one-, two- and three-year-old nursery plants were measured in succession for two years. The one-year-old nursery plants had an average 1.5 g fresh weight and 0.4 g dry weight, while the average length and width of the thickened root parts were 6.0 cm and 0.4 cm, respectively. The average fresh and dry root weights of the two-year-old nursery plants were 4.9 g and 1.4 g, respectively, with the length and width of the thickened root part 10.8 cm and 1.2 cm, respectively. The average root weights of the three-year-old plantlets were 15.6 g (fresh weight) and 4.7 g (dry weight), but they were too branchy and difficult for transplanting into the field. The average number of yellow gentian nursery plants per m2 of the open winter bed, following the first, second and third growing year were 714, 243 and 95, respectively. Two-year-old nursery plants proved to be the most suitable for establishing large-scale plantations for the production of yellow gentian root under dry farming conditions in the mountains of Serbia.

Immunohisto- and cytochemical localization of PR-10 proteins induced by heavy metals in lupine roots

Most of the data concerning PR-10 proteins accumulation in plants under various environmental stress conditions are derived from biochemical analysis of transcript expression or polypeptide accumulation. In the current study, we examined the localization of PR (L1–L6) proteins, belonging to the PR-10 class family, in the root tips of yellow lupine seedlings using histo- and cytochemical methods. Immunohistochemical localization revealed the presence of PR-proteins in all examined yellow lupine root tip tissue, and lead treatment did not change the distribution of proteins in the roots. However, the metal induced a significant increase in the accumulation of PR-proteins in the meristematic cells and procambium tissue. An immunocytochemical approach with immunogold method demonstrated the cytoplasmic nature of the PR-proteins and their increased accumulation after copper treatment. The results confirmed the affiliation of PR (L1–L6) to PR-10 class family proteins, as well as their intracellular localization.

Characterization of Carotenoid-protein Complexes and Gene Expression Analysis Associated with Carotenoid Sequestration in Pigmented Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Storage Root

Carotenoid-protein complex (CPC) was isolated from chromoplast-enriched suspensions of cassava storage root (CSR) using size exclusion chromatography and characterized. Peptide sequences (LC_MS/MS spectrum) obtained from CPC and their corresponding proteins were obtained using publically available databases. Small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs) were the most abundant proteins identified in the CPC. Western blot analysis showed that Fribrillin and Or-protein were present in chromoplast-enriched suspensions of yellow root but not in the complex or white root. Results from qRT-PCR helped identify an isoform of HSP21 possessing four single point mutations in the intense yellow CSR that may be responsible for increased sequestration of b-carotene.