Yellow Phase Research Articles

Analyzing driver's response to the yellow onset at signalized intersections

Intersections are critical points within the highway system at which the risk of crashes increases. This study seeks to better understand drivers’ behavior at an intersection by examining the relationship between their observed driving behavior, psychological attributes and decision to proceed through an intersection. A driving simulator and self-report questionnaire were used to understand driver decision-making at the onset of the yellow phase across several signalized intersections. The simulator measured driving outcomes such as speed, braking, and throttle as drivers cross through four increasingly difficult intersections. The questionnaires measured demographics, psychological traits including mindfulness and impulsiveness along with self-reported driving behaviors. A total of 102 participants completed the questionnaire as well as the driving simulator experiment. Hierarchical clustering served to classify drivers into four groups on the basis of their observed driving in the simulator: the safest drivers, safe drivers, speed demons, and aggressive drivers. These driving styles moderated the relationship between the drivers’ psychological traits and their decision to stop or proceed at each intersection. Results showed that mindfulness was highly related to the safest drivers’ decision to stop at the first intersection, while impulsiveness and anxiety were related to the speed demons’ decision to stop at the third intersection. These findings lay a strong foundation for developing progressive educational campaigns incorporating driver psychology in their methodology. Findings also provide support for research linking driving performance and psychological traits with implications for intersection design.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Stabilized Black γ-Phase CsPbI3 Perovskite for High-Performance Piezoelectric Nanogenerators.

Halide perovskite materials have been recently recognized as promising materials for piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) due to their potentially strong ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity. Here, we report a new method using a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer to achieve excellent long-term stable black γ-phase CsPbI3 and explore the piezoelectric performance on a CsPbI3@PVDF composite film. The PVDF-stabilized black-phase CsPbI3 perovskite composite film can be stable under ambient conditions for more than 60 days and over 24 h while heated at 80 °C. Piezoresponse force spectroscopy measurements revealed that the black CsPbI3/PVDF composite contains well-developed ferroelectric properties with a high piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) of 28.4 pm/V. The black phase of the CsPbI3-based PVDF composite exhibited 2 times higher performance than the yellow phase of the CsPbI3-based composite. A layer-by-layer stacking method was adopted to tune the thickness of the composite film. A five-layer black-phase CsPbI3@PVDF composite PENG exhibited a voltage output of 26 V and a current density of 1.1 μA/cm2. The output power can reach a peak value of 25 μW. Moreover, the PENG can be utilized to charge capacitors through a bridge rectifier and display good durability without degradation for over 14 000 cyclic tests. These results reveal the feasibility of the all-inorganic perovskite for the design and development of high-performance piezoelectric nanogenerators.

Structurally Tolerance-Factor-Tuned Metal Halide Nanocrystals for Environmentally Stable and Efficient Red Light-Emitting Diodes.

Black phase CsPbI3, naturally possessing the superiority of high radiative recombination efficiency and narrow emission line width, shows promise for commercial applications of red perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). However, the metastable black phase CsPbI3 with a marginal tolerance factor (t) of 0.81 would easily convert to the nonoptical yellow phase. Herein, we demonstrate the strategy of partial substitution of larger dimethylammonium cation (DMA+) for Cs+ to achieve the stable tolerance factor of 0.903 for greatly improved Cs0.7DMA0.3PbI3 nanocrystals. These NCs present a superior ultraviolet (UV) irradiation stability by retaining 80% of the initial photoluminescence intensity after 5 h, which is much better than that of its counterparts (retaining 30%). Based on this, the as-developed red PeLEDs demonstrate remarkable luminance of 1258 cd/m2 and external quantum efficiency of 3.39%, which are almost 6 times and 3 times that of its counterparts, respectively (203 cd/m2 and 1.28%). This strategy may pave the way to improving the stability and efficiency of PeLEDs.

Distribution of Eels (Anguilla sp.) in the Timang Tideng River, Alor Regency, NTT

Eel (Anguilla sp.) is a fish that is classified as having a high economic value, with the level of distribution in almost all of Indonesia. The Timang Tideng River is one of the rivers located in the village of Kamaifui, Alor Regency, but until now, there has been no scientific report on the distribution of eel (Anguilla sp.) in the Timang Tideng River, Alor Regency, NTT. This study aims to determine the type and size of eel found in the Timang Tideng River. The research was conducted from March to April 2021 at three observation stations. Eel fishing is done at night considering its nocturnal nature. The fishing gear used is fishing rods and chicken stomachs as bait. Measurements of physical and chemical parameters of the waters were carried out simultaneously during the fishing process including temperature, pH, and current speed. The results showed that there were two types of eel in the Timang Tideng River, namely A. marmorata as many as 24 individuals and A. celebesensis as many as 1 individual. The eels found were in the yellow eel phase, with a total length range of 40-72 cm and a total weight ranging from 126-994 g.

Urea Derivative‐Promoted CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells with High Open‐Circuit Voltage

Inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have witnessed extraordinary advances owing to their prominent stability against thermal aging. However, they suffer from a phase transition from black phase to yellow phase under ambient conditions and serious energy losses relative to the optical bandgap. Herein, urea (Ur) and methyl‐substituted urea (Me‐Ur) additives are used to modulate the lattice structure and crystallinity of the CsPbI2Br, facilitating phase stability and high device performance. The Me‐Ur can attenuate the strong hydrogen bonding networks in the Ur, which leads to stronger coordination of the carbonyl group with undercoordinated Pb2+, more efficiently passivating the defect states and suppressing the lattice distortion of the [PbI6]4− octahedra in the CsPbI2Br perovskite. Consequently, a champion power conversion efficiency of 16.5% with an open‐circuit voltage up to 1.33 V is obtained for the CsPbI2Br+Me‐Ur‐based PSCs, accompanied by enhanced stability under continuous illumination at a temperature of 45 ± 5 °C. These results emphasize the importance of regulating the lattice distortion by the urea derivative to implement efficient and stable inorganic CsPbI2Br PSCs.

Electrodeposition of lead dioxide induces the fabrication of perovskite FAPbI3 film and electron-transport-layer-free solar cells

Formamidinum based lead halide (α-FAPbI3) perovskite solar cells have refreshed the highest power conversion efficiency several times in the best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart due to its suitable bandgap. However, the non-perovskite yellow phase δ-FAPbI3 is easily formed in the process of synthesizing the black phase α-FAPbI3. To solve this problem, we provide a new method to grow pure perovskite α-FAPbI3 film through electrodeposited lead dioxide (PbO2). The as-prepared α-FAPbI3 shows an obvious absorption edge despite some pinholes formation during the reaction of PbO2 and FAI. By adding extra MABr during the synthesis of α-FAPbI3, the size and number of pinholes can be effectively suppressed. Thus, the optimal electron-transport-layer (ETL)-free perovskite FAPbI3 solar cells show a drastically elevated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.73%, which is nearly 20 times higher than that of PbI2 based perovskite solar cells with the same device structure. These results demonstrate that the growth of PbO2 film by the electrodeposition method provides a new way for the preparation of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. On this basis, combined with the introduction of the ETL (TiO2, SnO2, etc.) and the optimization of device fabrication processes, the PCE of the perovskite solar cells obtained by this method may be further improved in the future.

Black Phase of Inorganic Perovskite Stabilized with Carboxyimidazolium Iodide for Stable and Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

As all-inorganic perovskite (CsPbI3-xBrx) is prone to phase transition from the α phase (black phase) to the δ phase (yellow phase) in a humid environment or under heating, improving the phase stability of all-inorganic perovskite of the black phase is one of the urgent problems to solve. Herein, 1,2-dimethyl-3-acetylimidazolium iodide (DMAII) is spin-coated onto the surface of CsPbI3-xBrx perovskite for use in p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs). We find that the DMAII coating has two effects on the CsPbI3-xBrx perovskite film: surface passivation and phase stabilization of perovskite. Traps in the CsPbI3-xBrx perovskite film can be reduced significantly by DMAII passivation, resulting in enhanced hole extraction and suppressed charge recombination. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is improved from 10.81 to 13.14%. Moreover, the DMAII coating can significantly inhibit the phase transition from the α phase to the δ phase in a humid environment or under heating, as characterized by the X-ray diffraction pattern, UV-vis absorption spectrum, and film color. After exposing the CsPbI3-xBrx perovskite films to a humid atmosphere (relative humidity = 40-60%) for 6 h, the PCE decreases dramatically to only 0.12% of the initial PCE for the PSC without the DMAII coating, while the PCE maintains 80% of the initial PCE for the PSC with the DMAII coating. In addition, when the PSC devices are heated at 120 °C for 4 h, the control PSC shows a 96% decrease in PCE, while the PCE decay is only 9% for the DMAII-coated PSC. These findings indicate that carboxyl-substituted imidazolium iodide is a kind of promising material to not only passivate traps but also stabilize the black phase of all-inorganic perovskite.

Ethylamine Iodide Additive Enables Solid-to-Solid Transformed Highly Oriented Perovskite for Excellent Photodetectors.

Perovskite has been widely applied in the optoelectronic field due to its strong light absorption and high carrier mobility. Maintaining high crystallization is critical to fabricate high-performance perovskite devices, where many methods have been reported, such as the use of additives in precursor solutions. However, there are few reports for the working mechanism of these additives. Herein, a new method to obtain highly crystalline formamidinium-lead triiodide (FAPbI3 ) perovskite films by introducing ethylamine iodide (EAI) into perovskite precursors is reported and a novel working mechanism for such alkyl amine additives in the crystallization process of perovskites is proposed. Unlike traditional liquid-to-solid (L-S) crystallization theory, the research results indicate that EAI affects the solid-to-solid (S-S) transition process from the intermediate yellow phase to the final black phase, and this mechanism is further verified to be universal using other common alkyl amines. A self-powered photodetector based on an as-fabricated FAPbI3 film is fabricated with an external quantum efficiency of over 90%. This work provides a deeper understanding of the perovskite crystallization process.

Compositional degradation with Br content in Cesium lead halide CsPbBrxI3-x

The inorganic cesium lead halide CsPbX3 (where X ​= ​I, Br, Cl) are reported to possess good stability than that of organic-inorganic hybrid halides. CsPbI3 is reported to have four phases: perovskite black phase (cubic (α), tetragonal (β), orthorhombic(γ)) and non-perovskite yellow orthorhombic (δ). With band gap of ∼ 1.73eV, CsPbI3-α is most suitable phase among all-inorganic lead halide Perovskites. However, in ambient atmosphere (almost instantly) the perovskite black phase convert into non-perovskite yellow orthorhombic phase. At the same time CsPbBr3 remains in the orthorhombic phase at room temperature. Thus, in the present investigation, compositional variation of Br in Cesium lead iodide CsPbBrxI3-x (x ​= ​0.0 to 3.0 ​at the step of 0.5) samples synthesized by cold sintering technique is studied. The XRD patterns showed the orthorhombic phase for CsPbBr3. Further, CsPbBrxI3-x (x ​≤ ​1.0) have shown double phase corresponding to CsPbI3 (Pnma) ​+ ​PbI2 ( R3¯m). However, the compound with 1.5 ≤ x ​< ​3.0 showed the presence of various phases with and without oxygen including the CsPbBr3 (orthorhombic, Pnma) phase which has also been confirmed through UV–visible spectroscopy, impedance and Schottky anomaly. This compositional failure is also suggested by deviation from Vegards law showing volumetric expansion. The role of oxygen vacancy has been probed for the compositional failure for 1.5 ≤ x ​< ​3.0 using XPS characterization and Raman spectroscopy.

Evaluation of phytosanitary condition of sunflower crops in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To determine the species pathogens composition of sunflower diseases and to study the dynamics of development of the most harmful in the conditions of the western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.&#x0D; Methods. The research was carried out during 2018—2019 in the research field of the Ukrainian Scientific Research Station on Plant Quarantine of Institute of Plant Protection using laboratory (pathogen identification) and field (examination of sunflower crops with sampling of plant material) methods.&#x0D; Results. Since the 1940s, the sunflower area in Ukraine has increased almost in 10 times: from 669 thousand hectares in 1939 to 5034 thousand hectares in 2017. The main crops — 75—80% are located in the steppe, and about 20% — in the Forest-Steppe zone. The sunflower crops are moving further to the west of Ukraine, where its areas increased in 2015—2017 by 1.7—6.4 times with large-scale climate change. However, the instability of weather conditions in this region and violations of the rules of agricultural technology lead to the defeat of sunflower plants by diseases of various etiologies. Researches studying the development of fungal diseases of sunflower have shown that the threat to crops was: embelizia (plant damage in the yellow basket phase was 73.3—100% with the development of the disease 36.7—75.5%); Alternaria (plant damage was 100% with the development of the disease 45—65.0%), verticillium wilt — the number of affected plants reached 35%, rust — for 100% of the affected plants, the intensity of sunflower damage was 3 points (for 5 score scale); the prevalence of phomosis and phomopsis for two years did not exceed 43.5%, and development — 15.4%.&#x0D; Conclusions. The most common during the study period (2018—2019) were: Alternaria alternata (Fr.Fr) Keissl.), embelizia (Alternaria helianthi Tub. et Nish.), verticillium wilt Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke et Berthold, V. dahliae Kleb., phomoses (Phoma oleraceae var. helianthi Sacc.) and phomopsis (Phomopsis helianthi Munt.Cvet. et al) in the western region of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Low-temperature heat capacities for EMoO4 (E=Mg, Sr, Ba) substances formed in nuclear fuel waste glasses

Thermodynamic properties of various crystalline solids are evaluated from low-temperature heat capacity measurements, in the temperature range 0–300 K using semi-empirical models. Previous studies include fit functions with many coefficients resulting in almost perfect agreement with experimental data. The heat capacities of the end-members of the yellow phase formed in the nuclear fuel waste glasses can be fitted by simple Debye-Einstein integral formula to avoid overfitting. In this study, the heat capacities, the characteristic temperatures (θD,θE1,θE2) and the fitting parameters (m,n1 and n2) of MgMoO4, SrMoO4 and BaMoO4 were determined by fitting the Debye-Einstein integral to the experimental heat capacity. The Debye temperatures θD of MgMoO4, SrMoO4 and BaMoO4 are 546.15 K, 496.3 K and 420.6 K, respectively, and their Einstein temperatures (θE1,θE2) are (162.46, 1185.25) K, (169.41, 1040.56) K and (125.3, 958.87) K. It is shown from the results that the Debye-Einstein function used in the present study was found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.

Significant phonon anharmonicity drives phase transitions in CsPbI3

Due to its high chemical stability and high power conversion efficiency as a solar cell absorber, the inorganic halide perovskite, CsPbI3, is considered one of the most promising competitors to its hybrid organic-inorganic counterpart, CH3NH3PbI3. However, the phase transition from the photoactive black phase to the inactive yellow phase is a remarkable limitation that harms long-term phase stability. In particular, the phase transitions follow different pathways as the temperature increases and/or decreases, a phenomenon that is anomalous and remains poorly understood. In this study, we systematically calculated the temperature-dependent free energy of CsPbI3 in different crystal phases (α, β, γ, δ) by considering the phonon contribution to the Gibbs free energy. It is found that the free energy results from calculations that include harmonic phonons cannot reproduce experimental observations. Alternatively, we utilized the renormalized phonon quasiparticle approach to derive the free energies of different CsPbI3 phases at finite temperatures. Based on these calculated free energies, whose derivations included the anharmonic effect, we observed phase-transition processes consistent with experimental results. The analysis of the temperature effect on the phonon frequencies further demonstrated that anharmonic effects in the CsPbI3 had a significant influence on its phase transitions.

Role of Ba(NO3) pretreatment in reducing the yellow phase formation during vitrification of nuclear waste

During vitrification of sulfate bearing high-level liquid waste (HLLW), Na2SO4 is easy to decompose at high temperatures and a water soluble “yellow phase” containing mainly alkali metal sulfates generally forms on the surface of glass melts. Herein, we report the SO42− ions present in the HLLW as Na2SO4 can be sequestrated as the form of BaSO4 by addition of Ba(NO3)2 solution and the formation of yellow phase can be effectively reduced during vitrification. XRD and SEM-EDX show that the main constituents of yellow phase consist of BaSO4, BaCrO4, and BaMoO4 by adding excess Ba(NO3)2, and the alkali metal sulfates phases almost disappear. In addition, the sulfate retention of waste glass is increased by the Ba(NO3)2 pretreatment, especially for vitrification of HLLW with relatively high sulfate content. The SO3 content in the waste glass remains almost unchanged in temperature range of 850‒1050°C. These results suggest that the Ba(NO3)2 pretreatment may provide an alternative new way to solve the yellow phase problem during the vitrification of sulfate bearing HLLW.

High-performance CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells without additives in air condition

Perovskite Solar Cells (PSC) based on cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI3) perovskite have received great attention. However, the quality and thickness of perovskite active layers are still far from the level of perfection due to the limited solubility of the perovskite materials for PSC. Here, eco-friendly methylammonium acetate (MAAc) solution was used for stirring the CsPbI3 perovskite to transform from the yellow (orthorhombic) phase to the black (cubic) phase without additives. The high performance of CsPbI3 PSC has been achieved by annealing at low temperature with multiple coating, without any additives and anti-solution treatment, based on the combination of good film morphology, low-defect surface and longer carrier diffusion length reported for fabrication of good quality perovskite films in full air conditions. CsPbI3 perovskite film changes from yellow to black phase at low temperature on MAAc solution. Increasing thickness can improve the absorption of incident light and consequently improve the Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) of 14.4% by significantly elevated device parameters of inverted planar PSC. The results reveal that the multiple coatings of CsPbI3 on MAAc solution without additives is a promising choice for good-stability and effective PSC.

Mn2+‐Doped CsPbI3 Nanocrystals for Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes with High Luminance and Improved Device Stability

Cubic α‐CsPbI3 has promising applications in the optoelectronic field for its excellent properties. However, α‐CsPbI3 black phase is instable at room temperature and easily converts into nonluminescent yellow orthorhombic phase (δ‐CsPbI3). Herein, the stability of α‐CsPbI3 is significantly improved by incorporating Mn2+ dopants into the perovskite lattice. Mn2+: CsPbI3 has essentially the same crystal structure as the parent α‐CsPbI3, and Mn2+ doping can promote photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) from 55% to 93%. Importantly, Mn2+: CsPbI3 can maintain 60% PLQY after exposing in air for 45 days, whereas the undoped CsPbI3 completely loses its luminescence in 10 days. First‐principles calculations testify that improved stability and optical properties of Mn2+: CsPbI3 are primarily attributed to the increased formation energy and tolerance factor. Accordingly, the luminance, external quantum efficiency (EQE), and T 50 lifetime of Mn2+: CsPbI3 perovskite light‐emitting diode (PeLED) reach 1066 cd m−2, 1.8%, and 2500 s, whereas the values for the undoped counterpart are only 415 cd m−2, 0.6%, and 140 s, respectively. In addition, it is evidenced that introducing a LiF buffer layer between hole transport layer and perovskite emissive layer can further boost the device performance, particularly, the luminance and T 50 lifetime achieve 1394 cd m−2 and 225 min at 140 cd m−2.

First-Principles Characterization of Surface Phonons of Halide Perovskite CsPbI3 and Their Role in Stabilization.

The stability of halide perovskites has been a long-standing issue for their real-world application. Approaches to improve stability include nanostructuring, dimensionality reduction, and strain engineering, where surfaces play an important role in the formation of a stable structure. To understand the mechanism we compute the lattice dynamics of the surface of CsPbI3 using density functional theory. We demonstrate, for the first time, that CsPbI3 crystals exhibit surface phonons that are localized on the outermost layers of the slabs, and we perform a complete symmetry characterization including an identification of the Raman/IR active modes. These surface phonons are present in the optically active cubic phase but are absent in the optically inactive "yellow" phase. Furthermore, we show that the surface suppresses bulk instabilities by hardening soft modes of the bulk cubic phase, resulting in phase stabilization and quenching of dynamical disorder. This study is fundamental for understanding the structural behavior of halide perovskite materials with high surface area-to-volume ratios, and for guiding stabilization strategies.

An Organic–Inorganic Perovskitoid with Zwitterion Cysteamine Linker and its Crystal–Crystal Transformation to Ruddlesden‐Popper Phase

AbstractWe demonstrate synthesis of a new low‐D hybrid perovskitoid (a perovskite‐like hybrid halide structure, yellow crystals, P21/n space group) using zwitterion cysteamine (2‐aminoethanethiol) linker, and its remarkable molecular diffusion‐controlled crystal‐to‐crystal transformation to Ruddlesden‐Popper phase (Red crystals, Pnma space group). Our stable intermediate perovskitoid distinctly differs from all previous reports by way of a unique staggered arrangement of holes in the puckered 2D configuration with a face‐sharing connection between the corrugated‐1D double chains. The PL intensity for the yellow phase is 5 orders higher as compared to the red phase and the corresponding average lifetime is also fairly long (143 ns). First principles DFT calculations conform very well with the experimental band gap data. We demonstrate applicability of the new perovskitoid yellow phase as an excellent active layer in a self‐powered photodetector and for selective detection of Ni2+ via On‐Off‐On photoluminescence (PL) based on its composite with few‐layer black phosphorous.

An Organic-Inorganic Perovskitoid with Zwitterion Cysteamine Linker and its Crystal-Crystal Transformation to Ruddlesden-Popper Phase.

We demonstrate synthesis of a new low-D hybrid perovskitoid (a perovskite-like hybrid halide structure, yellow crystals, P21/n space group) using zwitterion cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) linker, and its remarkable molecular diffusion-controlled crystal-to-crystal transformation to Ruddlesden-Popper phase (Red crystals, Pnma space group). Our stable intermediate perovskitoid distinctly differs from all previous reports by way of a unique staggered arrangement of holes in the puckered 2D configuration with a face-sharing connection between the corrugated-1D double chains. The PL intensity for the yellow phase is 5 orders higher as compared to the red phase and the corresponding average lifetime is also fairly long (143 ns). First principles DFT calculations conform very well with the experimental band gap data. We demonstrate applicability of the new perovskitoid yellow phase as an excellent active layer in a self-powered photodetector and for selective detection of Ni2+ via On-Off-On photoluminescence (PL) based on its composite with few-layer black phosphorous.

EFFICIENCY UTILIZATION OF GREEN TIME AT COUNTDOWN SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION

The use of countdown traffic signals, although not common in North America, is increasing in Asia and European countries. Past studies conducted albeit outside the United States have addressed some operational benefits and issues associated with the use of countdown traffic signals, including but are not limited to effect on saturation flow rate, and red light running. Experience from the successful use of pedestrian countdown signals at urban traffic intersections has engendered some local interest in the use of countdown traffic intersections has engendered some local interest in the use of countdown traffic signal devices in the United States. The purpose of this research was to analyse using driver behaviour survey the efficiency of green-time utilization rate at countdown traffic signal devices in the United States. Specifically, this research performed a comparative analysis based on the postulation that countdown traffic signal is associated with underutilized effective green time when compared to the scenario at intersections controlled by traditional (non-countdown) traffic signals. Binary regression models were developed, using data obtained from the driver behaviour survey, to estimate decision probabilities for different combinations of vehicle position (i.e. distance to the stop line) and available green time (i.e. time left before the transition to yellow phase). A comparison between the estimated decision probabilities (determined from deductive reasoning) for traditional traffic supported a pattern of underutilization of green time for the countdown signal scenario. The underutilization of green time was associated with the likelihood of drivers slowing down prematurely to stop in reaction to the visual display of available green time before the change of signal phase. Underutilization of effective green time before the change of signal phase. Underutilization of effective green time translates into a lower saturation flow rate and hence reduced intersection capacity. The findings of this research could motivate additional studies pertaining to the determination of net operational benefits or plausibility of using countdown signal devices at urban traffic intersection in the United States.

Phase behaviors of chitosan/lignosulfonate mixed solutions

ABSTRACT The positively chitosan, CS, and negatively lignosulfonate, LGS, were statically mixed forming a series of mixed solutions. Experimentally, the light brown LGS solution was slowly flowed into the colorless CS solution to form the as-prepared CS/LGS mixed solutions. These mixing solutions presented regular bi-phases taking the LGS phase at the top and the CS phase at the bottom where the difference is the phase thickness varied with the mixing ratio variety. To keep the static mixing condition up to the 3rd, 12th and 15th days, these CS/LGS mixed solutions presented two-phase change tendencies because the CS percent greater samples kept the bi-phases and the LGS percent greater samples presented a tri-phases with a new darker yellow phase at the bottom and a new light yellow phase at the middle. This indicated that the statical mixing time has caused the electrostatic interaction occurrence between the CS and LGS solutions when the reaction degree was influenced by the mixing ratio. The particle size for the CS/LGS mixed solutions with the mixing ratio at 70/30 and 30/70 vol% both after static mixing of 15 days was analyzed and found it was smaller at about 200–300 nm in the upper phase and greater at about 1100–1300 nm in the bottom phase corresponding to the formed micelles and the precipitated aggregates, respectively. Recorded dynamic conductivity revealed that the electrostatic interaction between the CS and LGS strongly occurred after static mixing of about 300 s and the start time was controlled by the mixing ratio, especially the LGS percent.