Yellow Petals Research Articles

Reproductive character displacement shapes a spatially structured petal color polymorphism in Leavenworthia stylosa.

Character displacement is a potentially important process driving trait evolution and species diversification. Floral traits may experience character displacement in response to pollinator-mediated competition (ecological character displacement) or the risk of forming hybrids with reduced fitness (reproductive character displacement). We test these and alternative hypotheses to explain a yellow-white petal color polymorphism in Leavenworthia stylosa, where yellow morphs are spatially associated with a white-petaled congener (Leavenworthia exigua) that produces hybrids with complete pollen sterility. A reciprocal transplant experiment found limited evidence of local adaptation of yellow color morphs via increased survival and seed set. Pollinator observations revealed that Leavenworthia attract various pollinators that generally favor white petals and exhibit color constancy. Pollen limitation experiments showed that yellow petals do not alleviate competition for pollination. Interspecific pollinator movements were infrequent and low hybridization rates (∼0.40-0.85%) were found in each morph, with natural rates likely being lower. Regardless, hybridization rates were significantly higher in white morphs of L. stylosa, yielding a small selection coefficient of s = 0.0042 against this phenotype in sympatry with L. exigua. These results provide support for RCD as a mechanism contributing to the pattern of petal color polymorphism in L. stylosa.

Disruption of a CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 4 gene converts flower colour from white to yellow in Brassica species.

In Brassica napus, yellow petals had a much higher content of carotenoids than white petals present in a small number of lines, with violaxanthin identified as the major carotenoid compound in yellow petals of rapeseed lines. Using positional cloning we identified a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 gene, BnaC3.CCD4, responsible for the formation of flower colour, with preferential expression in petals of white-flowered B. napus lines. Insertion of a CACTA-like transposable element 1 (TE1) into the coding region of BnaC3.CCD4 had disrupted its expression in yellow-flowered rapeseed lines. α-Ionone was identified as the major volatile apocarotenoid released from white petals but not from yellow petals. We speculate that BnaC3.CCD4 may use δ- and/or α-carotene as substrates. Four variations, including two CACTA-like TEs (alleles M1 and M4) and two insertion/deletions (INDELs, alleles M2 and M3), were identified in yellow-flowered Brassica oleracea lines. The two CACTA-like TEs were also identified in the coding region of BcaC3.CCD4 in Brassica carinata. However, the two INDELs were not detected in B. napus and B. carinata. We demonstrate that the insertions of TEs in BolC3.CCD4 predated the formation of the two allotetraploids.

Identification of phenolic compounds in petals of nasturtium flowers (Tropaeolum majus) by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and determination of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC).

The contents and profile of polyphenols were analyzed in edible petals of nasturtium flowers (Tropaeolum majus) of three colors, and their oxygen radical absorbance capacities (ORAC) were compared. Three primary anthocyanins (ACNs) and 15 non-ACN phenolic compounds including hydroxycinammic acids (HCAs) and flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol derivatives) were detected. Anthocyanin concentration was within 31.9 ± 21.7 and 114.5 ± 2.3 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside (cy-3-glu)/100 g fresh weight (FW) in yellow and red petals, respectively. The concentration of HCAs varied between 33.3 ± 7.1 and 235.6 ± 8.1 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents/100 g FW for red and yellow flowers, respectively. Red flowers had the highest level of flavonoids (315.1 ± 2.4 mg myricetin equivalents/100 g FW) and the highest ORAC radical-scavenging activity. These results show the diversity and abundance of polyphenolic compounds in nasturtium flowers, which could be the basis for applications in functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

A New Species ofNigella(Ranunculaceae) from Northeastern Turkey

Nigella L. (Ranunculaceae) is distributed worldwide and is primarily centered in the Mediterranean region. Fourteen species are reported from Turkey, 10 of which are native. Specimens of the new species, N. koyuncui Dönmez & Uğurlu, were collected from Sinop, Turkey. It is distinguished from N. arvensis L. s.l. by several characters, including the dark red to purplish red central blotch of flowers, the whitish yellow sepals, yellow petals, large nectary pairs, and grouped stamens. Chromosomes of the new species have been studied for the first time, and the diploid number (2n) has been found to be 12.

Molecular cloning of BnZEP and its expression in petals of different colors inBrassica napus L.

C?????arotenoids are a class of pigment elements present in photosynthetic organisms. T??he transcripts of specific carotenoid biosynthetic genes are probably important for the formation of different colors of flower petals. Zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) enzyme activity is important for the high content of carotenoids in petals. In the present study, the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene in Brassica napus L. (BnZEP) was cloned and bioinformatically analyzed. The expression levels of the BnZEP gene in different plant organs and petals of different colors were investigated and compared in B. Napus. The results showed that the full-length cDNA sequence of BnZEP was 2228 bp, containing an open reading frame of 2010 bp and encoding a putative protein of 669 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 73.8 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.16. The full-length genomic DNA sequence of BnZEP was 3268 bp, containing 16 exons and 15 introns, the same as in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtZEP). The predicted amino acid sequence of BnZEP revealed a close phylogenetic relationship among the cruciferous species, including Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression levels of BnZEP were remarkably different in different organs and in petals of different colors. Obviously higher expression levels of BnZEP were found in flower petals than in leaves and buds. Yellow petals had markedly higher expression levels of BnZEP than white petals. The results showed that the expression level of BnZEP was positively correlated with yellow petal color in B. Napus L. However, the highest expression level of BnZEP was observed in the pale yellow flower petals of the F1 hybrid (HW243 × ZHONGYOU 821). This implied that the expression level of BnZEP was not completely related to the degree of yellow petal color in B. Napus L. Based on the roles of ZEP enzyme in the xanthophyll cycle, it was suggested that the yellow flower color in Brassica napus L. Was probably associated with the accumulation of antheraxanthin and violaxanthin in the petals. However, further studies are necessary to identify the specific key carotenoid(s) for the yellow color in the petals of Brassica napus L.

Effect of gamma irradiation on morphological changes, flowering and induced mutants in gladiolus

Investigation was carried out for 3 years (2011–12, 2012–13 and 2013–14). Gamma doses, i.e., 0.0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 kR were applied on seven gladiolus varieties (Aldebaran, Jyotsana, Legend, Praha, Punjab Dawn, Pusa Kiran and Tiger Flame). Maximum plant height and leaf area index were registered with control which was at par with 1.5 kR irradiation. Early colour show of floret petal was recorded with 5.5 kR and it was exhibited late with control. Lower dose of gamma irradiation (1.5 kR) exhibited the maximum diameter of 1st floret. Maximum spike length was recorded with control and it was at par with 1.5 kR. Various morphological changes were observed on the plants and flowers in Pusa Kiran, Jyotsana and Praha varieties at 2.5 and 4.5 kR gamma irradiation doses. A mutant was identified during vM1 and vM2 in variety Tiger Flame at 4.5 kR dose of gamma irradiation. This mutant was isolated during vM3 having yellow colour lower petals, whereas in parent genotype petals colour was orange. Flowers of mutant are arranged densely on the spike due to short internodal length, resulting in attractive look.

Pollination ecology of the Gray Nicker Caesalpinia crista (Caesalpiniaceae) a mangrove associate at Coringa Mangrove Forest, Andhra Pradesh, India

Caesalpinia crista L., commanly known as Gray Nicker, is an oligohaline mangrove associate confined to landward marginal areas of the Coringa Mangrove Forest, Andhra Pradesh, India. The flowering occurs during the wet season from June to November. The flowers are hermaphroditic, self-compatible and exhibit a mixed breeding system. The floral characteristics that constitute melittophilous pollination syndrome include diurnal anthesis, slight fragrance, zygomorphy, yellow petals, with a flag petal displaying a conspicuous nectar guide, and the presence of nectar with a high sugar concentration. Extra-floral nectar along the rachis is an additional attractant and is easily perceivable by bees. The plant is pollinated almost exclusively by bees, especially carpenter bees. The floral characteristics such as free petals, fully exposed stamens with dry and powdery pollen grains and hairy stigma facilitate anemophily which is effective due to high winds during the rainy season. The prolific growth and near synchronous flowering at population level contribute to pollen availability in huge quantities and enable anemophily as an effective mode of pollination. The functionality of melittophily and anemophily together constitutes ambophily. Hand-pollination experiments indicated that the plant is principally out-crossing. The natural fruit set does not exceed 10%; this lowest percentage could be partly due to flower-feeding by the beetle, Mylabris phalerata. The fruits are indehiscent, 1-seeded, which are buoyant and are not dispersed far away from the parental sites. The viable seeds produce new plants in the vicinity of parental plants during the rainy season. This plant builds up its population as small patches or in pure stands and hence is important in building landward mangrove cover.

Structure and development of 'witches' broom' galls in reproductive organs of Byrsonima sericea (Malpighiaceae) and their effects on host plants.

Galls are anomalies in plant development of parasitic origin that affect the cellular differentiation or growth and represent a remarkable plant-parasite interaction. Byrsonima sericea DC. (Malpighiaceae) is a super host of several different types of gall in both vegetative and reproductive organs. The existence of galls in reproductive organs and their effects on the host plant are seldom described in the literature. In this paper, we present a novel study of galls in plants of the Neotropical region: the 'witches' broom' galls developed in floral structures of B.sericea. The unaffected inflorescences are characterised by a single indeterminate main axis with spirally arranged flower buds. The flower buds developed five unaffected brownish hairy sepals and five pairs of elliptical yellow elaiophores, five yellow fringed petals, 10 stamens and a pistil with superior tricarpellar and trilocular ovary. The affected inflorescences showed changes in architecture, with branches arising from the main axis and flower buds. The flower buds exhibited several morphological and anatomical changes. The sepals, petals and carpels converted into leaf-like structures after differentiation. Stamens exhibited degeneration of the sporogenous tissue and structures containing hyphae and spores. The gynoecium did not develop, forming a central meristematic region, from which emerges the new inflorescence. In this work, we discuss the several changes in development of reproductive structures caused by witches' broom galls and their effects on reproductive success of the host plants.

Phylogenetic analysis of Korean native Chrysanthemum species based on morphological characteristics

In the analysis of genetic relationship among Korean native Chrysanthemum species, the morphological characteristics of 15 taxa of Chrysanthemum species were investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were conducted for the grouping based on the morphological data. Fifteen taxa of Chrysanthemum species were classified into three groups through PCA and cluster analysis based on the general plant growth and flowering characteristics. Groups I and II included non-bushy type and big size flower plants, while Group III included bushy type and small size flower plants. Group I had nine C. zawadskii subspecies: acutilobum, acutilobum var. tenuisectum, acutilobum var. alpinum, lucidum, coreanum, naktongense, yezoense, latilobum, and latilobum var. leiophyllum. Group I was found to be desirable species as garden plants because of the white or pink flowers with a relatively large size (flower head diameter of 43.5–67.6mm), good plant height (19.3–64.6cm), and long flowering period (24–39d). C. lineare was the only species included in Group II with unique cone head shaped seeds and no petiole. Group III included five C. indicum species and related species: C. indicum, C. indicum var. albescens, C. indicum var. acuta, C. boreale, and C. makinoi. Group III had great potentials as edible medicinal resources; e.g., chrysanthemum flower tea, which is abundant in number and has small sized flowers with white or yellow petals. The study provided a clear diagnostic key for the classification showing the species-specific plant form attributable to unique leaves, branch type, plant height, flower size, and flowering habits.

Identification of the carotenoid modifying gene PALE YELLOW PETAL 1 as an essential factor in xanthophyll esterification and yellow flower pigmentation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Xanthophylls, the pigments responsible for yellow to red coloration, are naturally occurring carotenoid compounds in many colored tissues of plants. These pigments are esterified within the chromoplast; however, little is known about the mechanisms underlying their accumulation in flower organs. In this study, we characterized two allelic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) mutants, pale yellow petal (pyp) 1-1 and pyp1-2, that have reduced yellow color intensity in the petals and anthers due to loss-of-function mutations. Carotenoid analyses showed that the yellow flower organs of wild-type tomato contained high levels of xanthophylls that largely consisted of neoxanthin and violaxanthin esterified with myristic and/or palmitic acids. Functional disruption of PYP1 resulted in loss of xanthophyll esters, which was associated with a reduction in the total carotenoid content and disruption of normal chromoplast development. These findings suggest that xanthophyll esterification promotes the sequestration of carotenoids in the chromoplast and that accumulation of these esters is important for normal chromoplast development. Next-generation sequencing coupled with map-based positional cloning identified the mutant alleles responsible for the pyp1 phenotype. PYP1 most likely encodes a carotenoid modifying protein that plays a vital role in the production of xanthophyll esters in tomato anthers and petals. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the production of xanthophyll esters in higher plants, thereby shedding light on a longstanding mystery.

Preliminary Study of <i>Compositae</i> Family Plants Classification Based on Petal Pigments

Abatract: Choose 32 Compositae family plants which come from 14 different species (mainly based on yellow petals) were chosed, extract their pigments with anhydrous ethanol and N-butyl alcohol: Formic acid: water=4:1:2(in volume) as solution for chromatographywere extracted, and observe each petal band under 254nm ultraviolet light and write down Rf value of each band was observed. In the end, using NTSYS-pc 2.10e software to construct petal pigments phylogenetic tree with UPGMA method. The cluster analysis suggested that petal pigments of 32 Compositae family plants had certain polymorphism, and they could be classified into 4 groups at 0.70. In the 4 groups, most of the material (81.25%) belonged to group I, and the rest were classified into group II、III、IV respectively. Most of them which had a close relationship could be in one group, and those had remote relationship could be distinguished from each other.Classification of Compositae species based on petal pigments is feasible, which has an advantage of rapid, stable, low-carbon, environmental friendly when compared with mmolecular marker technology.

Fully automated laser ablation liquid capture surface analysis using nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Laser ablation provides for the possibility of sampling a large variety of surfaces with high spatial resolution. This type of sampling when employed in conjunction with liquid capture followed by nanoelectrospray ionization provides the opportunity for sensitive and prolonged interrogation of samples by mass spectrometry as well as the ability to analyze surfaces not amenable to direct liquid extraction. A fully automated, reflection geometry, laser ablation liquid capture spot sampling system was achieved by incorporating appropriate laser fiber optics and a focusing lens into a commercially available, liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA(®))-ready Advion TriVersa NanoMate system. Under optimized conditions about 10% of laser-ablated material could be captured in a droplet positioned vertically over the ablation region using the NanoMate robot-controlled pipette. The sampling spot size area with this laser ablation liquid capture surface analysis (LA/LCSA) mode of operation (typically about 120 µm × 160 µm) was approximately 50 times smaller than that achievable by direct liquid extraction using LESA(®) (ca 1 mm diameter liquid extraction spot). The setup was successfully applied for the analysis of ink on glass and paper as well as the endogenous components in Alstroemeria Yellow King flower petals. In a second mode of operation with a comparable sampling spot size, termed laser ablation/LESA(®), the laser system was used to drill through, penetrate, or otherwise expose material beneath a solvent resistant surface. Once drilled, LESA(®) was effective in sampling soluble material exposed at that location on the surface. Incorporating the capability for different laser ablation liquid capture spot sampling modes of operation into a LESA(®)-ready Advion TriVersa NanoMate enhanced the spot sampling spatial resolution of this device and broadened the surface types amenable to analysis to include absorbent and solvent-resistant materials.

Every Touch

Every Touch Donald Platt (bio) Out of the dirtred roses grow and reach their brambly rambling arms up and around the downspout and trellis on the west side of our front porch. They make a scrimof green serrated leaves and red velvet blossoms, a tapestry of shade, light,and perfume when the wind blows right on this May morning. I sit on the blue wood-slat swing, suspended by chains from the porch’s ceiling, and waste anotherhour. Nothing better to do, I count 189 roses, lose track, start again. I thinkof conceptual artist Jim Hodge’s “flower curtains.” He bought silk flowers, peeled the petals and leaves from their wire and plastic stems, ironed them flat. His assistantsat the Fabric Workshop and Museum in Philadelphia glued paper towelsto form a sheet, 14 by 16 feet. To it Hodges pinned his silk petals and leaves [End Page 143] like butterfly specimens. Where their edges touched, the assistants sewed them togetherwith bar tack stitches on sewing machines. Then they pulled away the paper-towel backingand were left with lacework of silk pansies, violets, tulips, peonies, geraniums, poppies, chrysanthemums, zinnias, daisies, roses, day lilies, all interspersed with green leaves.Every Touch, Hodges called it. He said, “I felt that if the flowers were deconstructed … flattenedout and brought back to ‘fabricness,’ they would suggest a cycle— a life cycle … that maintained or maintains every touch of its existence.” The curators say he was thinkingof his assistants’ fingers gently guiding the petals under the piston-like needlesof their sewing machines and—go further—of workers’ hands cutting blossoms from bolts of dyed silk in some sweatshop. No, I say it was his lover’s hand unbuttoninghis shirt, touching his nipples until they hardened to the stems of honeysuckle takenbetween teeth. So that his lover might sip nectar there. It was all his other lovers and their lovers stitched to one another by touch,each one a blue iris, calla lily, or bird of paradise [End Page 144] unrivaled in the unravelingskein of years. The nectar went viral. Felix Gonzalez-Torres, artist who had helped to get Jim the residency at the Fabric Workshop and Museum, finally diedfrom “aids complications” in 1996. Famously, Felix had heaped up175 lbs. of hard candy, his dead lover Ross Laycock’s “ideal weight,”in a gallery’s corner and let each viewer pick a brightly-wrapped piece and eat it, partake of Ross’s sweet flesh,ingest his death and be complicit in it, the pile decreasingjust as Ross’s body had wasted away. He’d found the unforgettable metaphor for what aids did—guilt slash ecstasy slash grief. On 24 billboards throughout New York Cityhe put a blown-up black-and-white photo of an unmade queen-size bedwith two pillows. The rumpled sheets and dented pillows seemed to hold and darkly halo the two invisible bodies. He merged public and private. When asked, “Who is your public?”Felix replied, “I say honestly, without skipping a beat, ‘Ross.’” When asked, “So are youin love now?” Felix shot back, “I never stopped loving Ross. Just because he’s dead [End Page 145] doesn’t mean I stopped loving him … Every lesion he got I loved him more.”The day Felix died, almost five years after Ross, Jim Hodges drew flowersin black, red, and blue ink on 24 paper napkins of different sizes and pinned them to a white wall. His final flower curtain was all black. He called it The endfrom where you are. Look closely. You’ll see a few yellow and blue petals showingthrough the black. The living stitch themselves to the dying. Felix told Ross, “I want to be there until your last breath.” Ross asked him for pills to commitsuicide. Felix couldn’t give the pills to him and said, “Honey, you have fought hardenough. You can go now. You can leave. Die.” They were at home. “I was there to his last breath.” Touch the black flower curtain, and a tremor will rip, ripple the fabric.Through it, see...

'녹색 꽃잎 도라지'의 기관분화에 미치는 배지조성 및 생장조절제의 영향

본 연구는 '녹색 꽃잎 도라지'의 기내배양 시 배지구성물질의 적정농도 구명에 의한 대량번식을 목적으로 실시하였다. '녹색 꽃잎 도라지'의 절을 배양재료로 배양조건은 MS배지의 여러가지 구성물질의 농도를 달리한 결과, 1/4MS 배지에서 가장 양호한 부정근의 형성을 보였으나 생장은 1/2MS배지에서 좋았다. Sucrose첨가는 농도가 높을수록 신초와 부정근의 형성 및 생장이 좋았다. 활성탄은 무첨가구에서 가장 많은 부정근의 형성과 양호한 생장을 보였다. 배지의 pH는 4.8로 조절된 배지에서 가장 많은 부정근을 형성하였으며, pH가 높아질수록 그 형성은 낮아지는 경향을 보였고, 부정근과 신초의 생장 또한 pH 4.8에서 가장 왕성하였다. Agar 농도별 실험에서 부정근의 형성과 생장은 그 농도가 낮아질수록 양호한 경향을 보여 가장 낮은 첨가구인 0.4% 농도구에서 가장 많은 부정근의 형성과 왕성한 생장을 보였다. 생장조절제를 혼용 첨가한 경우 신초의 형성은 BA와 IAA의 혼용구가 kinetin과 IAA 또는 NAA 혼용구에 비해 효과적이었으며, BA 0.1 mg/L와 IAA 0.5 mg/L 혼용구에서 절편체당 3.9개로 가장 많은 신초가 형성되었다. This study was carried out to determine the optimal medium composition and growth regulators for the micropropagation of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. Nodes containing yellow green petals were used as plant materials to execute the study. The best performance of adventitious root development was found in 1/4 strength of MS basal salt and the growth was satisfactory in the concentration of 1/2 MS medium. The best condition for adventitious root development and growth was observed in the higher concentration (5%) of sucrose and activated charcoal free 1/4MS medium respectively. Adventitious roots were developed at the controlled culture medium at pH 4.8 with a tendency of suppression with higher levels of pH. However, it was prevailed that the development and growth depended on the concentration of agar. The lower concentration of agar (0.4%) was performed better than that of higher concentration (1.2%), whereas the agar concentration (0.4%) showed the best performance for the development and growth of adventitious roots. For the development of shoots containing node, BA combined with IAA was more effective than kinetin with IAA or NAA. The highest shoot development (3.9 shoots per explant) was performed on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L IAA.

Dissecting pollinator responses to a ubiquitous ultraviolet floral pattern in the wild

Summary Colour patterns on flowers can increase pollinator visitation and enhance foraging behaviour. Flowers uniform in colour to humans, however, can appear patterned to insects due to spatial variation in UV reflectance on petals. A UV ‘bullseye’ pattern that is common among angiosperms – UV‐absorbing petal bases and UV‐reflective apices – purportedly functions as a nectar guide, enhancing pollinator orientation and experimental evidence suggests that UV reflectance increases floral apparency to pollinators. We test the pollinator‐attracting and pollinator‐orienting functions of floral UV pattern and UV reflectance under natural conditions. Specifically, we address whether UV reflection alone, or UV pattern influences small bee and syrphid fly attraction rates (approaching, landing and foraging visits), foraging rates, and likelihood of foraging and orienting to the centre of flowers, using Argentina anserina, a species whose flowers exhibit variability in the size of the UV bullseye. We manipulated UV properties while maintaining uniformly yellow petals to create three phenotypes – uniformly UV‐absorptive, uniformly UV‐reflective, and inversed bullseye (reflective bases and absorptive apices) and compared insect visitation and behaviour to control flowers with the common UV bullseye phenotype. The presence of UV pattern increased attraction rates by both bees and syrphid flies relative to either fully UV reflective or absorptive flowers. However, only in the inverse array did the bullseye phenotype elicit higher foraging rates than the test flower. Neither the presence of pattern, nor the reversal of the common pattern influenced the likelihood of pollinator foraging or orientating to the flowers' centre during a visit. We provide some of the first evidence to suggest that flowers with spatial variation in UV reflectance may be more conspicuous to insects than those with petals that uniformly absorb or reflect UV, all of which are naturally occurring phenotypes. Further, we verify that the most common UV pattern in nature increases insect attraction and foraging rate relative to the inverse pattern. Results confirm a distance apparency function of the UV bullseye, but we argue for reconsideration of the notion that pollinators benefit from this ubiquitous floral motif through enhanced foraging efficiency.

CDNA cloning and characterization of chalcone isomerase-fold proteins from snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) flowers

cDNAs coding for the chalcone isomerase-fold proteins (CIFP) of the snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) were cloned and characterized. One of these CIFPs was a Cluster-1 member of the CIFP family, which was a catalytically active chalcone isomerase and thus termed AmCHI1. The recombinant AmCHI1 could act on 2′,4,4′,6′-tetrahydroxychalcone (THC) and 2′,3,4,4′,6′-pentahydroxychalcone (PHC) to produce naringenin and eriodictyol with kcat/Km values of 0.25 s−1 μM−1 and 0.071 s−1 μM−1, respectively, at pH 7.5 and 4°C. The enzyme could not act on 4′-O-glucosides of THC and PHC. In the yellow snapdragon petals (cv. Yellow Butterfly), the temporal expression patterns of AmCHI1 were consistent with the observed temporal accumulation patterns of flavones. Thus, regulation of the AmCHI1 transcription and substrate specificity of the expressed AmCHI1 should serve as the key mechanisms that allows for partitioning of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathways into the aurones and the non-aurone flavonoids in snapdragon petal cells. The other CIFP cDNA, AmCIFP4, was a Cluster-4 member of the family and was similar in its primary structure to enhancers of the flavonoid production of torenia (Torenia×hybrida) and petunia (Petunia×hybrida). AmCIFP4 was more abundantly expressed than AmCHI1 irrespective of flower color.

OCHOTONOPHILA FLAVA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM CENTRAL AFGHANISTAN

Ochotonophila flava Dickoré & Freitag sp. nov. (Caryophyllaceae – Silenoideae) is described from the mountains of Bamiyan Province, central Afghanistan. It differs from the two previously known species endemic to Afghanistan, Ochotonophila allochrusoides Gilli and O. eglandulosa Hedge & Wendelbo, by its cream to yellow petals and elliptic leaves. A key to the identification of Ochotonophila species is provided; distribution and ecology are outlined.

<strong>Two new species of <em>Zeravschania</em> (Umbelliferae) and some additional notes on the genus </strong>

Two new species, Zeravschania latifolia from Ghorat province of Afghanistan, and Z. kopetdaghensis from Turkmenistan, are described and illustrated. Zeravschania latifolia differs from the closely related Z. membranacea in having broadly ovate (not narrowly linear) terminal leaf segments, and pure white (not pale yellow) petals. Zeravschania kopetdaghensis differs from the related Z. stricticaulis in the life form (polycarpic vs. monocarpic), petiolate subbipinnate leaves, lobed terminal leaf segments, and shorter umbel rays. A study of newly determined collections in Ferdowsi University in Mashhad (FUMH) has enabled us to add to a description of Z. stricticaulis. In total, the genus numbers now 11 species. A new key to all Zeravschania species has been compiled. A distribution map of the genus is presented with known localities of the two new species.

Two new species of Zeravschania (Umbelliferae) and some additional notes on the genus

Two new species, Zeravschania latifolia from Ghorat province of Afghanistan, and Z. kopetdaghensis from Turkmenistan, are described and illustrated. Zeravschania latifolia differs from the closely related Z. membranacea in having broadly ovate (not narrowly linear) terminal leaf segments, and pure white (not pale yellow) petals. Zeravschania kopetdaghensis differs from the related Z. stricticaulis in the life form (polycarpic vs. monocarpic), petiolate subbipinnate leaves, lobed terminal leaf segments, and shorter umbel rays. A study of newly determined collections in Ferdowsi University in Mashhad (FUMH) has enabled us to add to a description of Z. stricticaulis. In total, the genus numbers now 11 species. A new key to all Zeravschania species has been compiled. A distribution map of the genus is presented with known localities of the two new species.

분화용 국화 노랑색 홑꽃 'My Sun' 육성

A new Dendranthema grandiflourm 'My Sun' was developed at Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services (GARES), Korea in 2009. 'My Sun' was initially derived from the cross in 2005 between 'Omega Time Orange', a potted chrysanthemum cultivar with orange single type, and 'Tasman', a potted chrysanthemum cultivar with white single type in 2005. The cultivar has single type flowers with yellow petals. Trial and evaluation was conducted from 2006 to 2009 for the selection of this variety, including a shading culture in spring and a retarding culture in winter. The flowering time of 'My Sun' was October 13th, and year-round flowering is possible by shading or lighting treatment. The diameter of flower is 21.0 mm. Numbers of flowers per stem and petals per flower are 34.4 and 20.4, respectively. Its leaf color was green (Green Group 137A) and plant height was 13.3 cm. Days to flowering under the short day treatment is about 42 in spring, and numbers of branch per plant was 3.4 ea in the winter. This cultivar was resistance to white rust and consumer's preference of new pot-mum is high level than control.