Yellow Passion Fruit Research Articles

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE HYDROETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa RESIDUES

Most fruit residues are known for being rich in bioactive phytochemicals such as polyphenols (natural antioxidants), responsible for major health benefits when consumed regularly due to their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition (condensed tannins, total flavonoids, and total phenolic content) and evaluate the antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS assays) of the flour prepared from yellow passion fruit residues, composed of epicarp and mesocarp, generated by fruit pulp processing industries. Passion fruit residues were subjected to heat treatment in an oven with renewal and air circulation and processed into flour. The phytochemical composition results revealed the following: condensed tannins, 0.31 mg.100g -1 ; total flavonoids, 23.87 mg.100g -1 ; and total phenolic content, 24.87 mg.100g -1 . The DPPH assay showed that the yellow passion fruit residue flour has significant antioxidant activity, and there was a positive correlation between antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content according to the ABTS assay and the DPPH radical scavenging method. Passion fruit residue flour is a source of natural antioxidants with potential to be used in the food industry as an ingredient in the development of food products with functional claims.

Molecular identification of a new begomovirus infecting yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) in Colombia.

The complete genome sequence of a bipartite begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) infecting yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) in the state of Valle del Cauca (Colombia) has been determined. The complete DNA-A and DNA-B components were determined to be 2600 and 2572 nt in length, respectively. The DNA-A showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity (87.2%) to bean dwarf mosaic virus (M88179), a begomovirus found in common bean crops in Colombia, and only 77.4% identity to passion fruit severe leaf distortion virus (FJ972767), a begomovirus identified infecting passion fruit in Brazil. Based on its sequence identity to all other begomoviruses known to date and in accordance with the ICTV species demarcation criterion for the genus Begomovirus (≥91% sequence identity for the complete DNA-A), the name passion fruit leaf distortion virus is proposed for this new begomovirus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bipartite begomovirus affecting passion fruit in Colombia and the second report of a geminivirus affecting this crop worldwide.

English

Fruit production of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg.) is affected by several factors, such as climate, soil and agricultural practices, including fertilization and irrigation, which are essential for high crop yield. Thus, an experiment was carried on to evaluate the effect of humic substances and different nitrogen doses supplied through fertigation on fruit production of yellow passion fruit in Brazilian semiarid. The experiment was carried on from December 2012 to December 2013 on Curaca irrigation area, Juazeiro County, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized complete block in a split plot arrangement, considering humic substances (absence and presence) as main plots and N doses (180, 200, 260, 330 and 350 kg ha-1 yr-1 of N) as subplots with five replications and six plants in each parcel. The interaction of nitrogen doses and humic substances affected foliar nitrogen concentrations, stem diameter, production per plant and yield. No isolated effect of humic substances on any variable studied was significant. The higher yellow passion fruit yields are recorded at 290 and 350 kg ha-1 N doses without and with humic substances, respectively. Key words: Passionflower, plant nutrition, organic acids.

Mineral composition of pulp and production of the yellow passion fruit with organic and conventional fertilizers

The use of organic foods has been increased in the world. Organic fertilizers, like cattle manure, have emerged as an important component of the organic system production. The production, mass, size, and mineral composition of passion fruit pulp were evaluated when treated with a mineral fertilizer (control) (MIN) or cattle manure at a single dose equivalent to potassium fertilizer (ORG) or double dose (2×ORG). The production and the numbers of fruits of plants treated with MIN and 2×ORG was higher than with ORG. The level of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in the fruit pulp was similar with all three fertilizers, but the calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) was higher with ORG and 2×ORG. The number and weight of the fruits of passion fruit treated with 2×ORG were similar to those with MIN fertilizer, but they contained more Ca and Mg.

English

The monitoring of plants growth constitutes an important activity during the crops formation, including the yellow passion fruit. In this direction, an experiment was carried out in Remigio, Paraiba State, Brazil, to evaluate the effects of saline water irrigation, bovine biofertilizer and potassium on yellow passion fruit growth plants and soil salinity. Treatments were arranged in randomized block with three replications and 12 plants per plot, using factorial design 2 x 2 x 2, relative electrical conductivity of irrigation water of 0.35 to 4.00 dS m-1, in soil with and without biofertilizer and potassium chloride (KCl) conventional and coated with polymers. The variables studied were electrical conductivity of the soil at depths of 0-20 and 21-40 cm, plant height at 30 days after transplanting (DAT), period of the seedlings transplanting to pruning of the main haste and lateral branches, number of productive branches and stem diameter at 30, 90, 150, 210 and 270 DAT. The interaction between water salinity, biofertilizer and potassium increased the soil salinity. The biofertilizer and the slow release of KCl increased the plant growth in height, anticipating the main stem pruning and productive side branches, productive branches number and stem diameter of the plants. Key words: Passiflora edulis, electrical conductivity, organic input.

Passion fruit peel flour – Technological properties and application in food products

The peel of passion fruit is rich in fiber which has properties comparable to food additives. Thus, in this study, the technological properties of flour obtained from yellow passion fruit peel were determined and compared to those of five commercial additives. Two flour samples were prepared from passion fruit shells through a modified process in order to evaluate their potential use as a stabilizing agent, emulsifier, thickener and gelling agent. These characteristics were then compared to those of low and high methoxyl pectins, xanthan gum, guar gum and carrageenan. The flour samples obtained have significant stabilizing capacity, as they were able to hinder particle settling when applied to nectars. Another positive feature observed was the emulsifying potential, showing similar results to additives commonly used in mayonnaise, such as xanthan and guar gums. The flour samples also showed good properties as a thickening and gelling agent in ice cream toppings and structured fruit. The results demonstrate that flour produced from passion fruit peel can be used to replace the commercial hydrocolloids studied since, besides being obtained through simple procedures and associated with low cost, the flour samples showed similar technical characteristics with regard to their stabilizing, emulsifying, thickening and gelling power.

Bigger and sweeter passion fruits: effect of pollinator enhancement on fruit production and quality

AbstractBrazil stands out as the world’s largest producer of yellow passion fruit, a species of economic interest which, due to its self-incompatibility, depends on pollinators for fruit formation. The main pollinators of passion fruit are large solitary bees of the genus Xylocopa, commonly known as carpenter bees, which are potential candidates for management. Passion fruit crops exhibit a low density of pollinators and, consequently, a reduction in production. To improve management techniques of X. frontalis and X. grisescens, the general aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pollinator enhancement on pollination services in passion fruit crop areas. Our results demonstrated that pollinator enhancement was an efficient way to minimize pollination deficit in passion fruit crops, as it promoted the production of a bigger and sweeter fruits. Data obtained in our study are essential to consolidate management techniques for carpenter bees in passion fruit crops.

Primer reporte de un begomovirus presente en maracuyá amarillo [Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (Degener)] en Valle del Cauca, Colombia

El maracuyá amarillo es un cultivo de importancia económica para el Valle del Cauca, pero en los últimos años ha presentado una reducción de hasta un 80% en la producción debido a problemas virales. El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar y caracterizar molecularmente un Begomovirus que está afectando cultivos de maracuyá amarillo localizados en dos zonas del Valle del Cauca, La Unión y Palmira. Se colectaron hojas de maracuyá con síntomas típicos de enfermedad viral, se purificó su DNA genómico y se identificó la presencia de Begomovirus bipartitas mediante PCR empleando cebadores degenerados. Cuatro genomas virales parciales obtenidos de muestras vegetales colectadas en La Unión y Palmira fueron clonados, secuenciados y analizados. El análisis de secuencia del Begomovirus que está afectando maracuyá amarillo en Colombia con otros reportados en la base de datos, indica que éste es un Begomovirus bipartita nuevo que tiene una relación cercana con un Begomovirus aislado de frijol y no tiene ninguna relación con Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus, un Begomovirus reportado previamente afectando maracuyá amarillo en Brasil. Para nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer reporte de un nuevo Begomovirus bipartita que afecta maracuyá amarillo en Colombia y es diferente de otros Begomovirus previamente reportados a nivel mundial afectando este cultivo.

AVALIAÇÃO DE GELEIA DE TAMARINDO SEM PECTINA E COM PECTINA PROVENIENTE DO ALBEDO DO MARACUJÁ AMARELO

The tamarind is a raw material valued in the world due to its nutritional components that contribute to their healthy characteristics. The purpose of this work was to develop two formulations of tamarind, a jelly without pectin and another with pectin extracted from the albedo of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), and after the period of 15 days evaluate the physical and chemical quality, microbiological and sensory. The physicochemical characteristics evaluated were pH, titratable total acidity (ATT), total soluble solids (TSS), SST/ATT, moisture and ash. The microbiological analysis consisted in the research of molds and yeasts. Sensory analysis was performed for 60 untrained tasters that evaluated the attributes of color, appearance, consistency, smell and taste in hedonic scale of nine points, and assessed the overall impression, the frequency of consumption, the ratio of consumption, and buy intention. The jelly prepared with pectin addition of passion fruit albedo presented in general all the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics established by law. All jelly formulations showed good sensory acceptance. The intention to purchase revealed that all products have been well accepted by the judges, who said they definitely or probably buy. The highest acceptability rates were to jam without pectin.

English

The objective of this work was to evaluate 14 hybrids intraspecific of yellow passion fruit aiming to select those with higher performance in an organic production system in Lencois, Bahia, Brazil. The following variables were evaluated: Plant growth rate index, segregation for peel color, accumulated productivity, fruit physical-chemical attributes, severity of virus disease in plants and fruits, scabs in fruits and overall state of health of plants. Hybrids HFOP-05, BRS Sol do Cerrado and BRS Gigante Amarelo presented highest plant vigor with no direct relation to the percentage of flowering and fruitification of plants. Some hybrids presented yellow, light purple and dark purple peel color. Fruits with dark purple peel presented interesting chemical characteristics, such as lower acidity and greater ratio, providing sweeter flavor of the fruits. There was no differentiated response of the hybrids as to severity of the diseases evaluated. Leaf analysis showed relatively low concentration only for N, P and K. The hybrids selected, BRS Gigante Amarelo, BRS Sol do Cerrado, HFOP-08, HFOP-09, HFOP-11 and HFOP-12 are highlighted for productivity, physical characteristics of fruits and preference of the consumer market being considered an alternative for passion fruit producers that opt for a more environmental friendly production with greater market value. Key words: Breeding, fruit quality, Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa, sustainable cultivation, productivity.

Storage longevity of passion fruit squash

The present investigation on the storage longevity of passion fruit squash was carried out in the Experimental laboratory of the Department of Pomology and Post Harvest Technology, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar during 2007-08. Four treatment combinations of both yellow and purple passion fruit squash with different concentrations of sugar and preservatives were evaluated for extending the storage life of squash. In yellow passion fruit squash T 3 (6.38 °Brix) and in purple passion fruit squash T 4 (8.23 °Brix) were found to have very less percentage change of TSS over initial value after six month of storage. The acidity value among various treatments, T 3 for yellow passion fruit squash and T 4 for purple passion fruit squash had recorded minimum percentage change in acidity over initial after six month of storage. The ascorbic acid content in different treatments for both yellow and purple passion fruit squash were found to decrease throughout the storage period. Considering mould count after six month of storage, T 3 was found best treatment both for yellow and purple passion fruit squash. The effect of KMS was better for suppressing mould growth than sodium benzoate. It was observed that hedonic score for yellow and purple passion fruit squash was decreased with increase in storage period. The yellow passion fruit squash prepared with 250 ml juice + 460 g sugar + 290 ml water + 1 g citric acid + 0.6 g KMS as preservative and the purple passion fruit squash prepared with 250 ml juice + 475 g sugar + 275 ml water + 2.5 g citric acid + 0.75 g sodium benzoate as preservative have been found to be the best treatment for the storage life.

Farinha da casca do fruto de Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg (maracujá-amarelo): do potencial terapêutico aos efeitos adversos

RESUMO O maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg) é considerado um alimento funcional, visto que, além de funções nutricionais, desempenha ações em vias metabólicas específicas. A farinha da casca do maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg) é rica em pectina. Esta fibra reduz a absorção de glicídios e lipídios, influenciando no metabolismo destes nutrientes. Portadores de patologias associadas às alterações no metabolismo glicêmico e lipidêmico têm utilizado este recurso de forma indiscriminada. Porém, substâncias designadas glicosídeos cianogênicos, presentes na casca do fruto são tóxicas ao organismo e prejudiciais à saúde. Ademais, o uso exacerbado de agrotóxicos na produção do maracujá é preocupante e a ingestão destes compostos também pode acarretar complicações à saúde. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi sintetizar o conhecimento disponível referente aos efeitos terapêuticos e colaterais da suplementação com a farinha da casca do maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg). Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica nas bases de dados indexadas SCIELO, LILACS e PUBMED, sem limitação quanto ao período de publicação. Os estudos inclusos no trabalho, de forma unânime, apresentam eficácia da suplementação com a farinha da casca do maracujá-amarelo. A trituração da casca do fruto, realizada no processo de obtenção da farinha, é incapaz de promover redução de glicosídeos cianogênicos e agrotóxicos, permitindo que os indivíduos submetidos à suplementação estejam susceptíveis aos efeitos tóxicos destes compostos. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento de estudos que avaliem a toxicidade da suplementação por períodos crônicos é de suma importância. Referente ao uso de agrotóxicos, a produção da farinha com frutos orgânicos pode ser uma alternativa para atenuar a toxicidade, sendo necessária a elucidação desta hipótese através de estudos.

Host status of progenies of yellow passion fruit to Meloidogyne incognita race 2

The host status of eighteen progenies (CRP 01-12 to CRP 16-12, CRP 19-12 and CRP 20-12) and two cultivars (FB 200 Yellow Master and FB 300 Araguari) of yellow passion fruit to Meloidogyne incognita race 2 was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. The height and the biomass of the plants, besides the numbers of galls, eggs and second-stage juveniles in roots and soil were assessed after 70 days of cultivation of the genotypes and tomato (control) in plastic pots with 2 kg of soil infested with 5,000 eggs of the nematode. The reproduction factor of the pathogen (RF = Final population/Initial population) was calculated for classifying the genotypes as immune (RF = 0), resistant (RF < 1) or susceptible (RF ≥ 1). The cultivar FB 200 is resistant to M. incognita race 2 and can be cultivated in areas infested with this nematode.

Germinação de sementes de maracujá-amarelo em extrato aquoso de tiririca e ácido giberélico

Allelopathy refers to the ability of certain plant has to interfere with the metabolism of other compounds by chemicals released into the environment. Cyperus rotundus is a typical example of such a plant, having a high IBA concentration and being able to influence and act on germination and rooting of the other plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bulbs and leaves extracts of Cyperus rotundus and gibberellic acid on the yellow passion fruit germination cycle. To obtain the aqueous extract bulbs and leaves were used along with a concentration of 1 g 10 mL-1 (p/v) (1 g of material plant to 10 mL of distilled water), forming stock solutions. Extracts were diluted in five concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) and five concentrations of gibberellic acid (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg L-1 GA3) were used. As a control treatment we used distilled water. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 16 treatments, five replicates, totaling 80 sampling units, each unit containing ten seeds. Daily counts were performed on the number of germinated seeds for subsequent calculation of germination percentage and germination speed index. Seeds of yellow passion fruit treated with concentrations of gibberellic acid had their germination inhibited and it is not recommended in the germination of the species. Concentrations of aqueous extract of leaves and sedge did not affect the germination of yellow passion fruit.

Hymenopterous parasitoids of Dasiops (Díptera: Lonchaeidae) infesting cultivated Passiflora spp. (Passifloraceae) in Cundinamarca and Boyaca, Colombia

Dasiops spp. are the most important pest in cultivated Passiflora plants. Larvae of these fruit flies are herbivores, feeding on flower buds and fruit of yellow passionfruit, sweet granadilla, banana passionfruit and purple passionfruit crops located in Cundinamarca and Boyaca, Colombia. Geographic distribution, natural abundance and percentage of parasitoidism for every Dasiops species by each plant species were determined. Aganaspis pelleranoi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) was found to be a parasitoid of D. inedulis (14.19-50.00%), infesting flower buds of yellow passionfruit and fruit of sweet granadilla (7.41%). Microcrasis sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was found to be parasitizing both D.gracilis (0.83-3.13%) and D. inedulis (0.83%) in purple and yellow passionfruit. Trichopria sp. and Pentapria sp. (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) were found to be parasitizing D. inedulis (40.00% and 4.17-20.00%, respectively) and D. gracilis (1.69-22.22% and 1.67-29.17%, respectively) in purple passion fruit. Dasiops caustonae was found to be infesting banana passionfruit only in Boyaca, naturally parasitized by Pentapria sp. (11.11-33.33%). Because Pentapria sp. had a wide geographical distribution as an idiobiont of Dasiops spp. pupae, in all of the assessed cultivated Passiflora species, despite a high selection pressure by chemical control distributed at regular calendar intervals, it would be a crucial strategy in pest management control. Collecting fallen flower buds and fruit infested by Dasiops spp. is important to truncate the life cycle of fruit flies and allow emergence of parasitoids. This simple cultural strategy could have important implications in reducing production costs, increased crop yields and environmental care.

Quality evaluation of frozen guava and yellow passion fruit pulps by NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics

The present study investigated the application of near infrared spectroscopy as a green, quick, and efficient alternative to analytical methods currently used to evaluate the quality (moisture, total sugars, acidity, soluble solids, pH and ascorbic acid) of frozen guava and passion fruit pulps. Fifty samples were analyzed by near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and reference methods. Partial least square regression (PLSR) was used to develop calibration models to relate the NIR spectra and the reference values. Reference methods indicated adulteration by water addition in 58% of guava pulp samples and 44% of yellow passion fruit pulp samples. The PLS models produced lower values of root mean squares error of calibration (RMSEC), root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP), and coefficient of determination above 0.7. Moisture and total sugars presented the best calibration models (RMSEP of 0.240 and 0.269, respectively, for guava pulp; RMSEP of 0.401 and 0.413, respectively, for passion fruit pulp) which enables the application of these models to determine adulteration in guava and yellow passion fruit pulp by water or sugar addition. The models constructed for calibration of quality parameters of frozen fruit pulps in this study indicate that NIR spectroscopy coupled with the multivariate calibration technique could be applied to determine the quality of guava and yellow passion fruit pulp.

Mini-grafting of adult Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg. scions onto vegetatively propagated adult rootstocks of P. mucronata Lam.

The mini-grafting is a nondestructive vegetative propagation method based on grafting apical segments onto adult donor plantsderived rootstocks. Here, we aimed at evaluating the mini-grafting of shoot tips derived from adult Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa plants (yellow passion fruit) onto vegetatively propagated rootstocks of P. mucronata (sandbank passion fruit). Different shoot tip lengths and the fastening material were assayed. A randomized block experimental design was set up following a 2 × 3 factorial scheme [shoots: 8-12 and 3-7 cm × fastening materials (circular clip, “V” shaped clip, and Parafilm)] totaling six treatments with four repetitions of eight plants each. The following characteristics were evaluated: graft setting (%); graft and rootstock diameters (mm); graft diameter/rootstock diameter ratio; cellular division in the graft region and starch presence in the graft and rootstock. Parafilm provided better adhesion (89.57%) compared to circular (76.03%) and “V” shaped clips (68.74%). The attachment was favored by rootstocks with 8-12 cm shoots (90.27%), compared with those of the 3-7 cm (65.96%). The presence of starch grains in the parenchymatic cells of the graft suggests the translocation of photo-assimilates from physiologically active mature leaves of P. edulis f. flavicarpa to the stem apex. Additionally, the hydrolysis and mobilization of the starch associated and the endogenous auxin levels in this meristematic region may have been responsible for improving the success of the mini-grafting.

Tratamento térmico e químico para controle da atividade da poligalacturonase no albedo do maracujá

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar tratamentos térmicos e químicos com Ca2+, no controle da atividade da poligalacturonase e de seus efeitos no rendimento de extração e no grau de esterificação da pectina do albedo da casca de maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis). Utilizaram-se cascas de frutos com coloração verde-clara, as quais foram lavadas, sanitizadas, trituradas e deixadas em repouso em água, para suspensão do albedo. O albedo foi recolhido e submetido à temperatura de 90oC a 30, 60 e 120 min, ou a concentrações de cálcio de 0,01 e 1% durante 1 hora de agitação de 400 rpm, em temperatura ambiente. Realizou-se, também, o tratamento térmico do extrato enzimático bruto obtido do albedo a 65, 75 e 85°C. O tratamento térmico do albedo a 90°C não inativou a poligalacturonase após 120 min. A inativação da enzima extraída do albedo ocorreu após incubação a 65, 75 e 85°C por 30, 20 e 10 min, respectivamente. O tratamento com íons de cálcio a 1% promoveu o bloqueio enzimático e a redução no conteúdo de ácidos urônicos livres (AUL) da pectina. O tratamento do albedo de maracujá com solução de 1% de Ca2+ por 1 hora inibe a atividade da poligalacturonase e reduz o conteúdo de AUL.

ESTADO NUTRICIONAL DO MARACUJAZEIRO-AMARELO “FB 200” SOBRE CINCO PORTA-ENXERTOS, CULTIVADO EM UM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO DISTRÓFICO

ESTADO NUTRICIONAL DO MARACUJAZEIRO-AMARELO “FB 200” SOBRE CINCO PORTA-ENXERTOS, CULTIVADO EM UM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO DISTRÓFICO

English

In regions where rainfall is limited and irregular, irrigation technique is important for optimizing fruit plants production and profitability, such as yellow passion fruit. Therefore, this study investigates the economic viability of irrigations depth applied on passion fruit cultivation in the semiarid region of Paraiba State. The treatments were arranged on a factorial scheme that comprises four levels of ETo replacement (33, 66, 100 and 133%) and two yellow passion fruit hybrids (BRS Sol do Cerrado and BRS Gigante Amarelo), in a randomized block design, with five replications. Effective operational cost, administrative cost, total water cost, total production cost, gross income, net income, benefit/cost relation, balance of price and profitability index were evaluated. The best economic results were achieved with ‘BRS Sol do Cerrado’ hybrid under irrigation with 133% of ETo. Key words: Passiflora edulis, hybrids, economic viability, drip irrigation.