Yellow Pan Trap Research Articles

Differences in sampling efficiency of each insect order in yellow pan traps with installation of flight interception windows

AbstractTo monitor insect diversity and community changes, it is necessary to select traps with a high sampling efficiency. We examined the effects of a flight interception window on a small yellow pan trap (flight interception pan; FIP). Our results showed that fewer Hymenoptera individuals were captured by the FIP than by the non‐FIP (NFIP) traps. Fewer Aculeata, Diptera and Hemiptera individuals were captured by the FIP than by the NFIP traps, whereas more Coleoptera individuals were captured by the FIP than by the NFIP traps. The flight interception window did not affect the Aculeata species composition. Considering the labor involved in attaching windows and the reduced ease of trap transport and setting, the NFIP traps are better for sampling Hymenoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera, whereas the FIP traps are better for sampling Coleoptera.

First record of Apanteles hemara (N.) on Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée and biodiversity of Hymenoptera parasitoids on Brinjal.

The brinjal fruit and shoot borer (BFSB), Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a very detrimental pest that causes significant economic losses to brinjal crop worldwide. Infested brinjal fruits were collected from vegetable fields located at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi, India, during two consecutive seasons (2021-2022). The larvae of the pest were brought to the laboratory and reared under controlled conditions of 25 ± 0.5 °C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity, for the emergence of parasitoids. In addition, the survey of Hymenoptera parasitoids in brinjal was conducted utilizing a sweep net and yellow pan trap over the course of two seasons. The results reveal that five parasitoid species were emerged from L. orbonalis viz., Apanteles hemara Nixon, 1965, Bracon greeni Ashmead 1896 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Goryphus nursei (Cameron, 1907), Trathala flavoorbitalis (Cameron, 1907) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Spalangia gemina Boucek 1963 (Hymenoptera: Spalangiidae). Out of these, A. hemara and S. gemina were documented as new occurrences in Delhi. Additionally, A. hemara was recorded for the first time as a parasite on L. orbonalis. Trathala flavoorbitalis was observed during both seasons and exhibited higher parasitism reaching 15.55% and 18.46% in July and August 2022, respectively. However, the average parasitism (%) recorded by A. hemara, B. greeni, G. nursei, T. flavoorbitalis and S. gemina was 3.10%, 1.76%, 1.10%, 9.28% and 1.20% respectively. Furthermore, the findings showed a significant (p ≤ 0.01) strongly positive correlation between fruit infestation (%) by L. orbonalis and parasitism (%). The survey indicates the presence of a broad group (19 families and 60 species) of Hymenoptera parasitoids in the brinjal crop ecosystem in Delhi which could be valuable in biological control. In light of these results, this study revealed that A. hemara and other parasitoids identified in this study alongside T. flavoorbitalis would be ideal biocontrol agents within the integrated pest management (IPM) program of BFSB in Delhi.

The comparison of species diversity and abundance of insect natural enemies in the domesticated species of cotton using the yellow pan trap method.

India is the world's largest cotton producer and the only country that grows all four cultivated cotton species. There have been very few studies on the diversity and abundance of natural enemies of cotton insect pests in these cultivated cotton species. Therefore, the current study (2016-2018) was conducted to assess the diversity and abundance of natural enemies that cultivated cotton species harbour. Phule Dhanwantari, Suraj, Suvin, RCH-2, and DCH-32 were the five genotypes used in the study, each with a distinct genetic background. Using the adiv 2.0.1 and vegan R packages, we identified significant differences in natural enemies in terms of species diversity, richness, evenness, and abundance. Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) indicated substantial differences in the natural enemy community structure among the examined genotypes. A total of 17,279 natural enemies were collected and identified across genotypes from seven predatory families and five parasitoid families. The percentage share of these natural enemy families across genotypes and years, in descending order, is Coccinellidae (28.23%) < Tachinidae (19.23%) < Braconidae (12.68%) < Chrysopidae (11.65%) < Chalcididae (9.41%) < Aphelinidae (6.33%) < Pentatomidae (3.29%) < Ichneumonidae (2.37%) < Syrphidae (2.33%) < Vespidae (1.81%) < Asilidae (1.79%) < Geocoridae (0.89%). Coccinellidae, Tachinidae, Braconidae, Chrysopidae, Chalcididae, and Aphelinidae are the six major families that account for more than 85% of all recorded natural enemies. These six families have a higher percentage share in Phule Dhanwantary (90%) compared to the other genotypes. The conservation and better utilization of these natural enemies are crucial for the ecological and safe management of insect pests in the cotton ecosystem.

The diversity of aerial insect in coffee agroforestry, Dampit and Purwodadi district East Java Indonesia

Coffee is one of the export commodities in Indonesia. East Java is one of the largest Coffee supplies with land that is widely spread, such as in Malang and Pasuruan Regencies. The agroforestry system is applied in coffee cultivation, the system has different management from plantations for example the use of shade trees which will affect the structure of aerial insect diversity. Aerial insects play an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. The research objective was to determine the diversity and dominance of aerial insects in coffee agroforestry in East Java. The research method is exploratory, taking aerial insects using a yellow pan trap. The abiotic factors observed were light intensity, wind speed, temperature and humidity, and data analysis with past 4.03 program. The results of the study found 407 individuals in Dampit coffee agroforestry and 470 individuals in Purwodadi coffee agroforestry. The diversity and dominance index values were found to be the highest in Dampit coffee agroforestry. From the results of the analysis of abiotic factors, it is found that temperature and humidity in Dampit coffee agroforestry have higher values while wind speed and sunlight intensity of Purwodadi coffee agroforestry have higher values. The differences in the number and types of insects as well as the differences in the diversity and dominance index obtained, explained that the two study sites had differences in abiotic factors and shade trees.

DIVERSITY OF THE ORDER HYMENOPTERA IN RICE PLANTATION IN MANEMBO-NEMBO DISTRICT AS AN ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR

This research aims to determine habitat conditions as an ecological indicator and measure the level of diversity of insects of the order Hymenoptera on rice plantations in the Manembo-nembo sub-district. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive. Insect samples were collected using the sweeping net and yellow pan trap methods. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index formula, Pielou's similarity index (E), and Simpson dominance index (C) are used to measure the level of diversity. The results of research on rice plantations found insects of the Hymenoptera order as many as 35 genera, 16 subfamilies and 14 families with a total of 470 individuals with normal habitat conditions where Hymenoptera insects can still carry out activities on rice plantations. Wasp insects from 24 genera also have functions as biological control agents, most of which are parasitoid and predatory wasps, which have potential as ecological indicators in rice plantations in the Manembo-nembo sub-district. The level of diversity is included in the medium criteria, as is the evenness index value. In contrast, the dominance index is included in the low criteria even though the Pimplinae family dominates rice cultivation in the Manembo-nembo sub-district.

Diptera species recorded for the first time in Slovakia found along the Danube floodplain

Four species of Diptera are recorded as new for the fauna of Slovakia: Acrocera orbiculus (Fabricius, 1787) (Acroceridae), Conops insignis Loew, 1848 (Conopidae), Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) (Stratiomyidae), and Tolmerus cowini (Hobby, 1946) (Asilidae). The specimens were collected by means of Malaise trap, yellow pan trap, and sweep nets, in the years 2019&amp;ndash;2022. Our findings highlight the value of the Danube floodplain from a conservation point of view. The appearance of H. illucens in Bratislava fits well with what is known about this synanthropic species.

Keragaman Serangga Hama dan Musuh Alami Lahan Pertanian Padi Organik (Oryza Sativa L) Desa Rowosari Kecamatan Sumberjambe Kabupaten Jember

The application of organic rice farming systems is a solution to the negative impacts of using chemicals in the application of conventional farming systems. Organic rice cultivation cannot be separated from the presence of insect pests that attack cultivated plants. Naturally, in an ecosystem that is still good, natural enemies are already present in nature without human intervention. The existence of natural enemies in a field can suppress the existing population of insect pests, so that their presence is very helpful in maintaining the balance of the existing insect pest populations. The stability of insect populations in an agricultural ecosystem is largely determined by the high diversity of insect pests and natural enemies found in a field. Thus there is a need for research on the diversity of insect pests and natural enemies as information about which insect families are found on organic rice farming land in Rowosari Village, as well as a consideration for farmers in applying appropriate control methods. This study used yellow pan trap, sweep net and vacuum cleaner insect monitoring tools. The research was conducted on 3 observation plots in the organic rice fields of Tani Jaya II Group, Rowosari Village, Sumberjambe District, Jember Regency. Observations were made 10 times from the vegetative phase to the generative phase of rice aged 7 to 77 days after planting. Observational data were then identified and then analyzed using the Shanon-Wiener Diversity Index (H), Evenness Evenness Index (E), Simpson Dominance Index (D), and Margalef Species Richness Index (R). The results showed that there were 7 families of Pest Insects found on organic rice farming in Rowosari Village, including Pyralidae, Alydidae, Grylidae, Cicadellidae, Chrysomelidae, Acrididae, and Nymphalidae. Natural Enemy Insects found were 9 families including Coccinellidea, Coenagrionidae, Gomphidae, Penttomidae, Meoidae, Miridae, Ichneumonidae, Staphylinidae, and Sciomyzidae. Neutral insects found were as many as 4 families, including Muscidae, Vespidae, Tephritidae, and Drosophilidae. The population of insect pests and natural enemies of organic rice farming land in Rowosari Village is quite balanced with a Diversity Index (H') of 2.32 and Species Richness Index (R) of 2.98, Evenness index (E') of 0.77 which is in the almost even and Dominance (D) 0.13 which means not dominating.

The Existence of Predatory Insects in the Agroecosystem of Potato Plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) Integrated with Refugia Plants

Inappropriate handling of pests can cause substantial losses in both quantity and quality of potato plants. One of the promising alternative methods is by modifying the agroecosystem such as using refugia plants to conserve the diversity of predators in potato plants. This study aimed to determine the effect of refugia plants on the diversity of predatory insects in potato plants. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) with 6 treatments and 3 replications. Sampling of predatory insects was carried out using traps, namely the yellow pan trap and direct (conventional) collection. The results of this study indicated that there were 3 orders of predatory insects from 3 families and 9 species. The most common insects were found in the treatment of marigold and sunflower flowers. The highest diversity index value was 1.33 obtained in the sunflower treatment, which is classified as moderate

Senyawa Bioaktif Bioinsektisida Daun Sirsak (Annona mucirata) dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Keanekaragaman Artropoda pada Tanaman Padi (Oryza sativa L.)

The aim of the study was to determine the content of bioactive compounds in soursop leaf bioinsecticides and their effect on the diversity of arthropods in rice. This research began from July to October 2022 at the Plant Protection Laboratory and Bioscience Laboratory of the Jember State Polytechnic and Rice Cultivation Land in Balung Lor Village, Balung District, Jember Regency. Arthropod samples were observed visually using Sweep Net Trap, Yellow Pan Trap, Sticky Trap and Pitfall Trap. The GCMS test results detected 29 compounds in soursop leaves. The highest compounds as repellent and antifeedant detected were palmitic acid, oleic acid and acetic acid at 18.39%, 17.40%, 13.83%. The result of probit analysis of LC95 toxicity was 28.92%. The number of individuals in the bioinsecticide treatment was 2036 individuals, 32 species consisting of: 10 herbivores, 13 predators, 3 parasitoids, 4 pollinators, and 3 detrivores. Fipronil numbered 1198 individuals, 26 species consisting of: 10 herbivores, 10 predators, 2 parasitoids, 3 pollinators, and 1 detrivore. Diversity index (H`) shows moderate category in both treatments, dominance index (C`) does not show dominance in both treatments, species richness index (R) in both treatments is moderate, species evenness index (E) is evenly distributed in both treatments and Sorensen The Similarity Index (ISS) is classified as the same with a value of 89.66%. The yield of dry grain in the soursop leaf bioinsecticide treatment was higher (38.25 g per clump) than Fipronil 33.29 gr per clump.

Factors affecting yellow pan trap captures of the emerald ash borer biocontrol agents Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Implications for monitoring establishment and seasonal abundance

Yellow pan traps are frequently used to monitor establishment of hymenopteran parasitoids introduced for biological control of the invasive ash pest, emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). To evaluate and improve their efficacy as a monitoring tool, we conducted field studies during 2016–2019 in southern Michigan where the introduced hymenopteran larval parasitoids, Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Eulophidae) and Spathius galinae (Braconidae) Belokobylskij & Strazanac are established. Our objectives were to describe parasitoid seasonal abundance, identify host tree variables that might influence parasitoid capture numbers (i.e., number of adults captured) and capture rates (i.e., number of positive traps per collecting period), and compare parasitoid trap captures to parasitized EAB larval densities. Yellow pan trap capture numbers and rates of both species were low for most study sites and years. Captures of both parasitoid species occurred throughout the growing season and neither showed a consistent trend in seasonal abundance. Emerald ash borer infested trees with suppressed or intermediate crown classes had higher T. planipennisi capture numbers and rates than dominant or codominant crown classes. During some years, T. planipennisi capture rates increased with decreasing tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and T. planipennisi capture numbers increased with increasing numbers of epicormics sprouts on host trees. Spathius galinae captures had no significant relationship with host tree variables but low overall capture numbers, due to its more recent introduction, may have prevented detection of any relationships. Tetrastichus planipennisi adult capture numbers were positively related to previous year’s densities of T. planipennisi parasitized larvae dissected from trees. Spathius galinae capture numbers were not correlated with parasitized EAB larval densities. We discuss the relevance of our findings to improve yellow pan trap efficacy for monitoring introduced EAB larval parasitoids.

Evaluation of Natural Enemy Abundance Based on Riparian Vegetation at Rice Field in Slamet Village, East Java, Indonesia

Riparian vegetation habitats in irrigation canals provide various ecosystem regulatory services for human life, one of them was providing natural enemies for agricultural pests. This study aims to analyze the abundance of natural enemies at the paddy field, then to figure out the interaction between the riparian vegetation and natural enemies based on four different locations of tertiary irrigation canals at Slamet Village. Arthropods were observed by visual control and yellow pan trap methods. Whereas, riparian vegetation sampling points were determined by purposive sampling. The measured riparian vegetation and natural enemies were described by the important value index (INP), abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), evenness (E), dominance index (Id), and taxa richness (TR). The interaction between the riparian vegetation and natural enemies was analyzed by the PAST 3.20 program. The results showed that the first location of irrigation canals had the highest Shannon-Wiener Index value, taxa richness, evenness, and the lowest dominance value of riparian vegetation with respectively 4.97; 37 species; 0.93; and 0.02. Moreover, it was following with the highest value of natural enemies taxa richness (16 species), total abundance (4450 individuals), H' index (2.37), evenness (0.59), and low dominance index (0.27). Arthropods that act as natural enemies that were commonly found in this location came from the Formicidae, Coenagrionidae, and Coccinelidae families, while the most common pests found are from the Acrididae families. The opposite of that, the fourth location had the highest value of dominance index of riparian vegetation and pest arthropods (0.15; 0.84), H’ index of pest (2.31), taxa richness of pest (0.77), and the total abundance of pest arthropod (942 individuals). Pests that inhabit this location came from the Acrididae, Drosophilidae, Tephritidae, and Aphididae families

The diversity and abundance of weeds in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) plantations and its relationships with Hymenoptera parasitoids diversity

Abstract. Wibowo D, Rahardjo BT, Karindah S, Muhammad FN. 2023. The diversity and abundance of weeds in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) plantations and its relationships with Hymenoptera parasitoids diversity. Biodiversitas 24: 2342-2349. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an important plantation commodity in Indonesia. One of the strategies to improve sugarcane production is by controlling pest populations in sugarcane plantations which can be done by increasing the role of natural enemies as control agents, such as Hymenoptera parasitoids. The presence of parasitoids is influenced by the diversity of vegetation, including weed plants, due to the nectar contained in its flowers. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity, abundance and composition of weeds in sugarcane plantations and their relationships with the diversity and abundance of Hymenoptera parasitoids that have the potential to control pests in sugarcane plantations. The study was conducted from June to August 2022 in four locations in East Java, i.e. Karangploso and Kalipare (Malang), Pasirian (Lumajang) and Gandusari (Blitar). Observation of weed vegetation was carried out by taking samples using 1 m x 1 m frame inside the observation point at each observation plot. Collection of Hymenoptera parasitoids used yellow pan trap and modified farmcop to determine the diversity of Hymenoptera parasitoids in the field. Observations were made at intervals of 1 week. We found that the highest abundance of weeds found across the four sugarcane plantations was Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Ipomoea triloba L. and Ageratum conyzoides L. The highest abundance of Hymenoptera parasitoid species found were Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and Telenomus dignus Gahan. There were positive relationships between weed density and Hymenoptera parasitoid diversity and abundance at each sugarcane plantation. Weed species with the most presence of Hymenoptera parasitoids were A. conyzoides, I. triloba and Mimosa pudica L. In conclusion, the presence of weed vegetation on sugarcane plantations affected the composition of the Hymenoptera parasitoid community. The results of this study can be the rationale that the conservation of wild weeds in sugarcane fields is very important to support the existence of beneficial parasitoids.

Diversity of Hymenoptera at Agri Biodiversity Park, Hyderabad

The diversity and abundance of Hymenoptera at the Agri-biodiversity Park of Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad was studied from September 2019 to January 2020. Five collection methods (pitfall trap, yellow pan trap, manual collection, light trap and yellow sticky trap) were used and 6,773 individuals under 26 families were collected. The most abundant family was Formicidae (29.29%) followed by Platygastridae (8.15%) and Braconidae (7.59%). Yellow pan trap recorded the maximum number of individuals (2,734) as well as the maximum number of families (25). The Shannon-Weiner diversity Index, Margalef’s species richness index and Pielou’s evenness index of the study area were 2.628, 2.834 and 0.807, respectively.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Serangga pada Berbagai Umur Tegakan Rhizophora mucronata yang Ditanam Dengan Teknik Guludan di Muara Angke, Jakarta

Insects are among the most significant numbers of living things in the world that have many benefits. However, there are still many insects that have not been identified yet, for example, insects in mangrove ecosystems. Each age of the stand has differences in vegetation structure, so insect diversity research on each age difference of R. mucronata is essential. Sampling was collected by purposive sampling by taking three guludan samples measuring 5 m ´ 10 m. In each sample, a census was carried out to measure the diameter and height of R. mucronata at the age of 17, 13, 9, and 4 years for further vegetation analysis. The capture of insects is carried out using a yellow-pan trap and then identified to the level of morphospecies. The results showed a relationship between the age of different stands. At a young age had a lot of diversity and the highest value of insect abundance. The age of R. mucronata 13 years had the highest quantity dominated by the order Diptera&#x0D; Keywords: density, ecosystem, morphospecies, temperature, yellow-pan trap

Struktur Komunitas Artropoda di Pembibitan Kelapa Sawit

Nurseries are one of the essential agronomic activities in oil palm cultivation. Oil palm seedlings are cultivated on a large scale, different from nurseries for other plantation commodities. The nursery expanse comprises various biotic components, one of which is Arthropods. This study aims to determine the Artropod community and its function in oil palm nurseries. The research was carried out at two nurseries, Nagari Gunung Medan and Nagari Kurnia Selatan, Dharmasraya Regency, West Sumatra Province. Sampling using the pitfall trap, yellow pan trap, insect nets, and direct collection methods. The results showed that the Arthropods that make up the oil palm nursery ecosystem were insects and spiders. Arthropods in oil palm nurseries act as phytophages, predators, parasitoids, and detrivores. Phytophage insects found in oil palm nurseries were 700 individuals consisting of 4 orders, nine families, and 14 genera/species. Predatory insects, parasitoids, and detritivores were found in as many as 466 individuals consisting of 5 orders, 14 families, and 16 genera/species. There are two species of spiders in oil palm nurseries: Pardosa sp and Oxyopes javanus. Valanga sp was the species with the highest number of individuals in oil palm nurseries.

Abundance and diversity of predatory insects in chili plant ecosystems cultivated by IPM

Cayenne pepper is a strategic commodity. The use of chemical insecticides to control pests has a negative impact on the agroecosystem. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an environmentally solution to overcome pest problems. The objectives of this study were to determine the abundance and diversity of predatory insects. Sampling was carried out in August-October 2020 in west Lombok, Indonesia, on chili fields using the IPM technique. Observations were conducted on the generative phase of chili planting and carried out using the Yellow Pan and Pitfall Trap. The population of predatory insects in chili with IPM was 1,707 individuals representing 24 species from 8 families and 5 orders. The order Hymenoptera was the most abundant (63.27%) of the total predatory insects collected, followed by Coleoptera (30.93%), and Diptera (4.63%). The diversity index of predatory species is 1.79 in land planted with chili using IPM techniques. Chili plant using IPM techniques has more abundance and divers of predatory insect species than conventional chili land. This study provides some insight into the community of predatory insects in the generative phase of the chili ecosystem and suggests that an ecological approach is needed for pest management to maintain the balance of the agroecosystem and promote biodiversity.

Karakteristik Komunitas Serangga Pengunjung Bunga Pada Beberapa Tanaman Refugia

This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of the insect community of flower visitors on several refugia plants. The research was carried out in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University and the Laboratory of Plant Pests, Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University. Samples of flower-visiting insects were taken using the yellow pan trap, pitfall trap, and sweep trap. The insects obtained were identified in the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University. Characteristics of insect communities in refugia plants were calculated using the formulas of diversity index, similarity index, dominance index, and similarity index. The results showed that the abundance of species and populations of insects was most commonly found in Zinnia elegans flowers. Most predatory insects were found in Z. elegans flowers, pollinator insects were most abundant in Helianthus annuus flowers, and pollinators were most abundant in Z. elegans flowers. The characteristics of the insect community in the most stable refugian plant were found in Tagetes erecta flowers. The highest similarity of insect communities was found in Cosmos caudatus flowers and Impatiens balsamina flowers.

Agroecosystem complexity of Surjan and Lembaran as local farming systems effects on biodiversity of pest insects

Abstract. Trisnawati DW, Nurkomar I, Ananda LK, Buchori D. 2022. Agroecosystem complexity of Surjan and Lembaran as local farming systems effects on biodiversity of pest insects. Biodiversitas 23: 3619-3629. Farming systems can influence the diversity and abundance of insect pests. This study was conducted to determine the effect of Surjan and Lembaran farming systems on the diversity and abundance of insect pests in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. The field survey was conducted in three Surjan paddy fields and three Lembaran paddy fields in Panjatan Subdistrict, Kulon Progo Regency. The sampling of pests was collected using four kinds of traps, such as sweeping net, yellow sticky trap, pitfall trap, and yellow pan trap. The traps were set twice in the vegetative phase and twice in the generative phase. The results showed that the abundance of pests in Surjan paddy fields was not different from that in Lembaran paddy fields. However, the number of pest species in Surjan paddy fields was higher than in Lembaran paddy fields. In addition, the structure and composition of pests in both farming systems were significantly different. Hemiptera was the most common insect in both farming systems, with dominant pest species of Nephotettix virescens and Nilaparvata lugens.

The Spring Insects Diversity in Mutis Timau Nature Reserve

Insect diversity is believed to be used as a bio-indicator of spring quality. This study aimed at determining the spring insect diversity around the Mutis Timau Nature Reserve. The study was conducted from June to August 2019. Insects were caught by using the yellow pan trap and hand sorting. The diversity of spring insects was determined based on the Shannon-Wienner diversity index (H'), species richness index (R1), species dominance index (D), and evenness index (E). The results showed that 16 species belong to 11 families, and 5 orders of insects. The families included Gryllidae, Gryllotalpidae, Tetrigidae, Formicidae, Pompilidae, Apidae, Ochteridae, Veliidae, Hydrometridae, Nepidae, Coenagrionidae, Libellulidae, Carabidae, and Coccinellidae. The Shannon-Wiener species diversity index and the wealth index of the species of springs were classified as moderate (H '= 2.12 and R1 = 4.19). There was no type of spring insects dominated (D = 0.23). All springs insects were found to have almost the same level of evenness (E&lt;1), with a value of 0.76. Abiotic factors such as pH and soil temperature were within the tolerance range of spring insects.&#x0D; &#x0D; Key words: Insects diversity, Spring, Mutis Timau Nature Reserve

Biodiversity and community structure of Arthropod in tropical rice fields under organic and conventional ecosystems

The practice of conventional rice cultivation using inorganic fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides can affect the stability of ecosystems. This study aimed to compare the diversity and community structure of arthropods in tropical rice field under organic and conventional ecosystems. This research was conducted at Oloboju, located at an altitude of 120 m above sea level. The soil type was inceptisol. The research used observation and exploration methods. The sampling of arthropods in the field used a sweep net, a pitfall trap, a yellow pan trap and by hand. The variables measured were the taxonomic composition and relative morpho-species abundance, family and order composition. Relative morpho-species abundance was assessed based on functional roles, number of species, and the total number of individuals. The results show that the Shannon diversity index value (H') and Margalef richness index (Dmg) were higher in organic rice ecosystems than conventional. On the other hand, the organic rice ecosystem had a Simpson dominance index value (C) and an evenness index (E) lower than the values of C and E in conventional rice ecosystems. The organic ecosystem had a community structure of arthropod of 9 orders, 24 families, and 28 morpho-species, with an abundance of 4,002 individuals, while the conventional ecosystem had a community structure of arthropod of 7 orders, 17 families, and 20 morpho-species with an abundance of 1,789 individuals. The practice of organic rice cultivation would increase the biodiversity index towards ecosystem balance so that it could be used as an alternative to pest control