Yellow Grain Research Articles

Aphid and Virus Control in Winter Wheat, Washington, 1984-85 Crop

Abstract Ten insecticides were evaluated at 2 locations to determine their effect on grain aphids, barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), plant growth, and grain yields in winter wheat. Trial 1 was planted with ‘Wanser’ on 31 Aug ‘85 on the Roza Research Farm. Trial 2 was planted with ‘Daws’ on 4 Sep ‘84 on the Headquarters Farm. Both farms are part of the Washington State University Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center at Prosser, WA. Trial 2 was furrow-irrigated in the spring; Trial 1 was not. Aside from the differences stated, the trials were arranged, treated, and evaluated the same. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 4 Oct ‘84 (early tillering stage of growth) with a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage, calibrated to deliver 49 gpa at 40 psi. Plots in each trial were 4 rows (12 inches between rows) 17 ft in length, replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were planted using a tractor-mounted 4-row belt-cone Almaco grain drill with double disc openers. Seeding rate was 40 lb/acre. Aphid control was determined on the basis of berlese funnel aphid extractions (6 plants/plot/posttreatment sample). BYDV was rated visually on 4 Jun 1985 using a 1-6 scale, where 1 = no virus; 6 = severe symptoms. Average height was taken 4 Jun 1985. Plots were harvested 11-26 Jul 1985 with a Hege Combine.

Effects of fungicides and insecticides applied to spring barley sown on different dates in 1976-79

SUMMARY Factorial experiments in 1976–1979 investigated the effects of sowing date, fungicides (ethirimol seed treatments and tridemorph sprays) and insecticides (phorate applied to the soil, and menazon or dimethoate sprays) on powdery mildew, aphids, barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and grain yield of spring barley (cv. Julia in 1976 and 1977; cv. Wing in 1978 and 1979). Late sowing usually increased the severity of powdery mildew, numbers of aphids and incidence of BYDV and generally decreased yield. Responses to pesticides were commonly greater on the late-sown than on the early-sown barley. Response to fungicides are principally attributed to the control of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei; the target species) but responses to insecticides cannot be attributed to virus control and seem unlikely to be due solely to control of aphids, whose numbers were relatively small. There were some effects of fungicides on aphids and insecticides on mildew, but they were inconsistent and too small to affect crop protection strategies.

The Ingestion of Artifically Coloured Grain by Birds, and its Relevance to Verebrate Pest Control

In 23 field and aviary trials with several species of ground-feeding birds, the short-term uptake of grain coloured red, blue, green, yellow and black was compared with that of natural (uncoloured) grain. In all trials, one or more of the artificial colours caused a significant depression in the amount of food eaten. Although the preferences for grain of the five colours varied from trial to trial, the uptake of both blue and green grain was significantly lower than for untreated grain in all trials, and that of black, red and yellow grain was significantly lower than the control in 22, 19 and 15 trials respectively. Uptake of both blue and green grain was often significantly lower than that of the other three colours. Crimson rosellas, Platycercus elegans, which were fed on blue grain for 3 weeks before being presented with the full range of coloured and natural grain showed some association of the unnatural colour with food. They did not do so when pre-fed for less than 7 days. The possible use of coloured lethal baits to increase target specificity in the control of mammalian pests is discussed.

Human actinomycosis: A study of 181 subjects

The clinical and pathologic features of 181 cases of human actinomycosis are reviewed. Actinomycosis is a chronic, sometimes fatal infection caused by species of Actinomyces and involves any part of the body. The abscesses produced contain soft tiny granules in thick pus. These granules contain gram-positive branching bacilli and a radiating eosinophilic fringe. Actinomycosis is not characterized by draining sinuses or hard yellow grains, and the organism is seldom identified by culture. The clinical diagnosis of actinomycosis is seldom made. The infection responds best to a combination of surgical and antibiotic treatment.

Kohlehydratfraktionen im reifenden Weizenkorn unter dem Einfluß von Stickstoff und Chlorcholinchlorid

Components of carbohydrates in wheat kernels during the ripening process influenced by nitrogen fertilization and chlorcholinchlorideThe variability of carbohydrates was analysed in ripening kernels of wheat treated with nitrogen and chlorcholinchloride.1. Proceeding ripening in wheat kernels (green, yellow, matured kernels) shows an important decrease of monosaccharides and total sugar. A distinct Influence of CCC — just as a possible postponement of ripening — marked with usually higher contents of monosaccharides and total sugar could be ascertained in green kernels only.2. The synthesis of starch is not influenced by high nitrogen fertilization and essentially finished till the grain is yellow. By CCC‐treatment, compared with untreated plants, a much lower content of starch is caused in green and yellow grains, in matured such differences are detectable scarcely.The decrease of starch content with high nitrogen fertilization is more important than that caused by CCC.

Genthelvite from the Ilímaussaq Alkaline Intrusion, South Greenland

Tiny white or yellow grains of genthelvite have been found in cavities in albititic veins in the Ilímaussaq alkaline intrusion. The veins also contain ægirine, neptunite, catapleiite, eudidymite, epididymite, tugtupite and leucophane. The mineral has been identified by means of x-ray and spectrographic methods.

Zur Pigmentierung und Musterbildung bei Forellen

In the yellow cells of brown trout (Salmo trutta forma fario L.) and rainbow trout (Salmo irideus GIBBONS) there are pigment particles, which differ in form and colour: yellow grains, yelloworange drops, and purple needles. The yellow colour of the grains is caused by Sepiapterin (Dihydrobiopteridin-derivative), which, as well as the corresponding Tetrahydrobiopteridin-derivative and Ichthyopterin (7-Hydroxybiopteridin), could be shown in the skin of trouts. A fat-soluble carotenoid, Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dioxo-β-carotin), produces the colour of the orange drops and of the purple crystalline needles. The carotenoid level of the yellow cells depends on the carotenoid amount of the food.

CAROTENOID CHANGES IN DIFFERENT MAIZE VARIETIES DURING RIPENING

The authors investigated the carotenoids of different maize varieties of white, yellow, and red-colored grains in different phases of ripening. The carotenoids extracted from the grains were separated into benzene-soluble (epiphasic) and benzene-insoluble (hypophasic) fractions, and the components of these fractions were quantitatively measured and separated. The cause of the characteristic color of the grains is the difference in concentration of zeaxanthin, the main component of the hypophasic fraction. The following other carotenoids were demonstrated also: β-carotene, β-carotene-monoepoxide, violaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, antheraxanthin, xanthophyll, xanthophyll-monoepoxide, α-carotene. We could best explain the origin of the different carotenoids in terms of Cholnoky's theory.

CAROTENOID CHANGES IN DIFFERENT MAIZE VARIETIES DURING RIPENING

The authors investigated the carotenoids of different maize varieties of white, yellow, and red-colored grains in different phases of ripening. The carotenoids extracted from the grains were separated into benzene-soluble (epiphasic) and benzene-insoluble (hypophasic) fractions, and the components of these fractions were quantitatively measured and separated. The cause of the characteristic color of the grains is the difference in concentration of zeaxanthin, the main component of the hypophasic fraction. The following other carotenoids were demonstrated also: β-carotene, β-carotene-monoepoxide, violaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, antheraxanthin, xanthophyll, xanthophyll-monoepoxide, α-carotene. We could best explain the origin of the different carotenoids in terms of Cholnoky's theory.

Improvement of the Quality of Fodder in Periamanjal Cholam (Sorghum durra) in Madras State

Periamanjal Cholam is the most important unirrigated variety of Sorghum grown in the Coimbatore district. It is grown in the taluks of Coimbatore, Palladam and also parts of Avanashi, Dharapuram and Erode and occupies an area of about a lakh of acres. Botanically, Periamanjal Cholam belongs to the species Sorghum durra, vari Coimbatoricum (Snowden). It has yellow grains and it is much valued as food. This variety grows very tall, attaining a height of 10 to 12 feet. The straw is the mainstay of cattle in this area. Sown in the months of July-August with the break of the south-west monsoon, it comes to harvest in December-January. The Tamil prefix "Peria" denotes the long duration (135 days) of this variety, distinguishing it from the "Chinna" Manjal Cholam which is a short duration variety grown under irrigation. In normal seasons, Periamanjal Cholam yields 600 to 800 lb. of grain and about 3,000 to 4,000 lb. of dry straw per acre. The straw is pithy, but sweet and nourishing. The problem of improving the fodder of Periamanjal by in introducing juiciness into the straw was taken up at the Millet Breeding Station, Coimbatore, as an item in the improvement of the Sorghums of the Madras State..

Observações sôbre a quantidade de milho amarelo necessária para prevenir a avita-minose a em pintos

The authors tried to check in this experiment the minimum of yellow corn necessary for preventing avitaminosis A in chickens. It was observed, in balanced ration with 50% of corn, that: a) 20% of dent and yellow grains and 30% of flint and white grains were insuficient to prevent avitaminosis A. b) 20% of flint and orange grains and 30% of flint and white grains or 40% of either colored grains and 10% of flint, and white grains did not show evident signs of avitaminosis A during the 12 weeks of the experiment. The ration containing 20% of flint and orange grains is pratically equivalent to the ration containing 40% of dent and yellow grains, regarding the content of pro-vitamina A. However, it was not possible to conclude if these dosage are sufficient to give the necessary vitamina A for normal development of the chickens since the table 3 seems to indicate a negative correlation between the amount of pigment in the ration and the mortality of the animals.

A Proliferation of the Sorghum Spikelets.

An interesting phenomenon of proliferation of a sorghum earhead was observed in the summer season of 1940 in a seed multiplication plot of an yellow grain sorghum strain (A. S. 809). While removing rogues at the flowering time, one earhead was observed to have rather longer spikelets, though in other respects, the plant was normal. The plant was as well developed and as tall as its neighbours, and the size and shape of the earhead also appeared normal. A closer examination of the earhead re vealed that the fertile spikelets had not opened. While the spikelets of the normal plants were awned, the awns being about one centimetre in length, there was a complete suppression of the awn in the proliferated earhead. It was also observed that the spikelets in the basal regions of the earhead were reduced to scale-like structures.

A NEW FACTOR DETERMINING THE TINT OF RED AND YELLOW GRAIN COLOURS IN SORGHUM

In a previous publication (Rangaswami Ayyangar, et al, 1933) the inter- relationships between red, yellow and white grain colours in sorghum have been pursued. Yellow (factor Y) is the basic colour. With R, red grains are produced. A factor W determines the manifestation of colour in wholeness. on the pericarp. Without W, R gives a white grain with a red base. Simi- larly Y gives a white grain with an yellow base, the red and yellow bases being within the protection of the covering glume. Dry anther colours run parallel to grain colours and help in the separation of the white grains into their respective allelomorphs to coloured grains. A factor-I-determines the intensity of colour manifestation and is unmistakably noticeable in good red grains. W being present, R, without the-I-factor, gives a pink grain. It was noted that the yellow grains with and without the-I-factor are difficult of separation. The lightness of the colour and the quick reaction to weather conditions coupled with a brown wash found in most of the yellow varieties added to this difficulty. Even so, with the help of the R factor the yellow allelomorphs could be separated. It was thus clear that there were two shades of yellow colour, the typical yellow with the-I- factor and the light yellow without this intensification factor.

Genetics of theBansi wheat of the Bombay-Deccan and a synthetic Khapli—Part I

1. Data are presented on the genic relations of glume pubescence, grain colour, glume colour and awn colours in crosses between two pure line selections ofBansi wheat (T. durum, Desf.) and a synthetic black awned pubescent glumed Khapli. 2. The hairiness of glumes is due to a gene P in Kala-Khapli 568 and is dominant to the glabrous (p) condition in theBansi wheat. The gene P is completely linked with the black awn colour gene, B. 3. The red colour of grain in Khapli 568 is dominant to the yellow grain ofBansi. The gene R1 is independent of genes for other characters. 4. The red glume colour of theBansi wheat is caused by a gene Rg-a which also produces red awn colour, but behaves hypostatic to the black awn colour gene, B, in the awn region. The recessive alleles of B and Rg-a result in white-glumed white-awned plants. 5. The probable origin of Kala-Khapli 568 is indicated.

Some clinical observations on mycetoma

1. (1) A series of 184 cases of mycetoma are summarised, of which 118 were of the black, and 66 of the yellow grain types. 2. (2) It is probable that the black grain type are all of the maduromycosis variety, while the majority of the yellow grain are thought to be actinomycotic mycetomata. 3. (3) Treatment was by local removal in 141 cases, while 43 suffered amputation. 4. (4) The relative virulence of the two types is discussed, and the differences in their clinical manifestations contrasted. 5. (5) The operative treatment, with special reference to local removal is described.