Yellow Filter Research Articles

Effect of Yellow Filters and Corrective Lenses on Academic Performance of Primary School Children with Abnormal Contrast Sensitivity

Aim: This study compared the effect of yellow filters and corrective lenses on the academic performance of primary school children with abnormal contrast sensitivity.
 Study Design: The study employed quantitative study design involving the measurement of variables.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in Owerri North, Imo State, Nigeria, from February, 2019 to November, 2019.
 Methodology: The study included 34 children between 7-12 years old in private and public schools with abnormal contrast sensitivity comprising 7-9 year-olds (64.7%); 10-12 year-olds (35.3%); Males (52.9%) and Females (47.1%). Using basic optometric procedures and Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart, children with abnormal contrast sensitivity were identified for the study. Academic performance was assessed by comparing the previous midterm summative test result (pre-test) with the current midterm summative test result (post-test).
 Results: Paired sample t-Test showed no significant difference in academic performance of children using corrective lenses (p = .47), and those using corrective lenses with yellow filters (p = .94) respectively at 95% confidence interval. Also, children using corrective lenses compared with those using corrective lenses with yellow filters showed no significant difference (p =.57) in academic performance. Further, no significant age and gender variation in academic performance was identified (7-9 yrs: p =.38; 10-12 yrs: p =.79; Males: p=.38; Females: p =.79).
 Conclusion: Corrective lenses and Corrective lenses with yellow filters had no effect on academic performance of primary school children 7-12 years of age with abnormal contrast sensitivity.

Research on Anticorrosive Effects of Larch Bark Extract with Addition of Collagen

The results of the study of the anticorrosive protective effects of the larch bark extract with addition of collagen have been given in this article. It was found that the best way of water extraction of tannins from larch bark is a temperature of 60 ° C during 1 hour, since at high temperatures, partial destruction of tannins occurs, and with an increase in the extraction time of more than an hour, the process of adsorption of these substances by the bark takes place. The corrosion rate was determined by the intensity of the blue colour of the complex compound of iron (II) cations - the truncul blue Fe3[Fe (CN)6]2 on a photocolorimeter with a yellow light filter at a wavelength of 590 nm. The average corrosion rate was calculated by the concentration of the resulting Fe2+ cations (within 1 minute). Based on the average corrosion rates, the protective effect of the extract (Z) and the drag coefficient (γ) were determined. It has been identified that the protective effect of the larch bark extract is equal to 37.5%, while addition of collagen leads to 2.3 time increase of protective effects of the extract. This can be explained by the fact that, with collagen additive, good adhesion of tannins to the surface of iron occurs resulting from formation of complex compounds, and a protective collagen film is formed, preventing an access of oxidizing agents to the metal surface.

TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEMS MENGGUNAKAN VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION (VLC) SEBAGAI ALAT BANTU TUNANETRA UNTUK MENYEBERANG JALAN

The people with visual impairment have problems in mobility and orientation, especially in the outdoor environment. Recently, traffic lights systems, which is a facility where someone crosses do not support visually implaired people so they still need help from others in crossing the road. In this study, a system that integrates traffic lights is implemented using Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology, where the VLC transmitter is mounted on a traffic light, and the VLC receiver is installed as a wearable device that can be used with the audio information signal. The measurement is done by considering the use of color filters. The measurement results show that the transmitter system has been able to send signals with audio frequencies from 300 Hz to 4000 Hz. Besides that, receiving an information signal consisting of a audio signal from a transmitter mounted on a traffic light with a red, yellow and green color filter can be received by a VLC receiver that is placed on a visually impaired person of good quality with the signal voltage received above 4 Vpp, where the use of a yellow filter shows the best signal reception results with a voltage output of 5.00 Vpp at a frequency of 2400 Hz compared to other color filters.ABSTRAK: Penyandang tuna netra memiliki masalah dalam hal mobilitas dan orientasi, khususnya di lingkungan luar (outdoor). Pada sistem yang terdapat pada lampu lalu lintas (traffic light) yang merupakan fasilitas dimana seseorang menyebrang saat ini belum mendukung penyandang tuna netra, sehingga sampai saat ini masih membutuhkan bantuan orang lain dalam menyebrang jalan. Pada penelitian ini, sebuah sistem yang diintegrasikan pada lampu lalu lintas diimplementasikan menggunakan teknologi Visible Light Communication (VLC), dimana VLC transmitter dipasang pada lampu lalu lintas dan VLC receiver dipasang sebagai wearable device dengan sinyal informasi suara digunakan oleh penyandang tunanetra sehingga dapat menerima informasi mengenai kondisi lampu lalu lintas pada saat itu. Pengujian sistem dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan penggunaan filter berwarna. Hasil pengukuran menunjukan bahwa sistem transmitter telah dapat mengirimkan sinyal dengan frekuensi suara dari 300 Hz sampai 4000 Hz. Disamping itu, penerimaan sinyal informasi berupa sinyal suara dari transmitter yang terpasang pada lampu lalu lintas dengan filter warna Merah, Kuning dan Hijau telah dapat diterima oleh receiver yang ditempatkan pada penyandang tuna netra dengan kualitas baik dengan tegangan sinyal yang diterima diatas 4 Vpp, dimana penggunaan filter warna kuning menunjukan hasil penerimaan sinyal yang paling baik dengan tegangan output 5,00 Vpp pada frekuensi 2400 Hz dibandingkan dibandingkan penggunaan filter warna lainnya

Detection of Inflicted Bruises by Alternate Light: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Bruises are often difficult to detect on victims of violence, potentially impacting investigation and prosecution. The purpose of our randomized controlled trial was to measure the effectiveness of an alternate light source (ALS) within visible and long ultraviolet spectrums at improving bruise detection compared to white light over time. We also examined the effects of skin color, age, gender, localized fat, and injury mechanism on bruise detection. Participants included 157 healthy adults with balanced sampling across six skin color categories. Bruises were created under the controlled application of a paintball pellet and dropped weight to one upper and lower arm, respectively. Using a crossover design, both bruises were examined 21 times over 4 weeks. Ten different wavelength (350–535 nm) and filter (yellow, orange, red) combinations were used. Multilevel models were used to analyze 2903 examinations on both upper and lower arms. Results in multivariable models showed after controlling for other covariates 415 and 450 nm using a yellow filter had greater odds of detecting evidence of bruising than white light (Upper Arm: 415 nm: OR = 5.34, 95% CI: 4.35–6.56; 450 nm: OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 3.36–4.96). Under either light source, being female and having more localized fat had increased odds of detecting bruises created by the dropped weight (female: OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 2.37–3.70; fat: OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09–1.34). Our results support ALS as an appropriate tool to enhance concurrent physical assessment of bruises in the presence of known history of injury. Future development and evaluation of clinical practice guidelines for ALS application are needed.

Hiding Data in the Blue Channel

Cataract surgery replaces the aged human lens with a transparent silicone implant. The new lens removes optical distortions and light scattering media, as well as a yellow filter. This talk describes the appearances of natural scenes before and after cataract surgery. While Color Constancy experiments showed small changes, color discrimination experiments had large changes. These results provide a mechanistic signature of Color Constancy and Discrimination.

Functional results of spectral correction of vision

To study the data of monocular and binocular multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), flash visual evoked potential (f-VEP), spatial contrast sensitivity (SCS) with and without yellow filters in healthy elderly people. The study included 16 people (8 male and 8 female) with average age of 51.63±4.7 years. Their visual acuity was 0.5±0.35 without correction and 1.0 with correction. For spectral correction, we used Y1 color filters (CF) (analogue of SN60AT) from the «Lornet-M vision spectral correction kit» set with 80% light transmission and wave cut-off of 460 nm. Patients had mfERG recordings performed monocularly and binocularly, f-VEP monocularly, and their spatial contrast sensitivity (SCS) was measured (Astroinform SPE, Russia). The data acquired before and after applying CF was compared. The data of SCS with light filter was slightly higher at medium and high spatial frequencies (SF): for the right eye on medium SF of 43.8 and 41.8 dB (p≤0.735), 41.5 and 39.8 dB (p≤0.061) for the left eye. The increase of mfERG P1 latency monocularly after application of CF in the R1 ring area was 3.0 ms (40.8-43.8ms) for the right eye (p≤0.05) and 0.9 ms for the left eye (43.7-44.5ms) (p≤0.326). The trend remained for simultaneous mfERG. The influence of yellow filters on spectral vision correction can be manifested in inconsistency of SCS, f-VEP, monocular and binocular mfERG readings. Statistically significant differences in healthy individuals of 5th-6th age decades manifest as elongation of the latency of mfERG peaks.

Effects of color filters and anti-reflective coating on contrast sensitivity under glare condition

Background: Since light scattering has a great impact on visual performances, this study was conducted to compare the effects of color filters and anti-reflective coating on contrast sensitivity (CS) in normal people under glare condition. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 40 medical students (aged 19- 25 years). Ophthalmologic tests including visual acuity and refractive error measurement, biomicroscopy, fundoscopy, and CS assessment were conducted for all participants. CS was determined using Pelli-Robson chart at a distance of one meter. To measure the effect of glare on CS, we used an additional lighting source (60 W tungsten filament incandescent lamp) in the patient’s visual field. Thus, at an intensity of 2000 lux, the light source was placed at a distance of 18.5 cm from the patient’s eye in a way that it was 10 degrees above the subject’s visual axis. Monocular CS measurements were performed with and without glare. Monocular CS was evaluated again under glare conditions with the yellow and pink filters, with the transmission rate of 85%, and anti-reflective coating. Results: The mean log CS of subjects under glare (1.48±0.09) was lower than that in the absence of glare (1.71±0.09) (<0.001); moreover, repeated measures ANOVA showed the yellow filter (1.48±0.10), pink filter (1.47±0.10), and anti-reflective coating (1.47±0.09) had no significant impact on improving visual performance under glare condition (P=0.471). Conclusion: Colored filters and anti-reflective coatings are not effective in enhancing the vision of young normal individuals under glare conditions and at low spatial frequencies.

Anatomical and physiological changes of in vitro-propagated Vriesea imperialis (Bromeliaceae) in the function of sucrose and ventilated containers

Under in vitro culture conditions, plants may present physiological and anatomical disorders, which can interfere negatively after ex vitro transfer. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the impacts of natural ventilation and sucrose supply on the anatomy and physiology of Vriesea imperialis. Plants previously grown in vitro were transferred to culture medium containing 0, 15, 30 or 45 g L−1 sucrose. Three different culture container sealing systems were tested: lids with a green filter (81.35 gas exchanges per day), yellow filter (13.09 gas exchanges per day) or lids with a yellow filter covered with three layers of transparent polyvinylchloride (PVC) film (blocking fluent gas exchange). Sucrose concentrations influenced thickness, lignin and suberin deposition of exodermis cell wall. The modifications verified in leaves, such as higher density of stomata and trichome scales, showed that sucrose can induce osmotic stress in the plants. Photomixotrophic conditions, using containers with intermediate rate of gas exchange (yellow filter) and with 15–30 g L−1 sucrose, produced an improvement in the growth traits and did not induce anatomical and physiological disturbances.

The effects of yellow filter on daily visual function.

Although blue-blocker lenses are commonly prescribed to low vision patients, there is no consensus on whether they provide reliable improvements in patients’ daily visual function. Here we evaluate the effects of a yellow filter (515nm long-pass glass filter) in normally-sighted young adults. Twelve observers performed a battery of visual tasks using their left eye with and without the filter. As expected, color discrimination (Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue color vision test) was much worse in the with-filter condition (average total error score: 38 vs. 235), p<0.001. The with and without-filter conditions did not differ on the measurements of visual acuities (Bailey-Lovie for distance; ETDRS 2000 for near), contrast sensitivities (Mars and qCSF tests), and reading speeds (MNREAD at fovea; qReading-RSVP test at 10° in the lower field (n=9)). We also measured pupil sizes for nine of the observers when they were viewing an array of full-screen solid colors on a LCD (42cd/m2 for colored stimuli and 270cd/m2 for white), twelve illuminated Munsell color sheets, and twelve computer-displayed natural scene images with pre-selected fixation locations to control for eye movements. Pupil size was on average larger for the with-filter condition in all three viewing tasks. The same results held when we equated luminance between with and without-filter conditions for the solid colors on LCD. Our results demonstrated that a yellow filter can have significant impacts on color vision and pupil size but not on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and reading speed. The enlargement of pupil size in the with-filter condition may explain previous subjective reports of brightness enhancement with blue-blocker lenses.

Intracranial cystic meningiomas: A series of six patients

ObjectiveAlthough meningiomas are the most common primary non-glial intracranial tumors, cystic meningiomas are quite rare. This study presents six cases in order to discuss the radiological and pathological features of cystic meningiomas. Patients and methodsSix patients with cystic meningiomas were included in the study. All patients underwent a cranial computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation, pre- and postoperatively. ResultsAll patients presented with long standing headache dating back at least two years. There was no gender predominance in our series. Radiological evaluation revealed two parasagittal and two convexity meningiomas located at the frontal region. Two lesions were located at the tuberculum sellae and the foramen magnum. All of the tumors were totally excised (Simpson Grade I or II). Pathology results included meningothelial meningioma in three patients, angiomatous meningioma in two patients, and metaplastic meningioma in one patient. In two patients, the cystic meningiomas were resected with the use of sodium fluorescein (Na-Fl) under a YELLOW 560nm microscope filter. Na-Fl was found to be very useful in demonstrating the brain–tumor interface, and it was especially effective in resecting the cyst wall of the peritumoural cystic meningiomas. None of the patients had any complications, and no recurrences were noted in any of the patients within the mean follow-up period of 51 months (range: 16–102 months). ConclusionIt is important to note MRI changes specific to cystic meningioma and include meningiomas in the differential diagnosis of intracranial cystic lesions. The use of sodium fluorescein (Na-Fl) under a YELLOW 560nm microscope filter is a useful tool to differentiate the brain-tumor interface, as well as to identify the cyst wall in order to fully resect the tumor with the cystic component to avoid recurrence and achieve better clinical results.

P.095 Novel use of fluorescein sodium in the resection of a pediatric posterior fossa tumor

Background: Gross total resection of pediatric posterior fossa tumors is paramount towards improving progression-free survival.Fluorescein accumulates in tumoral tissue, where the blood-brain barrier is disrupted. It can therefore potentially aid in differentiating tumoral versus normal tissue. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fluorescent-guidance (using fluorescein) towards the resection of a pediatric cerebellar tumor, as the index case at our institution using this technique. Methods: 5 mg/kg of IV fluorescein sodium was injected upon induction of general anesthesia. During tumor resection, a yellow 560-nm filter (Kinevo microscope, Zeiss) was employed for fluorescent-guidance. The extent of resection was assessed via post-operative MRI. Results: There were no adverse side effects experienced by the patient. Tumoral material was clearly visualized under the yellow 560-nm filter, allowing for satisfactory gross total resection of the lesion (confirmed on post-operative MRI). Preliminary pathology was consistent with medulloblastoma. Conclusions: Fluorescent-guided resection of pediatric posterior fossa tumors appears to be a safe and useful adjunct for gross total resection of these lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case in Canada wherein IV fluorescein was used under a yellow 560-nm filter for resection of a posterior fossa medulloblastoma in a child.

940-P: Toward a Novel Tiny Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM): Step 3, Building an Enhanced Ratiometric Detector Using a Buried Dual Junction Diode (BDJ)

Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) improve overall glucose control in patients with diabetes, but have many disadvantages for users. We are developing a novel CGM that will be painless to insert and wear, and easy to use. Our goal is an on-body, wirelessly transmitting CGM device that extracts interstitial fluid with a dime-sized patch of microneedles and optically detects glucose from extremely small fluid volumes. Our first step in 2016 was developing an innovative method for fabricating silicon microneedles, sharp and small enough to penetrate skin without pain (160 µm in height, 50 µm in diameter, and 100 µm in width). The next year we not only demonstrated that our microneedle fabrication is repeatable and reliable but also developed an entirely new, stable, non-enzymatic glucose-sensing method based on a variation of the well-known fluorescent-based boronic acid sensor. Since then, we have further refined our sensor for conductivity sensing as well as demonstrated a novel integrated silicon buried dual-junction (BDJ) photodiode-based system with which to detect glucose with our sensor. Specifically, we built a buried dual junction (BDJ) photodiode for color or ratiometric optical sensing. We employed a simple polycarbonate UV filter to block stray 380 nm pump light from reaching the BDJ detector, and the signal-to-background ratio is further enhanced by incorporating a yellow band filter between the LED and sample reservoir. To test the optical performance of our photosensor, cationic polymer PFP and fluorescein/coumarin are excited at 380 nm and measured at the peak 425 and 525 nm. These data prove that our device is capable of detecting ∼µM of fluorophores in a ∼7 µL of volume. Next, we demonstrated the diffusion of molecules via hollow silicon microneedles. These data show that integration if all components can enable for the first time, a compact, wearable optical biosensor. Disclosure S. Pennathur: Board Member; Self; Laxmi Therapeutic Devices. Consultant; Self; Alveo Technologies. Funding American Diabetes Association/Pathway to Stop Diabetes (1-17-VSN-18)

Linearity response measurement of a SiPM-based dual-readout calorimeter for future leptonic colliders

A dual-readout fibre sampling calorimeter module, based on Silicon Photomultiplier readout, was developed and tested on beam in 2016 and 2017. This test completed the proof-of-concept but also revealed a non-linear response to the scintillation light. In 2018, the signal linearity was studied after the interposition of a yellow filter between the scintillating fibres and the sensors. This paper reports the latest results on the module performance, highlighting as well the key and potentially critical parameters and the adopted solutions.

Effect of concentrated solar radiation on the morphology of the silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity

ABSTRACTIn the present work, concentrated solar radiation (CSR) was utilised as a greener path for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with different size and explore its antibacterial potential. Citric acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone were used as a reducing agent and capping agent respectively in the reaction. The reaction was accelerated by CSR, resulting in a reduction in the reaction time. Different coloured cellophane papers were used to filter the light from the lens to check the efficacy of the radiation energy system on the synthesis of Ag NPs. UV Spectrophotometer was used to characterise Ag NPs and to optimise reaction time, while X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the synthesised particles to be Ag NPs. With the aid of particle size analyser, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results, the effect of wavelength on the size of the nanoparticles was realised. Intensity calculations depicted maximum intensity of CSR was obtained when the yellow colour filter was draped around Fresnel lens. The synthesised Ag NPs has found particle size ranged from 11 to 40 nm and remarkable antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli was noticed. This work strives to develop a greener process for the synthesis of Ag NPs with different morphology using CSR.

Synthesis and characterization of fluorescent N-CDs/ZnONPs nanocomposite for latent fingerprint detection by using powder brushing method

This study reports the first new approach of using nitrogen functionalized carbon dots coated on zinc oxide nanoparticles (N-CDs/ZnONPs) as a novel nanocomposite for latent fingerprint detection using the powder brushing method. N-CDs/ZnONPs nanocomposite was prepared using melamine, potato peel waste and zinc acetate dehydrate as precursors. This nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Zeta nanosizer, Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The size of N-CDs was around at 50–20 nm and ZnONPs was around at 40–50 nm. The quantum yield of N-CDs increased the fluorescence intensity of the fluorophore by 5.54%. The N-CDs were coated on surface of ZnONPs to increase the quantum yield and increase the blue emission after formation of N-CDs/ZnONPs by 5.12%.The N-CDs/ZnONPs nanocomposite demonstrated extraordinary sensitivity and selectivity for Latent Fingerprint (LPF) detection on the distinctive non-porous substrates which included aluminum foil, aluminum sheets, an aluminum rod, an iron disc, a compact disc, a black mat, white marble and magazine paper. This nanocomposite acts as a labeling agent and it helped to detect LFP with clear readability ridges and high contrast fingerprint images under UV light irradiation. N-CDs/ZnONPs nanocomposite additionally demonstrated superior ability to reveal readability ridges and clarity and high contrast LFP images with 415 nm and 450 nm light sources and a yellow filter by using a Living Image Microscope. This nanocomposite exhibited advantages such as improved efficiency, a non-toxic nature, good optical properties and good results in the LFP detection of the freshly applied fingerprints. N-CDs/ZnONPs nanocomposite is, therefore, a good alternative material for detection of latent fingerprints in crime investigations.

Yellow Filter Effect on Melatonin Secretion in the Eye: Role in IOP Regulation

ABSTRACTPurpose: Melatonin is a neurohormone mainly synthesized in the pineal gland; however, it is also present in the aqueous humor. One of melatonins’ functions in the eye is the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP). Melatonin is known to be sensitive to light. Recently, the photopigment which controls melatonin synthesis, melanopsin, was found in the crystalline lens. Therefore, light conditions are an interesting possible way of regulating melatonin levels in the aqueous humor. The current study used yellow filters, since melanopsin is activated by short wavelength (blue light).Methods: New Zealand white rabbits were used, divided in two groups, one under controlled 12 h light/dark cycles, while the rest had their cages encased with a yellow filter (λ 465–480). IOP measurements were taken every week at the same time before they were anesthetized for aqueous humor extraction.Results: Keeping the rabbits under the yellow filter resulted in a decrease in IOP up to 43.8 ± 7.8% after 3 weeks. This effect was reversed after the topical application of selective and nonselective melatonin receptors antagonists, 4PPDOT and luzindole. Also, blocking melanopsin by its antagonist AA92593 under white light condition decreased IOP. Finally, melatonin levels were found significantly higher in the aqueous humor of rabbits developed under yellow filter compared to controls (37.4 ± 4.2 and 15.3 ± 3.1 ng/ml, respectively).Conclusion: Yellow filters modulate melatonin levels in the aqueous humor due to deactivating melanopsin activity. This effect leads to a decrease in IOP mediated by melatonin receptors.

Evaluation of the usefulness of the alternative light source (ALS) in differentiating simulated bloodstains

The alternative light source (ALS) is a helpful technique for the detection of biological traces at a crime scene, which allows preservation of the material without destroying it. The aim of this study was to differentiate the human blood from a group of simulated bloodstains, which included: red borscht, raspberry juice, cherry liqueur, cranberry juice, tomato bruschetta, tomato paste, raspberry jam, rust, red spray, red wine and tomato ketchup. Stains, made of different types of material, were illuminated with the ALS emitted by the Mini-CrimeScope 400 (SPEX Forensics) with yellow, dark yellow, orange and red filters. The results of the analysis were presented as a description and also documented in photographs. The usage of light sources without color cut-off filters does not allow us to differentiate unequivocally real bloodstains from the trace evidence imitating or resembling bloodstains. The usage of different color cut-off filters (especially red filter) allowed us to exclude simulated bloodstains made of food and alcohol by using CSS light and light with a wavelength of 535 nm, 515 nm, 455 nm, 415 nm and 300-400 nm. Due to the different optical properties of blood and substances containing vegetable ingredients, forensic experts can differentiate human blood from simulated bloodstains by using the ALS in a non-destructive and quick way already at the crime scene. The ALS may be an example of a method which can replace more commonly used chemical-based screening tests.

Fourier Analysis of Cerebral Metabolism of Glucose: Gender Differences in Mechanisms of Color Processing in the Ventral and Dorsal Streams in Mice

Conventional imaging methods could not distinguish processes within the ventral and dorsal streams. The application of Fourier time series analysis was helpful to segregate changes in the ventral and dorsal streams of the visual system in male and female mice. The present study measured the accumulation of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) in the mouse brain using small animal positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) during light stimulation with blue and yellow filters, compared to during conditions of darkness. Fourier analysis was performed using mean standardized uptake values (SUV) of [18F]FDG for each stimulus condition to derive spectral density estimates for each condition. In male mice, luminance opponency occurred by S-peak changes in the sub-cortical retino-geniculate pathways in the dorsal stream supplied by ganglionic arteries in the left visual cortex, while chromatic opponency involved C-peak changes in the cortico-subcortical pathways in the ventral stream perfused by cortical arteries in the left visual cortex. In female mice, there was resonance phenomenon at C-peak in the ventral stream perfused by the cortical arteries in the right visual cortex during luminance processing. Conversely, chromatic opponency caused by S-peak changes in the subcortical retino-geniculate pathways in the dorsal stream supplied by the ganglionic arteries in the right visual cortex. In conclusion, Fourier time series analysis uncovered distinct mechanisms of color processing in the ventral stream in males, while in female mice color processing was in the dorsal stream. It demonstrated that computation of colour processing as a conscious experience could have a wide range of applications in neuroscience, artificial intelligence and quantum mechanics.

Event-related potential (ERP) evidence that encoding focus alters recollected features

Event-related potential (ERP) evidence suggests that encoding focus alters the quality of information bound in memory, which can affect source memory. In the present study, participants studied product images with blue or and yellow filters while focusing either on the self (self-focus) or on the color of the filtered image (other-focus). Self-focus encoding produced more positive encoding ERPs, greater recognition for old/new judgments, and a greater Late Positive Component (LPC; the putative neural correlate for recollection). Other-focus encoding led to a greater FN400 component suggesting that features (i.e., filter color and product image) were unitized and increased the familiarity used to make memory judgments. The results indicate that encoding focus can alter the balance of features bound in memory. Some features support a specific memory query (diagnostic recollection), whereas other features are from the past do not necessarily inform the memory query (non-diagnostic recollection). Thus, recollection is a complex process that depends on interactions between encoding processes, characteristics of the encountered information, and the broad context of the memory probe.

Light-induced ATP release from the lens.

The recent discovery of the photoreceptor melanopsin in lens epithelial cells has opened the possibility of modulating this protein by light stimulation. Experiments carried out on New Zealand white rabbits have demonstrated that the release of ATP from the lens to the aqueous humor can be reduced either when a yellow filter or a melanopsin antagonist is used. Compared to control (1.10 ± 0.15μM ATP), the application of a yellow filter (λ465-480) reduced ATP in the aqueous humor 70%, while the melanopsin antagonist AA92593 reduced the presence of ATP 63% (n = 5), an effect which was also obtained with the PLC inhibitor U73122. These results indicate that when melanopsin is blocked either by the lack of light, a filter, or an antagonist, the extracellular presence of ATP is significantly reduced. This discovery may be relevant, on the one hand, because many ocular physiological processes are controlled by ATP and, on the other hand, because it is possible to stimulate ATP release with just light and without using any added substance.