Yellow Color Research Articles

Assessing the impact of glazing and window shade systems on view clarity

Windows provide access to daylight and outdoor views, influencing building design. Various glazing and window shade materials are used to mitigate glare, overheating and privacy issues, and they affect view clarity. Among them, we evaluated the effect of window films, electrochromic (EC) glass, and fabric shades on view clarity. We conducted an experiment with 50 participants using visual tests adapted from clinical vision tests (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color sensitivity) and images displayed on a computer monitor in a controlled laboratory. Window films and EC glass tints outperformed fabric shades in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and view satisfaction with the exception of the darkest EC tint state and dark grey VLT 3% shade for color sensitivity and view satisfaction. The EC tints pose internal reflection issues and fabric shades are preferred for visual privacy. Window films and EC glass hinder participants’ blue–green color discrimination while fabric shades also decrease red–yellow color discrimination. Visual acuity predicts view satisfaction and contrast sensitivity is the strongest predictor for visual privacy. Generally, higher visible light transmittance and lower solar reflectance (darker color) enhance human visual performance. The proposed workflow provides an experimental procedure, identifies the primary variables and establishes a predictive framework for assessing view clarity of fenestration.

Effect of different LED light colors on welfare, performance, some behavioral patterns, and blood parameters of Muscovy ducks

BackgroundThe current study was conducted to assess the impact of different LED light colors on welfare indicators in Muscovy ducks. These welfare parameters encompassed growth performance, specific behaviors, tonic immobility (TI), feather score, haematological, and serum biochemical parameters. Eighty-four healthy unsexed Muscovy ducklings aged two weeks were randomly assigned to four groups (3replicates/group; each replicate contains 7 birds) based on different LED light colors. The first group was raised under white light, the second under red light, the third under blue light, and the fourth under yellow light. To assess the impact of various LED light colors on welfare, growth performance indicators (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio) were measured. Behavioral patterns including feeding, drinking, standing, walking, sitting, feather pecking, and other activities were recorded. Tonic immobility test (TI) and feather condition scoring were conducted at 3, 6, and 10 weeks of age. At the end of the study blood samples were collected for hematological and serum biochemical analyses.ResultsThe results revealed that using blue, yellow, and red colors had no adverse effect on the final body weight of the ducks (P > 0.05). Unlike to red light, blue light significantly reduced feather pecking, TI time and cortisol concentrations and improved the feather condition score (P ≤ 0.05).ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that the application of blue light effectively improves welfare indices and has no detrimental impact on the growth performance of Muscovy ducks thereby positively contributing to their welfare.

Pressure-induced shape and color changes and mechanical-stimulation-driven reverse transition in a one-dimensional hybrid halide

Dynamic crystals with directional deformations in response to external stimuli through molecular reconfiguration, are observed predominantly in certain organic crystals and metal complexes. Low-dimensional hybrid halides, resemble these materials due to the presence of strong hydrogen bonds between bulky organic moieties and inorganic units, whereas their dynamic behavior remains largely unexplored. Here we show that a one-dimensional hybrid halide (MV)BiBr5 (MV = methylviologen) undergoes an isosymmetric phase transition at hydrostatic pressure of 0.20 GPa, accompanied by a remarkable length expansion of 20–30% and red to dark yellow color change. Unexpectedly, the backward transition can be fully reversed by mechanical stimulation rather than decompression. In the high-pressure phase, the coexistence of strong Bi3+ lone pair stereochemical activity and large reorientations of the planar MV2+ cations, together with the newly formed CH···Br hydrogen interactions, are the structural features that facilitate microscopic changes and stabilize the metastable high-pressure phase at ambient conditions.

Sexual selection may support phenotypic plasticity in male coloration of an African cichlid fish.

The expression of sexually selected traits, such as ornaments or body coloration, is often influenced by environmental conditions. While such phenotypic plasticity is often thought to precede evolutionary change, plasticity itself can also be a target of selection. However, the selective forces supporting the evolution and persistence of plasticity in sexual traits are often unclear. Using the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni, we show that variation in the level of mate competition may promote plasticity in body coloration. In this species, males can change between yellow and blue colour. We found that experimentally increased competition over mating territories led to a higher proportion of males expressing the yellow phenotype. The expression of yellow coloration was found to be beneficial because yellow males won more staged dyadic contests and exhibited a lower level of oxidative stress than blue males. However, females were more likely to spawn with blue males in mate choice experiments, suggesting that expression of blue coloration is sexually more attractive. The ability to adjust colour phenotype according to the local competitive environment could therefore promote the persistence of plasticity in coloration.

Rapid, low-cost determination of Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ using a cellulose paper-based sensor and UV–vis method with silver nanoparticles synthesized with S. mammosum

As water effluents are often highly contaminated with metals, having a quick and cost-effective method of analysis is crucial. This study used the supernatant derived from the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with Solanum mammosum to detect mercury, copper, and iron with a low-cost cellulose paper-based sensor and a rapid colorimetric method applying ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis). AgNPs in two precursor concentrations using silver nitrate, 1 mM (17.4 ± 9 nm) and 50 mM (and 22 ± 8.1 nm), were utilized to assess the efficacy of the analysis and removal of Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ from contaminated water. Cellulose paper-based sensor showed limits of detection (LODs) for Hg2+ of 2.46 and 123 μM using AgNPs at concentrations of 1 and 50 mM, respectively. For Cu2+, the LODs were 55 and 2750 μM, and for Fe3+, the LODs were 49 and 2470 μM using the respective concentrations. To differentiate and detect the cations with the naked eye, a potassium iodide and potassium ferrocyanide (1:1) aqueous solution was used, producing a yellow, pink, and blue color for Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+, respectively. Additionally, the titration curves of Hg2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ were examined by UV–Vis using the supernatant liquid. The LODs for the UV–Vis method using AgNPs at a concentration of 1 mM were 1.50 μM for Hg2+, 10.7 μM for Cu2+, and 4.33 μM for Fe3+, while the LODs for AgNPs at 50 mM were 5.75, 27.6, and 15 μM for Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+, respectively. Furthermore, these nanoparticles were utilized to assess the efficacy of the removal of Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ from contaminated water. Removal efficiency with the solid 50 mM AgNPs was analyzed via flame absorption spectrophotometry; values over 95% were obtained for the three ions. The results underscore the effectiveness of a green synthesis approach to generating AgNPs, enabling efficient and economical cation analysis and water decontamination.

Investigation and comparison of the influence of modified DBR and yellow color filters for quantum dot color conversion-based micro LED applications

This study compares how a modified distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and yellow color filter (Y-CF) increase the color purity, viewing angle, and brightness of the quantum dot color conversion layer (QDCC) for micro-LED displays. We designed and built a 53-layer high-performance modified DBR with almost total blue leakage filtering (T %: 0.16 %) and very high G/R band transmittance (T %: 96.97 %) for comparison. We also use a Y-CF that filters blue light (T %: 0.84 %) and has good G/R band transmittance (T %: 94.83 %). Due to DBR's angle dependency effect, the modified DBR/QDCC structure offers a remarkable color gamut (117.41 % NTSC) at the forward viewing angle, but this rapidly diminishes beyond 30°. The Y-CF/QDCC structure retains 116 % NTSC color at all viewing angles. Because of its consistent color performance at all viewing angles, sufficient brightness, and outstanding color gamut, the Y-CF/QDCC structure is the best option for contemporary QDCC-based micro-LED displays.

Spectrophotometric determination of mercaptopurine and dimercaprol for use in physiological and environmental application

Mercaptopurine (MP) and dimercaprol (DMC) are mercaptons which are used to treat cancer and acute poisoning like arsenic, mercury, gold and lead respectively. The quality and quantity of these drugs in the marketed pharmaceutical formulations need to be ensured to reduce toxicity and to achieve a better therapeutic effect. The excessive exploitation of these drugs may exert harmful effects on human health. On the other hand, expiry date chemicals after thrown in water bodies are dangerous for environment. The quick determination of these drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological fluids and water samples is of great importance. Hence, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for their determination. The reactions of compounds with carbon disulphide and copper(I) perchlorate were carried out in the presence of sodiumbicarbonate to form a yellow coloured copper(I) drug dithiocarbamate complex and it was investigated for the spectrophotometric determination of these drugs. The analysis was accomplished by measuring the intensity of yellow colour at 370 and 455nm respectively for mercaptopurine and DMC against a reagent blank. Under the optimized conditions, calibration graphs were linear in the ranges of 3.04-60.86 and 1.24-18.63 μg/mL with the detection limit (3.3 σ / s) of 0.7480 and 0.3227 μg/mL respectively. The high recoveries of the mercaptopurine and dimercaaprol drugs by the proposed method from respective pharmaceutical formulations (98.0-99.8 and 98.3-99.6), simulated biological fluids (87.0-95.2 and 87.5-94.5 %) and spiked water samples (88.3-95.5 and 87.5-95.1 %) indicate good accuracy and precision of the method.

Analisis Preferensi Konsumen Daging Ayam Broiler di Pasar Tradisional Kabupaten Jember Jawa Timur

Broiler chicken meat or usually known as broiler chicken, is easy to find in traditional markets and modern markets in Jember Regency. Consumers see a product as a collection of attributes that will determine a preference. A person's preferences can be formed through a person's behavior patterns which are based on several reasons, namely, previous experience and hereditary beliefs. The existence of people who still choose traditional markets amidst the rise of modern markets has become a social phenomenon. The aim of the research is to find out what attributes of broiler chicken meat are consumer preferences and what attributes are most considered by consumers. The research method used is descriptive. The data collection methods in this research are primary and secondary data. The analytical methods used are Chi Square analysis and Fishbein Multiattribute analysis. The results of the research show that all the attributes observed in this study, namely meat color, meat aroma, meat parts and cut shape, are significantly different within the 95% confidence level, meaning that there are differences in consumer preferences for the existing attributes (color, aroma, part and shape of the cut). on broiler chicken meat. Broiler chicken meat which is the consumer preference in traditional markets in Jember Regency is broiler chicken meat with attributes of choice including yellowish white color, non-fishy aroma, chicken thigh meat, and even cut shape. The attributes that are most considered and those that are least considered are color, aroma, part of the meat, shape of cut.

Los colores del cielo

This manuscript describes the Olbers paradox, the Purkinje effect, and the Rayleigh and Mie theories of light scatte-ring, explaining their link with the black of the night, the white of the stars, the blue of a clear day sky, the yellowish co-lors of the Sun, the reddish of sunsets, and the milky appearance of clouds

First report of pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus infecting hot chili in central Vietnam and Laos.

Hot chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivation has been on the rise in South East Asia to meet export demands. In Thailand, the top chili exporter in South East Asia, chili production has been severely hampered by pepper yellow leaf curl disease (YLCD) caused by the begomovirus pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (PepYLCThV) (Chiemsombat et al., 2018; Suwor et al., 2021). In the neighbouring countries of Laos and Vietnam, a limited survey of chili fields (200 plants in total) in Savannakhet (Savannakhet University campus, n = 150), Laos and Quang Nam province (Ka Dang commune, Dong Giang district, n = 50), central Vietnam in 2023 led to the finding of eight plants (5 in Laos and 3 in Vietnam) exhibiting YLCD-like symptoms, which included bright yellow color in young leaves and leaf curl and mosaic chlorosis in mature leaves (Fig. S1). Total DNA was extracted from leaves of two symptomatic plants (one from Savannakhet and one from Quang Nam) using a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-based DNA extraction protocol (Doyle & Doyle, 1987; Nguyen et al., 2023). Next, PCR were performed using newly designed PepYLCThV-specific primers based on PepYLCThV sequences in GenBank (Table 1). PCR products of expected sizes were observed in samples with disease symptoms, but not from DNA extracted from C. annuum (cv. VA.99999) grown at the Institute of Biotechnology in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam (Fig. S2). The amplicons were Sanger sequenced (Apical Scientific, Selangor, Malaysia) and the complete bipartite genome sequence of two isolates ('Sava01' from Laos and 'QNam01' from Vietnam) were obtained. The sequences of the DNA-A component from isolates 'Sava01' (GenBank PP437580) and 'QNam01' (GenBank PP437581) exhibited the highest sequence identity of 99.2% and 94.7% with the PepYLCThV isolate 'ChiangDaoS1' (GenBank OM677627), respectively (Table 2). Conversely, the sequences of the DNA-B component from the isolates 'Sava01' (GenBank PP437579) and 'QNam01' (GenBank PP437582) exhibited the highest similarity of 91.8% and 90.9% with the PepYLCThV isolate 'KKN601' (GenBank MW715820), respectively (Table 2). These results confirmed the presence of PepYLCThV in hot chili pepper plants exhibiting YLCD-like symptoms in central Vietnam and Laos. Infectious clones of PepYLCThV DNA-A and DNA-B (isolate 'QNam01') were created based on the pLX-AS vector as described by Pasin (2022), and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105. The resulting bacteria were cultured in LB broth containing rifampicin (25 μg/mL) and kanamycin (50 μg/mL) at 28°C and used for agroinoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana (n = 6) and C. annuum (cv. VA.99999, n = 6) (4-6 leaf plants) as described by Pasin (2022). In all N. benthamiana plants, agroinoculation with both DNA-A and DNA-B infectious clones caused stunted growth, severe leaf curl, with yellow and white patches 21 days post inoculation (Fig. S3). In C. annuum plants, symptom expression, which included leaf curl and stunted leaves with yellow mosaic patterns, was observed in two out of six inoculated plants six weeks postinoculation (Fig. S3). PCR assays confirmed the presence of PepYLCThV DNA in N. benthamiana and C. annuum symptomatic leaves (Fig. S4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus in hot chili pepper in Laos and central Vietnam. Appropriate containment and management strategies should be developed and implemented to control the spread of this disease in hot chili pepper crops in both countries.

Pembuatan Roll Cake dengan Tepung Komposit Talas–Kacang Hijau (Takau)

Roll cake is generally made from flour that gives structure, texture, and softness. The selection of the right flour also plays an important role in the final result roll cake. This study was conducted to modify the ingredients of roll cake is the ratio of Taro flour and green beans as a substitute for wheat. The purpose of this study was to determine the organoleptic properties of the finished roll cake. This research is an experiment. The data collection technique used was observation through 5 trained panelists and 25 semi-trained panelists assisted by observation sheets assessing the interval distance between the upper and lower values (5-1). Data analysis using a single Anava (Analysis of Variance) test. The test results showed the characteristics of rectangular shape, golden yellow color, fragrant aroma, texture and taste are distinctive and Sweet; has a nutritional content of carbohydrates 48.78%, 8.71% protein, fat 3.19%, 38.81% water and 0.16% ash. 1. Need to do the use of butter that has a quality brand, 2. Need to perform additional comparative test 60%: 40%, 3. Further research needs to be done to produce the best roll cake including the safe and innovative packaging for consumers, 4. Need to do endurance test and storage on the cake roll.

The Development of Digital Colorimetric-Based Thiourea Receptor for Highly Sensitive Detection of Dihydrogen Phosphate

T his study aimed to synthesize a new chemosensor, namely 1,1’-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-(4-nitrophenyl)thiourea), specifically designed for detection of H2PO4−. The compound was characterized using FTIR, LC-MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR, while the colorimetric sensing abilities were validated through various analyses. These include linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, RGB, and HSV color components. Digital images of color changes were captured using a smartphone camera and Color Grab app was used to quantify color components. Subsequently, anions test (NO3−, Cl–, HSO4−, and H2PO4−) were conducted in acetonitrile, where the addition of H2PO4− induced a distinct color change from colorless to yellow. The results showed that detection of H2PO4− depended on pH of the solution, with no color change observed at pH 1-3 due to anions converting to acidic species. At pH 5, H2PO4− was detected as a yellow color change, and alkaline conditions led to different color responses. Furthermore, UV-Vis detection showed recovery values of 99.80% to 100.6%, indicating high accuracy. RGB and HSV color component-based sensors showed recovery values of 101.6% to 114.4% and 92.50% to 110.2%, respectively. The LOD of the UV-Vis, RGB, and HSV methods were 0.16 μM, 0.46 μM, and 0.18 μM, while LOQ values were 0.54 μM,1.52 μM, and 0.61 μM, respectively. In conclusion, the synthesized chemosensor showed potential for accurate and sensitive detection of H2PO4− using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and digital colorimetric-based image.

Carotenoid biosynthesis profiling unveils the variance of flower coloration in Tagetes erecta and enhances fruit pigmentation in tomato

Carotenoids play a pivotal role in plant. Tagetes erecta, commonly called marigold, has increasing nutritional and economic value due to its high level of carotenoids in flower. However, the functional genes in the carotenoid biosynthesis of T. erecta have not been studied. In this work, three T. erecta varieties with flowers of yellow, yellow-orange and orange color, respectively, were examined for carotenoids composition and corresponding expression profiling of biosynthetic genes at four developmental stages. The results indicated that the varieties with higher lutein content, orange-flower ‘Juwang’ and yellow-orange ‘Taishan’, exhibited significant upregulation of genes in the upstream biosynthesis pathway, especially PDS (phytoene desaturase), PSY (phytoene synthase) and ZDS (zeta-carotene desaturase), whereas downstream carotenoid cleavage genes CCD (carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase) were markedly downregulated throughout flower development in the highest lutein containing variety ‘Juwang’. Furthermore, marigold TePDS, TePSYS3 and TeZDS were isolated and transformed into tomato. Overexpression of TePDS or TeZDS resulted in the promotion of fruit ripening and accumulation of carotenoids in the transgenic lines. On the other hand, marigold TePSYS3 showed multiple effects, not only on fruit carotenogenesis but also on pigmentation patterns in vegetative tissues and plant growth. Taken together, the variations in expression profiles of the biosynthetic genes contribute to dynamic change in carotenoid levels and diversity of flower coloration in T. erecta. These functional genes of T. erecta were verified in tomato and provide targets for genetic improvement of fruit carotenoids accumulation.

Physicochemical and Sensory Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Xylitol Candies Containing Yuja (Citrus junos) Peels or Pulp.

Xylitol candies offer numerous health benefits such as preventing cavities and obesity. However, a preference for them tends to be low due to their distinctive flavor. In this study, we developed xylitol candies containing mature yuja peel (MYP-C), immature yuja peel (IYP-C), and yuja pulp (YP-C). To determine the optimal yuja added to xylitol candy, we compared and analyzed its physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, and antioxidant activities. IYP-C and MYP-C significantly increased the naringin and hesperidin contents compared to the control and the YP-C. In particular, the IYP-C exhibited the highest content of flavonoids and polyphenols, which contributed to enhancing antioxidant activity such as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azino-di-2 ethyl-benzothiazoline sulfonate (ABTS+) radical scavenging activities. The IYP-C had the highest crude ash content. The L*, a*, and b* values of MYP-C and IYP-C showed dark red and yellow colors compared to the CON and YP-C groups. The sensory analysis conducted using electronic tongue equipment revealed that IYP-C exhibited high levels of umami, sweetness, and bitterness, while YP-C showed the highest intensity of sourness. In conclusion, these results suggest that IYP-C rather than MYP-C and YP-C provide xylitol candy with good qualities in terms of antioxidant activities and physicochemical characteristics.

Optimization Of Carica Fruit Jelly Candy Formula: Study Of Proportions Of Carica Fruit Pure And Bovine Gelatin

Carica is one of the fruits that can be found in the Dieng Plateau, Wonosobo Regency. Carica fruit has a unique taste, distinctive aroma and chewy flesh. It has a sour, bitter and gum taste which can cause itching, so this fruit is only good for consumption if it has been processed first. One example is by processing it into jelly candy. This study aims to: (1) determine the proportions of puree carica and gelatine to produce carica jelly candy products that have a response of elasticity, cohesiveness, carica taste, softness, and maximum preference, yellow color in range, and minimum stickiness; (2) knowing the sensory characteristics of the jelly candy product with the formula recommended by the Design Expert program; (3) determination of the price of rubber between the optimum formula jelly candy product and the control. This study used the RSM (Response Surface Methodology) method with a CCD (Central Composite Design) experimental design consisting of 2 factors and 2 blocks to obtain 14 treatment combinations. The data obtained were analyzed using Design Expert software V.10 and SPSS IBM Statistics V.25 using a 95% T-test. The results of this study were the optimum carica fruit jelly candy formula with the proportion of carica fruit puree 28.85% and gelatine 12.75% with a desirability value of 0.75. Increasing the proportion of pure carica fruit causes an increase in the intensity of carica taste and yellow color. While the addition of gelatin gave an increase in the elasticity, cohesiveness, stickiness and level of preference of the panelists. The results of chemical tests on carica fruit jelly candy with optimum formula and control were the optimum product had higher moisture content, ash content, protein content, and vitamin C than the control product.

Determination of Optical Properties of Ovangkol (Guibourtia ehie) Wood Treated with Oxalic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide

Ovangkol wood is a valuable species in woodworking industries, especially in the furniture sector. Bleaching processes alter the color of the wood. In this research, changes in certain surface properties [whiteness index (WI*), glossiness, and color parameters (lightness (L*), red (a*) color tone, yellow (b*) color tone, chroma (C*) value, and hue (ho) angle)] were investigated upon the application of two different bleaching chemicals [oxalic acid (C2H2O4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) + sodium hydroxide (NaOH)] on the surfaces of ovangkol (Guibourtia ehie) wood. With the chemical C2H2O4, increases were observed in the WI* ║ direction and in all color parameters. In addition, with the NaOH + H2O2 solution, increases were obtained in the L* and ho values, while decreases were observed in the a*, C*, and b* parameters. When employing the C2H2O4 chemical, the ∆E* value measured at 4.25, whereas treatments involving solutions prepared with H2O2 + NaOH yielded a ∆E* value of 13.14. Positive ∆L* values were observed with the use of both chemicals. Conversely, while the ∆a*, ∆b*, and ∆C* values showed positivity with the C2H2O4 chemical, they exhibited negativity when using the NaOH + H2O2 solution. Glossiness values decreased at both 60 and 85 degrees, irrespective of whether they were measured parallel or perpendicular to the fibers, following the application of both bleaching agents on the wooden surfaces.

The Effect of Mungbeans and Skim Milk Concentration on The Nutritional and Sensory Properties of Corn Milk

The research aims to determine the effect of adding mungbean and skim milk on the physical, chemical and sensory properties of corn milk as well as the best formula to produce the best corn milk. The experimental design used was a factorial randomized block design. The factors studied were the addition of green beans consisting of three levels, namely 10, 20 and 30% and the concentration of skim milk consisting of three levels, namely 3, 9 and 15%. Three repetitions were carried out to obtain 27 experimental units. The results showed that the higher the addition of green beans, the lower the viscosity and protein content. The higher the concentration of skim milk used, the higher the total dissolved solids, the lower the water content, and the higher the fat content. Determining the best treatment using the Multiple Attribute Method. Sweet corn milk with the addition of 10% green beans and 3% skim milk was the best treatment with total dissolved solids of 11.67oBrix; viscosity 27.9 cP; moisture 86.1%; ash content 0.357%; fat content 0.643%; protein content 1.69; whitish yellow color (3.35); slightly strong corn aroma (3.28); slightly thick (3.23); delicious flavor (3.67); and favorable (3.63).

Pigmented Rice: A Source of Health and Longevity

Rice of different varieties forms the staple food of more than half of the population in the world and is the leading cereal crop in many developing countries of the world. About half of the world population consumes rice as their major source of carbohydrate however it is also consumed as a source of protein in many countries. Rice comes in many shapes, sizes and color and thus its nutritional quality, cooking and uses vary accordingly. It is not only the white rice which contributes to these production figures, but it are available in many colors and pigments including black, purple, brown and red. The yellow, green, brown, red, purple and black colors of the rice have neutraceutical properties and hold the potential to promote health and improve metabolism. Black rice, also called "emperor's rice," has a thin layer of black bran, due to the presence of the purple/ black pigment biochemically termed as 'anthocyanin'. It is a rich source of antioxidants along with other nutrients including B vitamins (thiamine, niacin), vitamin E, magnesium, phosphorous, iron and dietary fibers. Similar to normal white rice, pigmented/ black rice is also glutinous and is relished for its nutritional significance of being low in fat, sugar and salt it is also free from gluten and cholesterol. Not only the historical evidence but modern research findings also support the claim of pigmented rice being 'super food' of twenty-first century. It has wide health benefits including lowering risk of obesity, anti-ageing, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetes and many more. Its consumption even in limited amounts acts as a savior from many serious diseases and illnesses. Due to its nutritional composition and various health benefits, it is considered as a functional food. The presence of anthocyanin, the pigment that imparts it a specific colour and holds antioxidant properties supports health and longevity. The present review reflects the nutritional profile and significant benefits of pigmented rice including its food uses so that the commodity can be popularized and utilized by the population for gaining various health benefits.

In office external bleaching of teeth with discoloration: a case report

Background: Tooth discoloration is a prevalent issue that significantly impacts an individual's self-confidence. Fortunately, dentists offer highly effective and non-invasive teeth whitening techniques that use higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (HP) of around 35% to 40%. These techniques can help resolve the problem of teeth discoloration better than at-home methods designed to deliver faster results. This is particularly helpful when immediate whitening is required. Purpose: This case study aims to report cases of in-office external bleaching of discolored teeth. Case: A 29-year-old woman complained about the yellowish shade of her teeth, which made her feel less confident due to the yellowish color. Case Management: The management for discoloration of teeth was done with dental bleaching using 40% hydrogen peroxide. As a result of the treatment, the desired tooth color increased from 3M1 to 1M1 Vita 3D Master and from Opalescence no.6 to 4. Conclusion: In-office dental bleaching is a highly effective treatment option for correcting tooth discoloration that dental professionals widely use. The procedure can significantly improve the appearance of discolored teeth and increase self-confidence of the patient.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Pigment Producing Bacteria from Soil of Different Locality of Assam

Pigment is the most attractive attribute and integral part of human life. The source of the pigment used for different applications is chemically synthesised. However, pigment produced from natural sources (such as plants and microorganisms) can also be applied as a coloring agent. In addition to being colorants, many natural pigments are also fascinating bioactive substances with possible health benefits. Agrochemicals, food, medicine, pharmacology, cosmetics, and numerous other industries use these compounds. In this study, a total of 7 pigmented colonies were isolated from the soil samples of different areas of Assam. Out of 7 pigmented colonies, 3 colonies showed orange color and 4 colonies showed yellow color. Based on the similarity of growth pattern and high intensity of pigmentation one colony from each pigment was picked for further studies. The isolated orange and yellow pigments were denoted as S1 and S2, respectively. With the help of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology the isolated pigmented strains were preliminary identified based on their morphological, microscopic, and biochemical characteristics and after that 16S rRNA gene sequencing helped to identify the bacteria at the species level and the strains were identified as (S1) Micrococcus aloeverae ON377368 and (S2) Exiguobacterium aestuarii ON377409. The identified strains Micrococcus aloeverae and Exiguobacterium aestuarii showed a high pigment production rate at specific optimized conditions such as at temperature 37°C, pH 6, and NaCl concentrations at 1.5-2% and strains also showed a good characteristic growth pattern at a specific time interval. Therefore, the present study may be a helpful step towards the large-scale manufacture of pigments and the extraction, purification, and characterization of the pigment extracted from these strains will lead to provide a potent eco-friendly natural dye in the industrial sector.