Yellow Channel Research Articles

Recognising small colour changes with unsupervised learning, comparison of methods

Colour differentiation is crucial in machine learning and computer vision. It is often used when identifying items and objects based on distinct colours. While common colours like blue, red, green, and yellow are easily distinguishable, some applications require recognising subtle colour variations. Such demands arise in sectors like agriculture, printing, healthcare, and packaging. This research employs prevalent unsupervised learning techniques to detect printed colours on paper, focusing on CMYK ink (saturation) levels necessary for recognition against a white background. The aim is to assess whether unsupervised clustering can identify colours within QR-Codes. One use-case for this research is usage of functional inks, ones that change colour based on environmental factors. Within QR-Codes they serve as low-cost IoT sensors. Results of this research indicate that K-means, C-means, Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), Hierarchical clustering, and Spectral clustering perform well in recognising colour differences when CMYK saturation is 20% or higher in at least one channel. K-means stands out when saturation drops below 10%, although its accuracy diminishes significantly, especially for yellow or magenta channels. A saturation of at least 10% in one CMYK channel is needed for reliable colour detection using unsupervised learning. To handle ink densities below 5%, further research or alternative unsupervised methods may be necessary.

A novel fluorescent probe based on carbazole-thiophene for the recognition of hypochlorite and its applications

A carbazole thiophene-aldehyde and 4-methylbenzenesulfonhydrazide conjugate CSH was synthesized by introducing 5-thiophene aldehyde at the 3-position of the carbazole group as the precursor and then condensing it with 4-methylbenzenesulfonhydrazide. CSH has high selectivity and sensitivity towards ClO−, which can specifically identify ClO− by UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. CSH can rapidly respond to ClO− in the physiological pH range through a fluorescence quenching pattern, accompanied by the color of CSH changing markedly from turquoise to yellowish green under the 365 nm UV light. Probe CSH exhibits a quantitative response to ClO− (0–11 μM) with a low detection limit (1.16 × 10−6 M). Cell imaging experiments have shown that CSH can capture fluorescent signals in the cyan and yellow channels of HeLa cells through fluorescence confocal microscopy, and can successfully identify exogenous ClO− in HeLa cells. In addition, probe CSH can also be used to detect ClO− in environmental water samples. These results indicate that CSH has potential application prospects in the environmental analysis and biological aspects.

Novel Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) Assay for Visualization of the Protein-Protein Interactions and Cellular Protein Complex Localizations.

Investigations of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are of paramount importance for comprehending cellular processes within biological systems. The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay presents a convenient methodology for visualizing PPIs within live cells. While a range of fluorescent proteins have been introduced into the BiFC system, there is a growing demand for new fluorescent proteins to accommodate the expanding requirements of researchers. This study describes the introduction of Tagged blue fluorescent protein 2 (TagBFP2) into the BiFC assay to verify the interaction between two proteins, with Enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) employed as a positive control. Both fluorescent proteins demonstrated optimal performance in this study. Compared to EYFP, the BiFC system utilizing TagBFP2 yielded a higher signal-to-noise ratio, which facilitated differentiation of the signal of PPIs from noise and enabled employment of other fluorescent proteins within the BiFC assay. Notably, the utilization of a fluorescent secondary antibody in immunofluorescence applications or the tagging of an interest protein with a fluorescent protein occupied the green or yellow channel. Overall, the present article introduces a BiFC assay that is highly straightforward, reliable, and replicable, with the ability to be completed within 1week. This method requires neither expensive instrumentation nor technical skills of a high order.

Ratiometric and Discriminative Visualization of Autophagy and Apoptosis with a Single Fluorescent Probe Based on the Aggregation/Monomer Principle.

Autophagy and apoptosis play a central role in maintaining homeostasis in mammals. Therefore, discriminative visualization of the two cellular processes is an important and challenging task. However, fluorescent probes enabling ratiometric visualization of both autophagy and apoptosis with different sets of fluorescence signals have not been developed yet. In this work, we constructed a versatile single fluorescent probe (NKLR) based on the aggregation/monomer principle for the ratiometric and discriminative visualization of autophagy and apoptosis. NKLR can simultaneously perform two-color imaging of RNA (deep red channel) and lysosomes (yellow channel) in aggregation and monomer states, respectively. During autophagy, NKLR migrated from cytoplasmic RNA and nuclear RNA to lysosomes, showing enhanced yellow emission and sharply decreased deep red fluorescence. Moreover, this migration process was reversible upon the recovery of autophagy. Comparatively, during apoptosis, NKLR immigrated from lysosomes to RNA, and the yellow emission decreased and even disappeared, while the fluorescence of the deep red channel slightly increased. Overall, autophagy and apoptosis could be discriminatively visualized via the fluorescence intensity ratios of the two channels. Meanwhile, the cells in three different states (healthy, autophagic, apoptotic) could be distinguished by three point-to-point fluorescence images via the localization and emission color of NKLR. Therefore, the probe NKLR can serve as a desirable molecular tool to reveal the in-depth relation between autophagy and apoptosis and facilitate the study on the two cellular processes.

Ratiometric imaging of peroxynitrite in live cells, Locusta Malpighian tubes and zebrafish by a benzothiazole-based mitochondria-targetable fluorescent probe

Peroxynitrite (ONOO−), an essential reactive oxygen species, plays a critical role in various cellular processes. However, irregular ONOO− concentration will disturb the normal function of cells. In this work, we present the design and synthesis of a new peroxynitrite probe, BTNB, in which 3-benzyl-2-(6-hydroxylnaphthalene-2-vinyl) benzothiazolium bromide as the signaling fluorophore was integrated with benzyl borate moiety as the responsive group. The faint electron-withdrawing nature of the boronic ester caused a reduction in the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character of BTNB, which was greatly enhanced by ONOO− due to the oxidation of aryl boronates to yield a phenolic product. As a result, BTNB exhibited ratiometric responses to ONOO− with high selectivity and sensitivity (LOD = 0.25 μM) in an aqueous solution. Having large stokes shift (163 nm), good mitochondrial targeting ability and low cytotoxicity, the probe BTNB exhibits good performance in dual-channel (yellow and red channel) ratiometric imaging of ONOO− in cells, zebrafish, and Malpighian tubes.

Xanthene-based polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe with large Stokes shifts for simultaneous two-color visualizing of lipid droplets and lysosomes

Lipid droplets (LDs) and lysosomes interact as important intracellular subcellular organelles in many physiological and pathological processes. Two-color imaging fluorescent probes have become an important tool for studying the interaction between lipid droplets and lysosomes in cells. Based on the variance in polarity between LDs and lysosomes, a polarity-sensitive probe LD-H-Lyso was designed and synthesized with an xanthene fluorophore as the main body, moreover we introduced a morpholine group into the main structure of the probe to enable it targeting lysosomes. The maximum emission wavelengths of LD-H-Lyso in 1,4-dioxane, acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide were 549 nm (yellow wavelength range), 624 nm (red wavelength range) and 661 nm (red wavelength range) respectively under excitation at 405 nm. The maximum redshift of the fluorescence emission was 112 nm and the maximum Stokes shift was 223 nm. Meanwhile, the results of cell imaging showed that LD-H-Lyso was able to visualize both LDs (yellow channel) and lysosomes (red channel) with high specificity, with pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.96 for LDs and 0.97 for lysosomes. Furthermore, staining of HepG2 cells using LD-H-Lyso allowed monitoring a corresponding decrease or increase in the number of LDs that were lit in starved/oleic acid-treated cells, with a weak effect on lysosomes displayed in the red channel. Similarly, chloroquine-treated cells exhibited poorer targeting of the probe to lysosomes compared to normal cells, resulting in reduced lamellar fluorescence in the red channel and less altered fluorescence in the yellow channel. Thus, LD-H-Lyso presented significant potential as a new monitoring tool that can simultaneously label both organelles and enable monitoring of individual organelles to explore the interaction of LDs and lysosomes.

Colour balance and contrast stretching for sand‐dust image enhancement

The increasingly frequent sand-dust weather in the inland areas seriously affects outdoor vision applications, especially autonomous vehicles and security monitoring. To moderate the image's colour cast and poor contrast caused by sand-dust weather, an effective approach is proposed in this study to enhance the sand-dust images. First, the original degraded image's colour cast is corrected by a new colour balance and compensation formula, which compensates the blue and green channel information through numerous yellow channel information caused by sand-dust scattering before white balance. Next, in order to avoid the new colour deviation, the corrected image is converted from the RGB colour space to the HSV colour space and use the CLAHE to enhance the V component to improve the contrast. Then, a nonlinear gain function is defined to further adaptively sharpen the V component to enhance image details. Finally, the S component is stretched to improve image saturation. The extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluation shows that this method can improve the image edge clarity and contrast, restore good colour fidelity for all sand-dust images tested. The verification also proves that this method is of much significance in improving the feature point extraction and the target detection results in the sand-dust weather.

A coumarin-based fluorescence chemosensor for the determination of Al3+ and ClO− with different fluorescence emission channels

A coumarin-based chemosensor FCOC (1 N'-(furan-2-carbonyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide) was synthesized, and its sensing behaviors towards different analytes were investigated. The chemosensor FCOC showed discriminative detection pathways to aluminum (III) and hypochlorite anion with distinct fluorescence channels (blue and yellow channels). While FCOC displayed no fluorescence, after the addition of Al3+ ions into the FCOC solution an intense yellow fluorescence was observed. Also, the chemosensor FCOC showed blue fluorescence toward ClO−. Limit of detection (LOD) values were found to be 14.2 nM for Al3+ and 0.238 µM for ClO−, respectively. Response mechanisms of FCOC to Al3+ and ClO− were proven using different spectroscopic techniques and theoretical calculation. Overall, this study demonstrated that the single chemosensor has the capability of monitoring both Al3+ and ClO− through two different sensing modes.

CMYK channel modification to optimize optical yarn color mixing effects for multicolored Jacquard artwork reproduction

Multicolored Jacquard artwork reproduction has been limited by the current setting of weaving machinery. Novel weaving applications have been introduced to overcome these current restrictions. The subtractive cyan, magenta, yellow and black system used for color printing has been important in optical yarn color mixing of Jacquard color production, because a wide scope of weave color production is possible with a small number of weft yarns. Previously, cyan, magenta, and yellow channels have been modified to resolve current restrictions in reproducing saturated black and secondary colors, but these experiments have not been successful. However, the generation of secondary color ranges is possible by mixing a pair of cyan, magenta, and yellow color yarns. In addition, it is feasible to control chroma levels of primary and secondary colors by mixing with a black yarn. Therefore, the potential of using four weft yarn colors is re-examined for the reproduction of multicolored artworks in relation to cost and production efficiency. Based on a mathematical morphology theory, cyan, magenta, and yellow color channels are altered in the use of image processing tools offered by Adobe Photoshop. A pair of the three color channels is combined under mathematical functions and they are modified through four steps. As a result, new cyan, magenta, and yellow color channels are created to optimize optical yarn color mixing effects. This study introduces details of the cyan, magenta, and yellow channel modification process and experiment results that examine the significance of the newly developed cyan, magenta, and yellow color channels.

A fluorescent probe for monitoring Cys fluctuations in the oxidative stress environment simulated by Cu2+ or H2O2

Redox balance is the core of holding the good physiological state of the body. Cysteine (Cys) is one of the important biomolecules, which plays an indispensable role in maintaining the body's redox homeostasis. The redox of organisms is mainly the result of the dynamic balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and biological reducing agents (such as Cys). Fluorescent probes have the advantages of simple operation, good specificity and high sensitivity, and have become a common tool for bio-sensing in complex systems. In this article, we designed a probe NF-O-SBD that can specifically detect Cys. The chlorine atom of NF-O-SBD was easily substituted by sulfhydryl as a reaction site. After the formation of sulfur substitution products, intramolecular rearrangement occurred and fluorescent signal was emitted in the yellow channel at 550 nm. It can be seen from the spectroscopy experiment that the content of Hcy in organisms (15 μM) basically did not cause significant fluorescence changes, Therefore, based on the practical application in biology, we further used NF-O-SBD to visualize endogenous and exogenous Cys in HepG-2 cells and zebrafish. Simultaneously, we used Cu2+ or H2O2 induction to simulate the oxidative stress environment of cells and zebrafish, under which the concentration variation of Cys was monitored.

REAL-TIME PCR TO IDENTIFY PORCINE DNA IN PROSTHODONTIC MATERIALS

Objectives: This study aimed to identify porcine DNA in prosthodontic materials using Real-Time PCR. Materials and methods: Eighteen prosthodontic materials: three irreversible hydrocolloids, three elastomers, three denture adhesives, three soft denture linings, three temporary crowns, and three denture bases materials were used as the samples. It was conducted in two stages. First, extraction of dental material’s DNA and the second was Real-Time PCR analysis based on amplification curve and Ct score in yellow and green channel. Results: The sample analysis based on green channel demonstrated that all materials did not contain porcine DNA, however, 11 of 18 samples (DA-01, DA-02, DA-03, SDL-02, DB-01, DB-02, TC-03, IH-02, EM-01, EM-02, and EM-03) contained vertebrate DNA. Conclusions: All prosthodontic materials tested were not containing porcine. The halal statues of the materials were still unclear.

The calcium application to control yellow latex in mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana)

The main problem of mangosteen production is yellow latex in the rind and aril of the mangosteen fruit. The yellow latex occurs from the yellow latex channel’s rupture and contaminates the arils or mangosteen rind. The rupture is thought due to the lack of calcium in the epithelial cell walls of the yellow latex ducts. The present study aimed to determine the effect of calcium in reducing yellow latex in the mangosteen fruit. The study was conducted in Luhur Jaya Village, Lebak Regency of Banten Province. The study used a randomized block design, consisting of 6 treatments and 5 replications with treatment P0=control, P1=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 2 kg/tree, P2=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 3 kg/tree, P3=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 4 kg/tree, P4=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 5 kg/tree, P5=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 6 kg/tree. The calcium was given when the mangosteen plant started to flower. From the results, the application of calcium using dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) reduced yellow latex contamination in mangosteen rind at doses of 5 kg/tree. All doses of calcium applied (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 kg/tree) reduced yellow latex contamination in arils. The application of calcium with dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) did not affect fruit weight and dotted on mangosteen.

Pathogenic infection and microbial composition of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) challenged by Aeromonas veronii and Proteus mirabilis

The catfishes are a group of economically important freshwater fish in China, which in recent years have suffered heavy losses as a result of bacterial outbreaks. In this study, we examined the diversity of the microbiome of infected skin mucus of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and analyzed the bacterial pathogens. We found several common pathogenic bacteria, such as Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Moraxella spp. and Proteus spp. present in both fish species, but with significantly different bacterial community structures. We isolated and cultured Aeromonas veronii and Proteus mirabilis and validated their infectivity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and yellow catfish. Intraperitoneal injection of either bacteria into zebrafish, but not immersion, caused 100% mortality and ovary fragmentation. Yellow catfish was more sensitive than zebrafish with 100% mortality in the immersion challenges with A. veronii or P. mirabilis, and with a higher abundance of A. veronii in the P. mirabilis-challenged group compared to control. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the pathogenicity of P. mirabilis in yellow catfish, and the results will help to develop effective strategies for the disease prevention and control in catfish farming.

Successive Detection of Zinc Ion and Citrate Using a Schiff Base Chemosensor for Enhanced Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in Biosystems.

Sensitive and quantitative detection of prostate cancer (PC) requires a chemosensor with an applicable sensing strategy. A star-shaped Schiff base triaminoguanidine-integrated thiophene fluorophore TAT was rationally designed with nitrogen and sulfur atoms to coordinate with Zn2+ as the initial step and to chelate with citrate as the following step. Formation of the complex TAT-Zn2+ induced an intramolecular charge transfer and caused a red-shifted, Zn2+ concentration-dependent fluorescence at 507 nm. Chelation of TAT-Zn2+ with citrate led to an emission band at 692 nm upon an aggregation-induced emission mechanism. The distinctive fluorescence emissions of Zn2+ and citrate biomarkers were demonstrated first in on-site paper-based test strips showing gradually enhanced colors at yellow and red channels and second in both in vitro and in vivo by using PC3 cells and BALB/c nude mouse animal models, respectively. The in vitro test confirmed the mitochondria organelle-targeting property of TAT, and the in vivo performance manifested the successful application of the probe in recognizing the prostate cancer. This is the first applicable chemosensor that could be in continuous recognition of dual PC biomarkers Zn2+ and citrate in cancer diagnosis with a mitochondria organelle-targeting ability.

Automatic Segmentation and Detection System for Varicocele in Supine Position

Image analysis is an important technique that can help specialists localize, detect, and segment objects in different types of medical images such as MRI, CTs, and ultrasounds (US). In this research, we use US images to identify and segment the enlarged veins in the pampiniform venous plexus, which is called varicocele. The proposed method aims to determine whether a potential patient is affected or not. This method was evaluated using 90 US images that were taken of the left testicles of 90 patients in the Supine position. This system analyzes US images in three stages which are; preprocessing, processing, and edge detection. The Region Of Interest (ROI) of the pampiniform plexus area was extracted using Otsu segmentation with different parameters (0.1, 0.2, 0.17) and different color modes (Grayscale, YCbCr, RGB). In the processing stage, different denoising filters were used. Eventually, in the edge detection stage, four edge detectors were applied which are Canny, Soble, Prewitt, and Roberts. Results showed that the best accuracy in detecting varicocele was 78% when the YCbCr color mode yellow (y) channel was used with 0.1 Otsu segmentation and the Canny edge detector. The system also showed a Sensitivity of 91%, as the test was able to detect 91% of the people with Varicocele, and the Specificity value was 39%.

NeuroPAL: A Multicolor Atlas for Whole-Brain Neuronal Identification in C. elegans

Comprehensively resolving neuronal identities in whole-brain images is a major challenge. We achieve this in C.elegans by engineering a multicolor transgene called NeuroPAL (a neuronal polychromatic atlas of landmarks). NeuroPAL worms share a stereotypical multicolor fluorescence map for the entire hermaphrodite nervous system that resolves all neuronal identities. Neurons labeled with NeuroPAL do not exhibit fluorescence in the green, cyan, or yellow emission channels, allowing the transgene to be used with numerous reporters of gene expression or neuronal dynamics. We showcase three applications that leverage NeuroPAL for nervous-system-wide neuronal identification. First, we determine the brainwide expression patterns of all metabotropic receptors for acetylcholine, GABA, and glutamate, completing a map of this communication network. Second, we uncover changes in cell fate caused by transcription factor mutations. Third, we record brainwide activity in response to attractive and repulsive chemosensory cues, characterizing multimodal coding for these stimuli.

ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DA EFETIVIDADE PORTUÁRIA PARA IMPORTAÇÃO DE PRODUTOS CONTEINERIZADOS EM SANTA CATARINA

O presente artigo tem como objetivo geral determinar o recinto alfandegado de zona primária entre o Porto de Itapoá, Portonave Terminais Portuários APM Terminals Itajaí que consiste em melhor alternativa para a empresa “ABC” - importador de filtros para automóveis, localizada em Joinville, SC. Como objetivos específicos tem-se: (a) mensurar os custos portuários nos três recintos, considerando as parametrizações em canal verde, amarelo e vermelho; (b) verificar qual terminal é mais ágil perante as liberações no Comex e (c) aferir distância e custo de transporte rodoviário até a planta do cliente nos três cenários. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa caracterizou-se como quali-quantitativa (mista), exploratória quanto aos objetivos e estudo de caso único. Conclui-se que a tomada de decisão mais coerente é optar pelo Porto de Itapoá, considerando sua competitividade em termos de custos, bem como agilidade na liberação.

A dual-response fluorescent probe for detection and bioimaging of hydrazine and cyanide with different fluorescence signals

Due to favourable efficiency and low cost, dual-response fluorescent probes play critical roles in the development of fluorescence assay system. Herein, a novel dual-response fluorescent probe (RDCN) was designed and synthesized for the detection of two environmental contaminants: hydrazine (N2H4) and cyanide (CN−). Probe RDCN exhibited discriminative sensing behaviors to N2H4 and CN− with different reaction mechanisms, allowing the high selectivity and sensitivity detection for N2H4 and CN−. The probe itself displayed red-emitting fluorescence as a result of strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) between diethylamino and dicyano. After mixing with hydrazine, a new corresponding hydrazone came into being with an intense yellow fluorescence. While, the probe could also largely switch to blue fluorescence in response to CN−. Furthermore, the probe RDCN was successfully employed to determine N2H4 and CN− in water samples with the detection limits of 0.08 μM and 0.33 μM, and to visualize N2H4 and CN− in live cells by means of different fluorescence channels (blue and yellow channels), revealing that probe RDCN has potential applications for discriminative detection N2H4 and CN− in biological environment.

Lysosome-targeted ratiometric fluorescent sensor for monitoring pH in living cells based on one-pot-synthesized carbon dots

Ahydrothermal method has been employedto synthesize a green and one-pot carbon dots-based sensor for ratiometric monitoring and imaging lysosomal pH in living cells. The carbon dots were directly functionalized by abundant amino groups during synthesis and exhibited dual emission bands at 439 and 550nm under single-wavelength excitation of 380nm without any additional modification. In addition to its small size, the established sensor had good biocompatibility. Owing to its abundant amino groups and good hydrophilicity, the sensor is able totarget lysosome with high Pearson's colocalization coefficients (0.935 and 0.924) and responds to change of lysosomal pH in living cells. It also had excellent pH sensitivity and reversibility, and anti-interference capability, thus enabling sensing pH change in intracellular environment in real time, as demonstrated by successful monitoring of lysosomal pH changes during lysosomal alkalization, dexamethasone-induced stimulation, and stress in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells (blue channel, excitation = 405nm and emission = 419-459nm bandpass; and yellow channel, excitation = 405nm and emission = 530-570nm bandpass). Graphical abstract.

Methodology for identification and quantification of chicken meat in food products

Introduction. The problem of food adulteration is highly relevant today. Food manufacturers are increasingly replacing expensive raw materials with cheaper poultry. We aimed to develop an effective method for identification and quantification of chicken meat and egg products in multicomponent meat systems using real-time PCR. Study objects and methods. We studied native animal tissue, namely that of chicken, pork, beef, turkey, quail, duck, horse meat, rabbit, sheep, and goat. Standard samples were taken from pure fresh chicken muscle tissue. We also used raw, boiled, and powdered chicken eggs. For a semiquantitative analysis of chicken mass in the sample, we compared the threshold cycle (Ct) of chicken DNA and the threshold cycles of calibration samples. To ensure the absence of PCR inhibition, we used an internal control sample which went through all the stages of analysis, starting with DNA extraction. Results and discussion. We developed a methodology to qualitatively determine the content of chicken tissue in the product and distinguish between the presence of egg products and contamination on the production line. The method for chicken DNA identification showed 100% specificity. This genetic material was detected in the range of 0.1% to 0.01% of chicken meat in the sample. The efficiency of the duplex PCR system for chicken DNA detection was more than 95% (3.38 on the Green slope channel and 3.45 on the Yellow slope channel). The analytical sensitivity of the primers was 40 copies/reaction. Conclusion. Our methodology is suitable for analyzing multicomponent food products, raw materials, feed, and feed additives. It can identify the content of chicken meat at a concentration of up to 1%, as well as distinguish egg impurities from contamination of various origin. PCR allows differentiation between chicken meat and egg products.