Yellow-brown Color Research Articles

Identification of Digestive Tract Worms in Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch) at Maharani Zoo

Worm infections in Javan gibbons often do not cause clinical symptoms, but have an impact on the health and performance of Javan gibbons, so a fecal examination is needed to determine the presence of worm infections in Javan gibbons. The aim of this research is to identify digestive tract worms that infect Javan gibbons at Maharani Zoo. The research was conducted on 3 Javan gibbons consisting of 2 males and 1 female with an age range of 6-14 years and a body weight of 4-6 kg. Macroscopic identification of worms in Javan gibbons showed an abnormality in one of the Javan gibbon's feces. The feces abnormality is in the form of a very soft consistency, with a brownish yellow color, and the feces has a foul odor. Microscopic identification of worms in Javan gibbons showed positive results for the presence of eggs and larvae Strongyloides in one of the Javan gibbons. The Strongyloides worm larvae identified were rhabitiform. The cause of worm infections in Javan gibbons was due to the vegetable feed given, namely water spinach and mustard greens, being contaminated with Strongyloides worm eggs. Prevention needs to be done to prevent contamination of worm eggs, including washing the vegetables.

Pengaruh Lama Pengeringan Cabinet Drying Terhadap Karakteristik Kimia dan Organoleptik Manisan Kering Pala Banda

The research aimed to determine the proper drying time to produce dried sweets banda nutmeg with the best chemical and organoleptic properties. This study used a completely randomized design with one factorial with four treatment levels: sun drying, drying cabinet dryer 18, 19, and 20 hours. The parameters analyzed were chemical tests (moisture content, ash content, and total sugar) and organoleptic tests (color, aroma, taste, texture, overall). The results showed that treatment with a drying time of 18 hours produced the best-sweets banda nutmeg with chemical characteristics of 11.44% water content, 0.84% ​​ash content, 45.89% total sugar, and based on the hedonic organoleptic test showed like color (3 .20), liking (3.04), liking texture (3.08). In contrast, for hedonic quality, it offers a brown-yellow color (2.48), nutmeg flavor (3.36), and slightly chewy texture (2.16 ).

Ionic Liquids as Potential Cleaning and Restoration Agents for Cellulosic Artefacts

This study explores the efficacy of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride as cleaning agents for aged cellulosic artifacts. A 10% v/v acetone solution of these ionic liquids (ILs) effectively removes the brownish-yellow color of aged paper in a 10 min immersion treatment. Colorimetric analysis shows a remarkable increase in lightness (L*) by up to 40% and a decrease in red/brownish tones (b*) after IL treatment. The cleaning process also deacidifies the paper, shifting the pH to neutral-slightly basic levels and enhancing its long-term stability. Optimal pH outcomes are achieved, with ionic liquid consumption values of 0.4–0.6 g/g of paper. The FTIR analysis revealed structural changes in cellulose induced by the washing step, which is mainly due to the reorganization effect imparted by the ionic liquids. Furthermore, ILs mobilized degraded compounds and acidic species, aiding in their extraction during the restoration process. Mechanical testing indicated an enhancement in the overall tensile strength and strain at break values for IL-treated papers by up to 33%. This study demonstrates the multiple benefits of alkylimidazolium ionic liquids for preserving and restoring cultural heritage artifacts made of cellulosic materials.

Improvement of sensory characteristics of Barangan banana (Musa acuminata Linn.) slices as a stirred yogurt topping

This study aimed to improve the sensory characteristics of bananas (Musa acuminata Linn.) slices as a stirred yogurt topping. Ascorbic acid was used in three different concentrations (C; 1%, 2%, and 3%) at three different soaking times (T; 4 mins, 5 mins, and 6 mins). Samples without soaking in ascorbic acid were used as a control. The sliced bananas were analyzed for color (brightness, L*; redness, a*; and yellowness, b*) and hedonic test (taste, aroma, and color) of 30 semi-trained panelists. The most preferred sample was then analyzed by descriptive test (taste, aroma, and color). The results showed that panelists mostly liked the slices banana soaked in 2% of ascorbic acid for 4 minutes. It had a strong sour taste, yogurt aroma, and brownish yellow color. The color values of the preferred sample of L*, a*, and b* were 98.1, -13.9, and +47.3 respectively. On the other hand, the control sample had sour taste, banana aroma, and blackish yellow color. The color values of the control sample of L*, a*, and b* were 94.2, -10.03, and 37.9 respectively. These results indicate that ascorbic acid could increase the appearance of Barangan banana as a stirred yogurt topping.

Intra-adrenal Paraganglioma and Paraaortic Paraganglioma in 15 Years Old Boys

Intra-adrenal paraganglioma (also called pheochromocytoma) is a chromaffin cell tumor that arises in the adrenal medulla and produces excess catecholamines. Paraganglioma can also be located in the extra-adrenal area. The incidence rate of intra-adrenal and extra-adrenal paraganglioma is about 1 case per 2.500-6.500 population, highest incidence at 40-50 years old, and distribution is the same in males and females. Intra-adrenal paraganglioma in pediatrics is more familial, bilateral, multifocal, and malignant. In children, the incidence rate of these tumors was 8.86%, the ratio of boys to girls was 2:1, and the average age of 11. This article reports a case, of a 15 years old boy with severe headaches, recurrent seizures, and a hypertension crisis (143/103-220/110 mmHg). MSCT scan of abdominal showed solid mass heterogeneous with central necrotic multiple in the supero-anterior of the left and right kidneys and on the right anterolateral aorta as high as CV L2, impressive adrenal gland mass and extra-adrenal, suspect pheochromocytoma. Performed surgery, routine histopathological examination, and Immunohistochemistry. Macroscopic examination showed an oval round shape mass of left and right adrenal tumors as well as the paraaortic, a smooth outer surface of the capsular, with yellowish brown color mass tumor at cut surface, supple consistency. Microscopic examination showing adrenal gland and paraaortic tissue with fibrous capsule contains proliferation of neoplastic cells forming a nested alveolar (Zellballen) pattern with a round oval to polygonal cells, granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, round oval nuclei, surrounded by sustentacular cells. Chromogranin A and S-100 are positive. The case was concluded by clinical findings, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry as intra-adrenal paraganglioma and paraganglioma of paraaortic.

Characterization and classification of three major soils at the college of agriculture, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria

Adequate information on land resources have been identified as a pre-requisite for sustainable land management. The present study was carried out to characterize and classify the soils of College of Agriculture, Jalingo, Taraba State, and to suggest soil management recommendations for optimum crop yield. Digital elevation model (DEM) of the study location was obtained and the slope map of the area generated using ArcGIS (ESRI, US) software. This was used to identify the major soils (MU1, MU2 and MU3). Two soil profile pits were sited in each of MU1 and MU2, and one pit was sited in MU3. The soils were described and sampled for laboratory analyses. The results revealed the dominance of transitional horizons namely; AB, BC and CB which also showed raised proportions of clay. The soils were shallow to bedrock and dominated by brown, dark yellowish brown and gray colours (moist) in the surface soils and reddish to yellowish brown in the subsurface horizons. Sand size fraction dominated the particle size distribution and resulted in sandy loam and sandy clay loam textural classes. All the soils had bulk density < 1.50 g cm−3. Soil pH was slightly acid to neutral and values in water were higher than those in CaCl2 in all horizons. Organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable bases were low in most of the soils, while base saturation was high. Two of the soils (MU1 and MU2) were classified as Alfisols while MU3 was classified as an Entisol according to the USDA system. According to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources system of classification, MU1 and MU2 were classified as Lixisols and MU3 as a Gleysol. The incorporation of organic manure, cropping across slopes, and practicing afforestation are recommended for soil nutrient management.

Determination Of The Shelf Life Of Tamban Fish Choux Pastry (Sardinella Lemuru) Using The Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (Aslt) Method

Choux pastry is a light snack characterized by its small size, softness, volume, and yellow-brown color. The choux pastry product has been diversified with the addition of tamban fish. The fat content and moisture content in the tamban fish choux pastry are 37.77% fat and 8.41% moisture, respectively. Finding the ideal shelf life for tamban fish choux pastry (Sardinella lemuru) is the aim of this investigation. The Arrhenius model and the ASLT method are used to calculate the tamban fish choux pastry's shelf life. The product is kept in three different temperature ranges: 30˚, 40˚, and 50˚C, with moisture content tests conducted every 10 days on days 0, 10, 20, and 30 of storage. The total plate count (TPC) test results show the highest value on day 30 at 30˚C storage temperature, which is 2.5 x 10^3 CFU/ml. The hedonic test results show that the color of the choux pastry has an average score 2.34-2.81, aroma has an average score of 1.93-2.68, and texture has an average score of 2.28-2.76. Shelf determination life is based on critical parameters, specifically the TPC and hedonic. The results show that the tamban fish choux pastry 33 days at 30˚C, 35 days at 40˚C, and 33 days at 50˚C are the product's shelf lives.

Utilization of Waste Natural Fibers Mixed with Polylactic Acid (PLA) Bicomponent Fiber: Incorporating Kapok and Cattail Fibers for Nonwoven Medical Textile Applications.

Disposable surgical gowns are usually made from petroleum-based synthetic fibers that do not naturally decompose, impacting the environment. A promising approach to diminish the environmental impact of disposable gowns involves utilizing natural fibers and/or bio-based synthetic fibers. In this study, composite webs from polylactic acid (PLA) bicomponent fiber and natural fibers, cattail and kapok fibers, were prepared using the hot press method. Only the sheath region of the PLA bicomponent fiber melted, acting as an adhesive that enhanced the strength and reduced the thickness of the composite web compared with its state before hot pressing. The mechanical and physical properties of these composite webs were evaluated. Composite webs created from kapok fibers displayed a creamy yellowish-white color, while those made from cattail fibers showed a light yellowish-brown color. Additionally, the addition of natural fibers endowed the composite webs with hydrophobic properties. The maximum natural fiber content, at a ratio of 30:70 (natural fiber to PLA fiber), can be incorporated while maintaining proper water vapor permeability and mechanical properties. This nonwoven material presents an alternative with the potential to replace petroleum-based surgical gowns.

Colour Therapy: Psychological and Physiological Aspects

The purpose of the article is to reveal the significance of colour therapy and to determine its methods and applications for preserving human health. Research methodology. In the course of the study, the procedures of theoretical and methodological experiments of scientists and doctors, the method of scientific comparison, analysis and synthesis of empirical data were applied. Scientific novelty. The article examines the subdivision of the science of colour studies in the aspect of colour therapy, which is experiencing a second birth. The influence of colour on a person in everyday life has always attracted the attention of researchers. Colour was the first form of therapy used by our ancestors. Even Adam and Eve, living in Eden, without realising it, were treated with the green comfort of bushes and fruits of different colour. Today, doctors are returning to treating patients with colour. After all, scientists have long proven that colour has its own character and affects the human psyche. Every day, a person is faced with many environmental factors that affect them. One such factor is colour. Everything we see is processed by our brain, and it, in turn, tells the body how to react to information, often by connecting an associative series. For example, a yellow-brown colour is similar to an orange, green – to a forest, rest, peace. Conclusions. It has been determined that colour therapy is an ancient practice based on the interaction of colour with the human psyche and physiology. Different colours can have different effects on a person's psychological state, for example, blue can calm, red can stimulate. It was found that the physiological interaction of colours is manifested through their influence on the heart rate, blood pressure and other parameters of the body. Colour therapy can be used as an additional method in the complex treatment of a number of diseases or for general well-being. For effective colour therapy, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of each person, as well as cultural and social contexts. Keywords: colour, health, therapy, physiology, psychology, treatment.

Green Synthesis Silver Nanoparticles Using Sembung (Blumea balsamifera) Leaf Extract as an Antibacterial and Antioxidant

Silver Nanoparticles essentially focuses on the synthesis of nano-sized particles produced through chemical, physical and biological processes, which contribute significantly to the control of plant and animal diseases and have shown considerable promise in improving the quality of living conditions and human health. Currently, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have shown their potential as an alternative antibacterial and antioxidant agent in many studies. The method for making silver nanoparticles, namely Green synthesis, involves the use of plants for the synthesis process of various types of nanoparticles. Green synthesis has the advantages, namely that the method is simple, environmentally friendly, non-polluting, antitoxic and cost-effective. The aim of this research is to determine the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of AgNPs. In this research, the nanoparticle solution was visually determined by the yellow-brown color change. In the spectrophotometer absorption spectrum appears at a wavelength of 425 nm. The results of determining the size distribution of silver nanoparticles using PSA show that the particle size distribution obtained has an average value of 40.5 nm and 59.6 nm for silver nanoparticles for AgNO3 concentrations of 1 mM and 2 mM, respectively. FTIR measurements are used to determine the presence of bioactive molecules that may be responsible for the stabilization that acts as a capping agent. Absorption spiked at 3.280; 2.919; 1.583; 1.379; 1.239 and 1.068 cm−1 were determined for sembung leaf extract, while silver nanoparticles showed an absorption spike at 3.368; 2.850; 1.594; 1.369; 1.244 and 1.108 cm−1. The results of XRD analysis of AgNP show that it has been successfully synthesized which can be seen from the formation of a narrow peak indicating the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles formed. The results of TEM analysis of AgNPs in this study are mixed shapes such as spherical, hexagonal and triangular shapes of silver nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity test of silver nanoparticles with sembung leaf extract with varying concentrations of AgNO3 solution was successful as indicated by the formation of an inhibition zone for Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results show that the antioxidant activity of AgNPs shows that the percentage of inhibition increases as the concentration of AgNPs increases from 100 to 500 ppm and ascorbic acid increases from 1 to 5 ppm.

QUALITY OF SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor)-CALOPO (Calopogonium mucunoides) SILAGE WITH ADDITIONAL OF ORGANIC LACTIC ACID

Sorghum is a forage that has low protein content, whereas calopo is a protein source feed. If sorghum and calopo are fermented, it makes it difficult to lower the pH so that the nutrient content is easily damaged. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of fermented silage in combination between sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides) which were added with different levels of lactic acid. The ratio of the combination of sorghum and calopo as ingredients for silage is 40: 60%. Silage is made in 1 liter silo which is fermented for 21 days. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments (control and 4 levels of lactic acid addition, namely 1, 2, 3 and 4%) and 4 replications. Parameters observed included color, aroma, texture, pH, dry matter (BK), Fleigh value (NF), crude fiber (CF), and crude protein (CP). The results showed that the increase in the percentage of lactic acid use showed good physical quality (brown yellow color, citrus aroma and crumb texture) of silage. Chemically, the higher the level of addition of lactic acid to the sorghum-calopo silage, the BK content increased from 17.84% to 20.53%, decreased pH from 4.93 to 4.0 and increased NF from 43.33 to 86.0. The conclusion in this study was the use of lactic acid up to 4% in the silage of the combination of sorghum and calopo still showed good quality as indicated by NF 86 and pH 4.00

Exploration and Identification of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi at IPB University Campus Forest

The exploration of ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity around the campus could provide insights into the presence and distribution of these symbiotic fungi in the area. This study aimed to observe, identify, and provide information regarding ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity in the IPB University Campus Forest. The sampling sites represent various tree species including forests, parks, and green spaces. The exploration was done using opportunistic sampling method. The obtained basidiomata were examined for macromorphological and micromorphological examination to identify the ectomycorrhizal fungi. The identification results based on the morphological characteristics confirmed our specimens as Inocybe cf. squarrosolutea (Corner & E. Horak) Garrido and Suillus bovinus (L.) Roussel. The Inocybe was characterized by having small to medium-sized, pileus squamules, dry surface, light brown to yellowish cap, lamellae crowded, cylindrical or attenuated stipe towards the apex, clavate basidia, and hemispheric knobs basidiospores. The Suillus was distinguished by having a cap that is convex in shape with a slightly brownish yellow color and the surface texture of the cap is smooth, lamella in the form of pores that are quite large and angular, brownish yellow in color, yellow tubular stipe, clavate basidia, and oval spores. These two macrofungi are new records in the sampling area and I. cf. squarrosolutea could be the new information for Indonesia. Our finding provides valuable information for ecological studies and contributes to the additional data on Indonesian ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity.

Inhibitive determination of organophosphate pesticides using acetylcholinesterase and silver nanoparticle as colorimetric probe

Accurate and real-time detection of pesticides is needed to ensure food safety and ecosystem protection. A biosensor was developed to determine organophosphate pesticides using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and silver nanoparticle (AgNP) immobilized on the alginate-chitosan film matrix. The sensing principle is based on organophosphate pesticides (OP) inhibiting AChE activity. AChE hydrolyzes acetylthiocoline (ATCh) to thiocholine (TCh) and acetic acid (AA). The -SH group on TCh induces AgNP aggregation, resulting in fading of the film's brownish-yellow color. The presence of OP in the sample inhibited AChE activity, leading to a decrease in TCh and color fading. The biosensor response is determined by measuring the Red Green Blue (RGB) value of the film. The biosensor offers rapid detection directly in-situ and real time without the use of sophisticated instruments, with optimal measurement conditions of pH 7, incubation time of 1 minute, and concentrations of AgNP, ATCh, and tris-HCl buffer of 10 μg/mL, 50, and 7 mM, respectively. Biosensors have excellent sensitivity, reproducibility, and selectivity. Measurement of OP levels in nine vegetable samples revealed that the proposed colorimetric probe's results agreed well with the GC result as the reference method. Therefore, this method can be applied in monitoring food and environment OP levels.

Redox-controlled differential weathering of andesitic pumice: Possible catalytic effects of ferrous/ferric iron on rapid halloysite accumulation in a Holocene tephra layer

Differential weathering process of Holocene andesitic tephra in Atsuma, Hokkaido, northern Japan, were investigated with a specific focus on the flame-like occurrence of halloysite bands and their formation mechanism. The parent material was coarse-grained pumice (Ta-d2) deposited 9 ka to form a highly permeable metre-thick layer atop fine-grained impervious periglacial loam, which is covered by humic soil–tephra sequences. The shallower part of the Ta-d2 layer was weathered to a reddish or yellowish brown colour, which is characterized by intensive leaching of Si and Al, with abundant precipitation of iron (hydr)oxide and amorphous secondary minerals in an oxidizing environment. A reductive grey colour was observed only at the Ta-d2 bottom below the halloysite band, where pumice grains survived significant elemental leaching and contained ferrous iron in the solid phase with abundant dissolved Fe in the liquid phase. Between these oxidized and preserved zones, an irregularly shaped, fine-grained, white iron-rich halloysite layer with a decimetre-scale thickness developed. In this clay band, the molar ratio of Si to (Al + Fe) was nearly 1:1, with a small amount of remnant Ca. Mössbauer analysis revealed that Fe2+ was initially incorporated into the aluminosilicate sheet via Al3+ substitution and transformed into Fe3+ within the structure. The halloysite band was formed at depths in the tephra layer corresponding to the redox front. The abundance of Si and Al in pore water in any zone of the tephra layer meets the stability requirements of halloysite, indicating that the redox condition controls the rapid local accumulation of halloysite through the isomorphous substitution followed by valence change of iron. We propose a new hypothesis stating that iron catalyses halloysite nucleation via a stepwise function, including layer charging to absorb hydrated cations and subsequent charge loss resulting in cation desorption and passive intercalation of water molecules within the 1:1 layer.

Karakteristik Lotion Anti Nyamuk Kombinasi Ekstrak Sabut Kelapa (Cocos nucifera) dan Bunga Kamboja (Plumeria sp.)

Mosquitoes are vectors of several diseases, one of which is Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Therefore, it is necessary to take steps to prevent the spread of the disease. One of them by using anti-mosquito lotion. However, some of commercial lotions are made of chemicals that have side effects on health. Therefore, coconut coir (Cocos nucifera L.) and frangipani flower anti-mosquito lotion was developed. Coconut coir contains tannins which repel insects and have a therapeutic effect. Frangipani flowers contain geraniol which can repel insects. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristic of coconut coir extract (Cocos nucifera L.) with a combination of frangipani flower extract (Plumeria sp.) as a lotion preparation. This research is an experimental study with 7 treatments of lotion formulation.. The data in this study include organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH, and spreadibility of the lotion. The conclusion of this study showed that a lotion formula P3 with a ratio of 1:2 (coconut coir extract:frangipani flower extract) was the best formulation with the characteristics of a fine solid texture, brownish yellow color, frangipani fragrant, homogeneous, have pH 6, and the diameter of spread is 7,5cm.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Simarouba glauca DC Bark

Simarouba glauca DC also known as ‘Dysentery Bark’ is an important ethnomedicinal plant native to Tropical America. Later introduced India as “Lakshmi-Taru.” Bark is a potent anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and hemolytic drug. This study presents a pharmacognostic evaluation of Simarouba glauca DC bark, mainly shedding light on its macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Identification, authentication, macroscopic observation, and TLS, RLS and Powder microscopical examinations have been carried out.
 The macroscopic examination of the bark revealed distinctive features, including a rough, fissured surface, and a yellowish-brown colour. Microscopic analysis showcased the presence of a thick periderm with small flakes raised above the periderm surface. The outer part of phellem is crushed and the inner portion is modified into a thick cylinder of sclereids. The Phelloderm becomes thick walled and dark coloured and stores calcium oxalate crystals. Large prismatic calcium oxalate crystals located in uniseriate vertical row within thin parenchyma cells. TLS revealed that the phloem fibers in dense compact bundles. The fibers being highly thick walled and lignified with narrow cell lumen. The rays are 250-280 µm in height and 40-60µm. RLS showed the rays are rentered heterocellular. Parenchyma cells and fibers are vertical position at right angles to the rays. Bark powder microscopy exhibited the presence of narrow and wide fibers, fiber-sclereids, long sieve elements, thick brachy sclereids, and large quantity of quadrangular, rectangular, and polygonal Calcium oxalate crystals. These observations provide valuable diagnostic tools for the authentication and quality control of S. glauca DC bark.
 The pharmacognostic characterization presented in this study serves as a foundation for further research and development of S. glauca DC bark-based herbal medicines and pharmaceutical formulations. The insights provided in this article contribute to the understanding and utilization of this valuable botanical resource, fostering a bridge between traditional knowledge and contemporary scientific approaches in pharmacognosy.

Isolation, Identification, and Antibacterial Testing of Essential Oil from Green Betel Leaf (Piper Betle L.) Using Well Diffusion Method

Green betel leaves have been traditionally employed within communities for various medicinal purposes, owing to their rich composition. These leaves are endowed with secondary metabolites encompassing flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and essential oils. Notably, the essential oils within green betel leaves possess a spectrum of biological properties, including antioxidant, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, anti-Alzheimer's, and anti-carcinogenic activities. In this study, the essential oil from green betel leaf collected from Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia, was isolated using water-steam distillation. The components of this isolate were identified using GC-MS analysis. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 (S. epidermidis) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) using the well-diffusion method at various concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100%). Chloramphenicol served as the positive control, while a solution of Tween 20 in distilled water used as the negative control. The essential oil derived from green betel leaves exhibited a brownish-yellow color, possessed a distinctive betel aroma, and had a concentration of 0.21% v/w, a refractive index of 1.5001, and a specific gravity of 0.961 g/mL. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 44 components, with the five most abundant constituents being acetyl chavicol (20.65%), germacrene- D (11.55%), eugenol (8.94%), trans-caryophyllene (7.92%), and chavicol (5.74%). Regarding antibacterial activity, the isolate demonstrated strong activity against S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 at a concentration of 75%, yielding an inhibition zone diameter of 12.33 mm. Similarly, it exhibited strong activity against E. coli at a concentration of 90%, resulting in an inhibition zone diameter of 12.67 mm.

The Effectiveness of Zeolite-Activated Charcoal in Reducing Iron and Manganese Levels in Well Water of Milala Housing in Pancur Batu District, North Sumatra

Dug wells are a means of providing clean water that belongs to shallow groundwater and generally contains high levels of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). The presence of high levels of iron in water is marked by yellow-brown water color and unpleasant odor. Excess iron can cause poisoning, intestinal damage, premature aging to sudden death, impaired absorption of vitamins and minerals, and hemochromatosis. Based on the observation of the researchers on the condition of the dug well water of the community in Milala Rumah Tengah Block E Simpang Gardu Subdistrict Pancur Batu, it can be seen that the dug well water is very yellow and the community uses it as a source of clean water. The results showed that the iron content of the dug well water in two houses before treatment was >4 mg/l and the manganese content in the first house was 2.60 mg/l and in the second house was 3.02 mg/l. After treatment using activated charcoal zeolite for ten days, the average iron content decreased to 0.08 mg/l (98%) and the average manganese content decreased to 0.26 mg/l (90%)

Types and Genesis of Siderite in the Coal-Bearing Beds of the Late Permian Xuanwei Formation in Eastern Yunnan, China

The Late Permian strata of the Xuanwei Formation in the eastern Yunnan region exhibit extensive diverse morphological features within siderite deposits. These variations in siderite deposits suggest potential differences in their formation processes. In this study, fieldwork and comprehensive indoor studies revealed four distinct forms of siderite deposits: stratiform-laminated, lens-like nodule, sandstone cementation, and fracture filling. The stratiform-laminated siderite, varying in color from bluish-grey to dark grey, is composed of uniformly sized microcrystalline to fine-grained siderite along with detrital matter, displaying precise layering and banding structures that suggest direct deposition from cyclic iron-rich seawater under reducing conditions. Lens-like-nodule siderite, which appears grey-yellow, is composed of mud microcrystalline siderite, medium to coarse-grained pseudo-ooids, and glauconite. It shows conformable distribution characteristics resulting from the diagenetic differentiation of iron-rich sediments under reducing conditions during the diagenetic and early diagenetic periods. Siderite as sandstone cementation exhibits a yellow-brown color and consists of dispersed colloidal siderite and cemented siderite clumps that fill intergranular pores of detrital particles. It precipitated under reducing conditions within those intergranular pores. Siderite filling fractures typically appear as vein-like or network-like structures intersecting bedding at large angles. They exhibit grain structures with significant variations in size. These siderite deposits exhibit exceptional purity and result from siderite dissolution during sedimentary periods, followed by reprecipitation within regional extensional fractures during the diagenetic phase. The primary occurrence of siderite deposits in the study area is within coal-bearing strata, as revealed by the integration of sedimentary profiles and sedimentary facies analysis. The coal-bearing strata, influenced by the Emeishan large igneous province, underwent iron enrichment during and after volcanic eruptions while developing a reducing environment, which was facilitated by abundant vegetation. Consequently, geological processes led to siderite layers, lens-like siderite nodules, and siderite cementation. The Yanshan orogeny induced extensive high-angle fracture development in epigenetic coal-bearing strata, facilitating fluid circulation and the redistribution of soluble siderite. This geological activity resulted in the formation of vein-like structures composed of siderite.

Relationships of the gall midge, Asphondylia miki Wachtl (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), with the host plant, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and ectoparasites of its larvae and pupae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) in the forest-steppe of the middle volga region

The studies were carried out in crops of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ssp. × varia ) in 2018-2022 in the forest-steppe of Samara Province. Asphondylia miki galls were taken into account in alfalfa crops from the beginning of their formation to the end of the growing season on sites from 0.1 to 1 m2 in 10-fold repetition. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out by methods of variance analysis. At spring sowing of alfalfa, as well as in its perennial crops, gall midge A. miki develops in two, and during summer sowing in the rst year of the culture’s life in one generation per year, pupae overwinter in galls, the imago of the wintering generation occurs in April. The greatest damage to alfalfa by the larvae of A. miki (40-68% of generative shoots) and the number of its galls (500-830 copies/m2) were observed in the rst year of the culture’s life when it was sown in summer, with the coincidence of the greatest ight of imago with the budding of the culture, which led to signi cant losses in the yield of alfalfa seeds (13-81%). In summer alfalfa crops of the rst year of development without the use of chemical plant protection agents, parasitic hymenopterans contribute to the death of larvae and pupae of A. miki in on average 60% of its galls. Among them, a gregarious ectoparasite Sigmophora brevicornis (Eulophidae) mainly preying on A. miki larvae accounted for about 77% of the individuals of the identi ed parasites. In the S. brevicornis population, males and females had similar body coloration and belonged to three phenotypes: the lightest brownish yellow, yellowish brown, and dark coloration, which accounted for 53, 28 and 19% of parasite individuals, respectively.