Years Of Soviet Power Research Articles

ИСТОРИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ИНСТИТУТА АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОЙ ЮСТИЦИИ В РОССИИ

The historical and legal aspects of the formation of the institute of administrative justice in Russia are considered. Conclusions are drawn that this institution has gone through a long path of development both during the period of tsarist Russia and during the years of soviet power. It is emphasized that the institute of administrative justice plays an important role in the realization of constitutional rights and freedoms in a legal, democratic state.

СОВЕТ БИЙЛИГИНИН АЛГАЧКЫ ЖЫЛДАРЫНДАГЫ КЫРГЫЗСТАНДЫН БИЛИМ БЕРҮҮ СИСТЕМАСЫНДАГЫ ГЕНДЕР МАСЕЛЕСИНИН СОЦИАЛДЫК-ФИЛОСОФИЯЛЫК АНАЛИЗИ

In this article, the problem of gender in the education system of Kyrgyzstan in the first years of Soviet power was analyzed from a socio-philosophical point of view and presented to the scientific community interested in the topic of gender. It can be argued that the study of gender relations in the sphere of education in the Soviet society is of special interest, and its comprehensive study is one of the topical tasks. The main purpose of the scientific article is to substantiate that the education system is an important tool of education and propaganda of the young generation and to present the facts about the problems of gender equality and inequality in the early years of the Soviet period. The results of scientific analysis allow us to analyze gender stereotypes in the education system of Kyrgyzstan in the first years of Soviet power and identify the contours of gender stereotypes. The article uses the method of theoretical analysis and on the basis of gender philosophy of scientist M.M. Edilova conducted gender analysis in socio-philosophical aspect. The study shows that the public discourse in the education system of Kyrgyzstan in the early years of Soviet power was accompanied by internal contradictions in the assessment of the status of men and women. The unqualified success of Soviet power made it difficult to introduce equality of civil rights of women and men into public consciousness. Stereotypical gender roles remained in the life of Kyrgyz society, and the image of a Kyrgyz woman was mainly associated with the private sphere rather than the public sphere. In realizing the set goals and objectives, the methods used in writing scientific papers were used and the principles were fully observed.

Library of the Auditorium of Military Affairs in 1918—1921: History and Development of the Holding

The solution of urgent tasks to develop modern approaches to the organization of military libraries functioning is impossible without using the existing achievements in the field of military librarianship. Retrospective analysis of the work of the Information Historical and Scientific Center — Military Historical Library of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (IHSC — MHL GS AF RF) in the Soviet period can be used to improve the work of Russian military libraries at the present stage.Due to the lack of comprehensive studies on the history of the IHSC — MHL GS AF RF in the first years of Soviet power, this article attempts to fill this gap, in particular, to establish the sources of formation of the collection of the library, which changed its name. The aim of the study is to reconstruct the history of creation and formation of one of such sources — the library of the Auditorium of Military Affairs (later — the Department of Universal Military Training at the headquarters of the Petrograd District Commissariat for Military Affairs) in the context of the construction of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army (WPRA) in 1918—1921, as well as to analyze the dynamics of the library holding.The relevance of the issue under study is conditioned, on the one hand, by its insufficient research, and on the other hand, by the demand for the historical experience of military libraries to develop principled approaches to their reform. The source base of the research is represented by the materials of Russian archives (the Russian State Military Archive, the Central State Archive of Literature and Art of St. Petersburg, the Current Archive of the IHSC — MHL GS AF RF), documents of the main and central bodies of military administration of the RSFSR, publications in the periodical press.The research has broadened the understanding of the fate of military book collections of the Russian Empire after its collapse and the initial stage of formation of military librarianship in Soviet Russia. The fate of some nationalized book collections before they were added to the holding of the library of the Auditorium of Military Affairs has been established. The documents revealing the main directions of the library’s activity have been introduced into scientific turnover; its organizational and staff structure has been analyzed; the interrelation of the library’s history with the history of the Red Army in the first years of Soviet power has been traced. The results obtained show that the impressive book collection accumulated by the library of the Auditorium of Military Affairs is now a part of the holding of the IHSC — MHL GS AF RF.

БУХОРОДА СОВЕТ ҲОКИМИЯТИ ЙИЛЛАРИДА ТАЪЛИМ МАСАЛАЛАРИ

This article covers the issues of education in Bukhara during the years of Soviet power (1925-1941). The fact that Faizulla Khojaev has done a lot of work for the development of the school has been analyzed through statistical data in his works. The issues of school buildings, supplies, lessons and textbooks, teachers' salaries, and the condition of teachers and students during this period are described.

Differentiation of convicted minors and their places of detention in the early years of Soviet power

Differentiation of convicted minors and their places of detention in the early years of Soviet power

SABOTAGE IN RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LAW: HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION

The presented article examines the problem of criminalization of the legal phenomenon of "sabotage", its etymology, conducts a historical and legal study, pays special attention to legislative regulation in the early years of Soviet power, and then during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), which, taking into account the increased public danger, in conditions of increasing internal and external external threats have predetermined its inclusion in the Criminal Code, and a distinction is being made from related acts.

Региональные лотереи как механизм финансирования социальных расходов в дореволюционной России и в первые годы советской власти: проблемы организации и правового регулирования

This article examines the evolution of the mechanism of legal regulation of lottery activities in Russia, aimed at attracting additional funds for the implementation of social expenditures of the state. The powers of local authorities are studied in detail in terms of authorizing lotteries and organizing lottery activities, as well as control and supervisory powers for holding local lotteries. The article analyzes the practice of holding lotteries, and indicates that there were a large number of violations, theft of these funds, abuse, deception and other offenses, which led to a significant decrease in public confidence in this mechanism for financing social expenditures. The article provides examples of various lotteries held during the period of time under study in various parts of the state, mechanisms for resolving such lotteries, shows the purposes of their holding, as well as the organizations that carried them out. The work draws a general conclusion that both in pre-revolutionary Russia and the first years of Soviet power, lotteries acted as a universal mechanism for local authorities to generate additional income necessary to fulfill the social tasks facing them. However, the imperfection of legal regulation and the lack of proper control by the state over their implementation discredited lotteries in front of society and their implementation at the local level completely ceased by the end of the 20s of the 20th century.

РОЛЬ ЦЕРКОВНО-ПРИХОДСКИХ ШКОЛ В ПРОСВЕЩЕНИИ ЗАБАЙКАЛЬСКИХ СТАРООБРЯДЦЕВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СЕЛ ХАСУРТА И УНЭГЭТЭЙ ЗАБАЙКАЛЬСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В НАЧАЛЕ ХХ ВЕКА)

The paper examines the history of the creation of rural parochial schools in the Old Believer villages of Transbaikalia at the beginning of the twentieth century using the example of the villages of Khasurta and Unegetei. These villages are notable for the fact that they were formed at the beginning of the 19th century by baptized Buryats of the Khorinsky department, who converted to the Old Believers. They formed a separate clan administration - Kurbinskoe. Analysis of the materials showed that the literacy schools founded in 1903 in two villages of the society, Khasurta and Unegetei, had their own buildings in 1910 and were the only cultural and educational center of the Kurba Valley. With the assistance of missionary Orthodox priests, children of baptized non-Russians and Old Believers peasants were involved in the educational process, increasing the level of literacy among the population. The education system of parochial schools included subjects of a religious nature, but the educational component was not strictly ecclesiastical. Children at school also received natural and humanitarian knowledge. The parochial schools created at the beginning of the twentieth century “survived” the historical stage of the transition of the old pre-revolutionary education system to the new Soviet school. The education system on which the teaching of new schools in the first years of Soviet power was based, for the most part, relied on the traditional teaching methods of the old church school. The paper pays due attention to the work of a rural teacher who, despite everyday difficulties and meager funding, taught rural children to read and write. After the revolutionary events of 1917, the teacher was in the thick of all the affairs of rural activists, helping to transform the lives of rural residents.

ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОСНАЩЕНИЕ И ДОБЫЧА РЫБЫ В ИРКУТСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В 1947–1960-е гг.

The fishing industry plays a vital role in the development of the national economy, so its study is one of the most pressing problems for the economy of the region as a whole. The paper analyzes and summarizes the historical experience of the fishing industry, which is necessary to assess the current situation in the fishing industry and determine the further development of the industry. The functioning of the Soviet model of fisheries was ensured by a system of state support, which made it possible to successfully develop the fishing industry and solve social problems of coastal regions. The country's leadership always paid great attention to the development of the fishing industry as the most important sector of food supply for the population. During the years of Soviet power, in a short period of time, based on the implementation of plans for the industrialization of the country, the material and technical base of the fishing industry was created. Using the example of the Republic of Buryatia, the author examines the historical experience of combating poaching and notes the role of mobilization decisions of the Soviet state in this process. The current Soviet legislation on nature protection, the history of creation, structure and main functions of fisheries protection bodies are analyzed. Based on archival data, the number of detained offenders, the number of seized fish, fishing equipment and gear are given. A special place is given to the nature conservation society and the role of public inspectors, who, along with fisheries protection authorities, fought against poaching. An assessment is made of the technical equipment of fisheries protection authorities and criminal legal measures in preventing aquatic poaching based on an analysis of the established practice of their use in the period 1917–2000 in the Republic of Buryatia.

Генезис советской интеллигенции и изменение ее отношения к власти в годы реформ Н.С. Хрущева

This article is devoted to understanding the genesis of the Soviet intelligentsia and identifying meaningful changes in its attitude to power in 1953–1964. The research methodology is based on complementing the historical-party approach with sociological theories of functionalism and structuralism, as well as the theory of elites and the new class. The hypothesis of the study is the complex nature of the Soviet intelligentsia, which included the remnants of the pre-revolutionary educated layer, as well as representatives of the “new” Soviet intelligentsia who emerged during the years of Soviet power, possessing high cognitive qualities, partisanship and the ability for social conformism and mimicry. The modernization of the socio-political course under N.S. Khrushchev and his opening of the floodgates of criticism of the “cult of personality” of J.V. Stalin revived the function of critical analysis and construction of new meanings, characteristic of the intelligentsia, which was successfully suppressed in the USSR. The growth of critical sentiment among the Soviet intelligentsia in the conditions of desacralization of power and half-hearted de-Stalinization, the articulation of doubts about the effectiveness of the Soviet system began in the early 1960s to failures in economic policy. The economic uncompetitiveness of socialism in the conditions of weakening mobilization mechanisms for its development gives rise to a crisis of confidence in power among the Soviet intelligentsia. In the conditions of the USSR's transition to a post-industrial society, there is a growing dissonance between the humanization and technocratization of the Soviet intelligentsia and the further dogmatization of the CPSU system of ideological education. The result is an increasing trend since the mid-1960s anomie of the Soviet intelligentsia from power.

Poems with a Historical Time Component in Russian Magazine Poetry (on the Example of the Poetry Prize)

This article examines the historical time in the poems that were nominated
 for the Poetry Prize in 2019–2021. The most popular epochs among authors are
 highlighted and the analysis of the most characteristic examples is given. «Historical» poems occupy a small share (14%) among others. The most favorite themes of
 the authors of the Poetry Prize in poems with a historical component are the XX
 century. The greatest interest in its framework is caused by the epochs of the Second
 World War and the first years of Soviet power. All the texts of the collection are united by an accentuated political focus. Often there is a state in the poems, it comes into conflict with a person. Such a point of view on history reflects to a greater extent the biased view of the founders and members of the jury of the prize, rather than an objective cross-section of modern poetry, for which the prize was originally claimed.

The Views of Representatives of the Party and Political Activists of the Kursk Province on the Change in the Social Structure of the Urban Population (1918–1921)

Relevance. At the present stage of development of the Russian Federation, the preservation of historical truth is one of the main directions of state policy. Statements about the need to return the state ideology allow us to judge the relevance of referring to the experience of the early Soviet period, when communist doctrine became the basis for the formation of a new model of the state, which subsequently achieved considerable success on the world stage in various fields. The urban population has become a pillar for revolutionary transformations, which arouses interest in studying the views of representatives of regional authorities on the problems of the development of the social structure of society.The purpose – to reveal the specifics of the evolution of the public views of the party and political activists of the region on the social composition of the urban population of the Kursk province from 1918 to 1921.Objectives: based on the analysis of archival documents, to identify general trends in the formation of the social structure of the urban population of the Kursk province.Methodology. In the process of working on the research, the basic principles of historical science were used: historicism, objectivity and consistency. General scientific methods were also applied (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical method), special historical methods: historical-genetic, comparative-historical.Results. Based on the analysis of archival documents, the peculiarities of the formation of views on the image of the social composition of the Kursk province in the views of the Kursk communists of the first years of Soviet power are revealed.Conclusion. The political basis of the social structure of the urban population of the region was recognized by the proletarians, who were the mainstay in the revolutionary transformations of all spheres of public life. The party activists of the Kursk province perceived the provisions of the communist teachings as a key model for the formation of an urban community. The semi-proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia, in the opinion of party leaders, should become part of the working people as the sole bearer of power. For the first time, women were considered as an equal part of the urban community in the field of state building.

The Formation of the Justice System in the Early Years of Soviet Power

The relevance of this article lies in the study of the formation and formation of the institution of the justice system in the nascent Soviet state, the factors that influenced the formation of courts, the selection of persons administering justice. This historical experience is unique in many respects, since simultaneously with the collapse of the monarchy, a new socialist state was born on its territory, the ideological and political foundations of which largely predetermined the foundations laid in the foundation of the future judicial system of the RSFSR and modern Russia.Purpose: disclosure of the features and distinctive features of the formation of courts during the formation of Soviet power.Objectives: identification of factors influencing the formation of the justice system on the territory of our state in the post-revolutionary period.Methodology. The article uses a complex of general scientific and special-legal research methods due to the historical-legal and partly interdisciplinary nature of the article.The results of the study are of a historical and legal nature and made it possible to identify factors influencing the formation and formation of the Soviet justice system in the post-revolutionary period, namely the class struggle, communist ideology, the need to win the Civil War and consolidate its results, the use of courts as another control body for citizens of the state, admission to the administration of justice of persons who do not have a special education.Conclusions. The studied period of the development and functioning of justice on the territory of our state was characterized by the elimination of the previous system of administration of justice, the reliance on revolutionary legal consciousness in the administration of justice, the subordination of courts to representative bodies elected by citizens, the presence and functioning of revolutionary tribunals.As a result of the initial reforms of the courts, the previously existing unified foundations for the administration of justice were eliminated, and new ones were just beginning to form; as a result of the reforms, judges began to be elected from representatives of the people, regardless of their professional knowledge, which significantly affected the quality of justice, but contributed to its openness.

Рецензия на книгу «“К Вам с письмом советский читатель...”: письма читателей М.А. Шолохову: 1956–1984» (отв. ред. Н.В. Корниенко. М.: ИМЛИ РАН, 2022. 1120 с.)

The second volume of the peer-reviewed edition completes the project of publishing readers’ letters to Mikhail Sholokhov. The texts prepared by the compilers represent one of the largest collections of readers’ correspondence to the writer (1,162 letters). Most of the letters are in the personal archive of Sholokhov’s family. The phenomenon of fan mail developed in Russia in the early 1870s. It became particularly widespread in the Soviet period due to a number of cultural initiatives in the early years of Soviet power. Letters to Sholokhov appear not so much as signs of his reputation, but as material for the study of the Soviet reader and his era. This is especially evident in the letters included in the second volume: they were written from 1956 until the end of the writer’s life. At this time, people wrote to Sholokhov not only the writer, but also the deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Materials from different years clarify the general cultural, political and literary context of these letters. The compilers distinguished groups of letters to Sholokhov by subject matter: letters from readers of the USSR, foreign readers, and representatives of emigration; letters from novice writers; letters to Sholokhov as a public figure; letters from participants in World War II; letters from prisoners; and requests for material assistance. The main topics include requests to send books, autographs, photographs, to tell about the fate of heroes (primarily Grigory Melekhov); appeals for help in solving private and public problems; complaints about the lack of books in libraries, bookstores and at private sellers. Chronologically and compositionally, the letters caused by Sholokhov’s speech at the 20th Congress of the CPSU on the problems of literary creativity and the work of the Writers’ Union are singled out. The awarding of the Nobel Prize to Sholokhov in 1965 caused a reaction of readers. Letters with negative reviews either did not survive in the archives or were not included in the edition. In general, the letters to Sholokhov appear as a subject of general interest of the humanities in collecting, preserving, and publishing documents that reflect the perception of contemporaries of an event or phenomenon. They could become the material for history of reading in Russia. For this purpose, at the first stage, it is necessary to create digital copies of the letters, do their markup and statistical processing according to the main parameters: the letter’s author, date, address, and topic. The next stage could be the correlation of the results obtained with data on letters to other writers. A thematic index could be the first step in this direction and, at the same time, a help in using the existing edition. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

The role of the employer in the training of qualified personnel on the basis of industry (inter-industry) agreements

The article considers a set of issues related to the role of employers and the importance of their activities as one of the parties of social partnership in the training of qualified personnel on the basis of sectoral (intersectoral) relations. When analyzing the use of forms of social partnership at its various levels in the regulation of social and labor relations, attention is paid to the social approach to such regulation, indicating the need to protect the interests and needs of the employee’s personality. The levels of social partnership are highlighted, at which various agreements can be concluded, differing in their content and order of adoption, scope of action. Among all agreements, a special place in their significance in the country’s economy, taking into account the content and scope of action, is occupied by sectoral agreements concluded at the sectoral level in various sectors of the economy, establishing the basis for regulating labor relations in a particular industry. When establishing the foundations for regulating labor relations in two or more sectors of the country’s economy, intersectoral agreements are concluded both at the federal level and at the regional level, or on a certain municipal territory. The formation of Russian legislation on social partnership, collective agreements has its own history, during which the regulatory legal framework laid down in the early years of Soviet power and during the NEP period was improved. The resumption at the end of the 20th century of collective-contractual regulation of relations in the sphere of labor law on a fundamentally new legal basis made it possible to further increase the role and importance of acts of social partnership of an industry (intersectoral) nature. An analysis of the provisions of a number of sectoral (intersectoral) agreements on the role of employers in the training of qualified personnel showed the presence of a significant amount of their powers in the agreements of the off-budget sector of the economy. In turn, in budgetary organizations, the employer’s activity in this direction, limited by budget allocations, often comes down to the need to act within their strict limits, in the absence of the possibility of establishing additional benefits and guarantees for employees compared to those established centrally.

СОВЕТСКАЯ СТУДЕНЧЕСКАЯ ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЯ И ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫЙ ДОГОВОР: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРИНЯТИЯ И УЧАСТИЯ (1917-1929 ГГ.)

The article substantiates the need for a social contract between the state and the student youth in the changed conditions (from 1917 to the end of the 20s), the goals and conditions of each of the parties, examples of forced acceptance and the consequences of refusal. It gives the classification of Soviet students as well as the characteristic of polar student worlds, which manifests itself both in motivation for higher education and in relationships within differentiated groups. The author demonstrates extreme conditions of study in universities of the first years of Soviet power and the possibility of immersion in the process of spiritual production. The fact that the social group of students belongs to the intelligentsia is considered and the changes that occurred after the transformation of the higher education system, which resulted in the emergence of a new group of working socialist intelligentsia are characterized.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ДЕНЕЖНОГО ОБРАЩЕНИЯ РОССИИ XX ВЕКА

The article is devoted to the consideration of the historical aspects of the development and reform of money circulation in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century and the first years of Soviet power. Taking into account the historical nature of money and money circulation, the relevance of the analysis and practical application of the accumulated experience in regulating the country's monetary system is determined. The historical stages of the development of money circulation and especially significant measures of its regulation are singled out. The sequence and content of the transformations carried out are revealed taking into account the interconnection of the monetary and credit systems. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the composition of the money supply and the significance of money issues. Characteristics of the types of banknotes of the corresponding stage are given.

TEXTILE INDUSTRY OF THE UPPER VOLGA REGION IN AUGUST 1921 – APRIL 1923: ORGANISATIONAL FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORMS OF ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT (based on materials of Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Vladimir and Yaroslavl provinces)

This article is devoted to the organisational development of the textile industry of the Upper Volga economic region in the early years of Soviet power. The emphasis is placed on studying the issues of the search by central and local authorities for the most acceptable form of management of enterprises in the industry. The main structural associations and management bodies of the textile industry of the region in these years are considered – from the district and provincial administrations of the “glavkˮ-ism system to the first textile “associationsˮ (trusts) of the period of the early NEP (the so-called new economic policy) in industry. In chronological order, the transition from the economy of the period of “war communismˮ to the system of “commercial settlementˮ in the textile industry of the studied provinces is traced. The article also provides a comparative analysis of the processes of formation and development of various forms of management of textile enterprises in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Vladimir and Yaroslavl provinces and it identifies their key features. To reveal the topic of the article, both materials of scientific publications and archival documents were used, a significant part of which has been introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Оn the Issue of Nutrition of the Population of the city of Kursk in the Early Years of Soviet Power (1918-1923)

Оn the Issue of Nutrition of the Population of the city of Kursk in the Early Years of Soviet Power (1918-1923)

Деятельность городского Совета народных депутатов г. Ельца на завершающем этапе перестройки (1990–1991 годы)

This article, based on materials from the regional press and archival materials, examines the main results of the work of the City Council of People’s Deputies of Yelets, formed following the results of the first alternative elections on March 4, 1990. An analysis of the main directions of the activities of the representative body and efforts to improve the standard of living of the population undertaken city authorities as the socio-economic crisis grew and the political situation worsened at the final stage of perestroika. Reconstruction of the events of the last years of Soviet power showed that the new composition of the Council of People’s Deputies of Yelets included citizens known and respected in the city. Holding different views on the future of the city, the people’s representatives managed to reach a political compromise. In conditions of growing instability, the Yelets City Council and the executive committee reporting to it pursued a socially oriented policy and tried to respond to the problems of the citizens in a timely and effective manner.