Years Of Educational Attainment Research Articles

Legislative Pay and Legislator Quality

AbstractThis study extends previous work by Mixon and Wilkinson (1999, Public Finance Review 27: 418–433) and Palia (2000, RAND Journal of Economics 31: 165–179) suggesting that formal human capital attainment is lower in political and managerial roles wherein expected compensation is less. The present study constructs a cumulative probability distribution function for years of education attained for both branches of the 109th US Congress and finds that the distribution of years of education attainment in the US Senate second‐order dominates that in the US House due to differences in the expected compensation levels favoring the former congressional branch. The stochastic dominance test results are supported by findings of significant differences in education attainment (favoring senators) at different quantiles of the joint education attainment distribution. Finally, goodness‐of‐fit tests also indicate that the distribution of education attainment quality in the US Senate, as measured by various academic institution quality indicators, is significantly different from that in the US House, again owing to the differences in expected compensation.

A reversal of educational fortune? Educational gender gaps in Bangladesh

AbstractHistorically, educational gender gaps in Bangladesh persisted as households invested more in the education of boys than girls. Recent anecdotal and descriptive reports, however, claim that Bangladesh has achieved gender parity in education. Using advanced empirical methods and nationally representative data, this study finds that urban and rural boys (relative to urban and rural girls) have a 7.4–27.4% lower likelihood of being enrolled in school, 0.4–1.5 fewer years of educational attainment and 9.7–30.8% lower likelihood of being literate. These findings draw attention to the causes of the reversal in the educational gender gap in Bangladesh. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A Reversal of Educational Fortune? Educational Gender Gaps in Bangladesh

Historically, educational gender gaps in Bangladesh persisted as households invested more in the education of boys than girls. Recent reports, however, claim that the educational gender gaps have reversed in favor of girls. Using nationally representative data and advanced empirical methods, this study finds that urban and rural boys (relative to urban and rural girls) have a 7.4 percent to 27.4 percent lower likelihood of being enrolled in school, 0.4 to 1.5 fewer years of educational attainment, and 9.7 percent to 30.8 percent lower likelihood of being literate. These findings draw attention to the causes of the reversal in the educational gender gap.

Orphanhood and the Long‐Run Impact on Children

This paper presents unique evidence that orphanhood matters in the long-run for health and education outcomes, in a region of Northwestern Tanzania. We study a sample of 718 nonorphaned children surveyed in 1991-94, who were traced and reinterviewed as adults in 2004. A large proportion, 19 percent, lost one or more parents before the age of 15 in this period, allowing us to assess permanent health and education impacts of orphanhood. In the analysis, we can control for a wide range of child and adult characteristics before orphanhood, as well as community fixed effects. We find that maternal orphanhood has a permanent adverse impact of 2 cm of final height attainment and one year of educational attainment. Expressing welfare in terms of consumption expenditure, the result is a gap of 8.5 percent compared to similar children whose mother survived till at least their 15 th birthday.

Mexican-American Ethnicity and Cognitive Function: Findings from an Elderly Southwestern Sample

Relatively little is known about late-life patterns of cognitive function among Hispanics of Mexican heritage who reside in the United States. The authors designed a study to assess the association between Mexican-American ethnicity (defined in terms of childhood and adolescent developmental history) and cognitive function among elderly Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white residents of El Paso County, Texas. Our findings indicate significant associations between the degree of Mexican-American ethnicity and cognitive impairment on all three measures of cognitive function. These statistically significant findings remain after effects of education, age, and gender have been removed from the multiple regression equation. The authors conclude that a dependable and clinically meaningful negative association exists between Mexican-American ethnicity and late-life cognitive function in this region that is mediated by as yet unmeasured variables.

Discrepancies Between Self-Reported Years of Education and Estimated Reading Level: Potential Implications for Neuropsychologists

Current standard neuropsychology practice is to examine normative sample performance for systematic influences of demographic variables and then to correct for these influences. The most commonly examined demographic variables are age, gender, and years of education, and current normative databases frequently take these into consideration. However, there is a literature to suggest that self-reported years of educational attainment may not be an accurate reflection of some patients' level of performance and may actually overpredict grade estimates based on reading level. Many of these studies have focused on older samples of individuals who were free of neurological or psychiatric symptoms. In this study, a younger sample (average age = 44.5) of African American (N = 62) and Caucasian (N = 133) patients referred to an outpatient psychiatry unit was examined. Results suggest that the prior findings of a significant discrepancy between self-reported years of education and Wide Range Achievement Test-3rd Edition Reading Recognition performance hold for a younger sample with a broad range of clinical diagnoses. How these findings might influence clinical practice are discussed.

Child Labour, Education and Export Performance

The paper uses a gravity trade model to estimate the effects of child labour and education on exports for the 1993 to 1999 period, evaluating total exports, total manufacturing exports and manufacturing exports broken down by labour and skill intensity of production using four different classifications of industries. The model includes data for up to 162 countries, double that of prior studies, and employs several indicators of child labour (the economic activity rate of ten to fourteen year olds and secondary education non-enrollment rates) and education (average years of educational attainment and literacy rates). This paper provides robust statistical evidence that child labour is bad and education is good for exports, including for unskilled labour-intensive manufacturing exports for which results are generally similar to total manufacturing exports. These findings hold for both full samples of developed and developing countries and for samples including only developing countries as exporters.

Education modifies the effect of apolipoprotein epsilon 4 on cognitive decline

Objectives: To assess the influence of education on the association between apolipoprotein E and cognitive change. Design: Prospective cohort. Participants: HMO-based sample of 2168 non-demented community-dwelling elderly followed over 6 years. Measurements: Generalized estimating equations were used with the difference between baseline and follow-up cognitive abilities screening instrument (CASI) as the outcome variable. Results: At follow-up, 6% of the sample had a decline of 1.5 S.D. or greater on the CASI. Compared to individuals without an APOE4 allele, individuals with a single APOE4 allele did not have greater CASI decline. By contrast, individuals with two APOE4 alleles experienced greater decline in cognitive performance and the magnitude of that decline decreased as years of educational attainment increased. These relationships held after adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, depression, diabetes, and history of vascular disease. Conclusion: Lower education was associated with steep 4-year cognitive decline for APOE4 homozygotes but not for APOE4 heterozygotes. Potentially modifiable host factors such as education could influence the association of high-risk genotypes and cognitive decline.

Overeducation and Earnings: A Structural Approach to Differential Attainment in the U. S. Labor Force (1970-1982)

This paper examines the hypothesis that overeducated workers receive lower earnings returns to a year of educational attainment than those who are not mismatched. Data from the Current Population Survey reveal that those who are mismatched actually receive higher overall earnings as well as higher absolute returns to a year of college. A structural model of earnings determination shows that the primary impact of advanced education among occupationally mismatched workers is through the attainment of jobs which offer higher pay. Among workers not mismatched the main influence of schooling is direct rather than through job characteristics. However the analysis also suggests the difference between mismatched and non-mismatched workers narrowed between 1972 and 1982. (authors)

The Facts about the Declining Economic Value of College

This paper examines the hypothesis that overeducated workers receive lower earnings returns to a year of educational attainment than those who are not mismatched. Data from the Current Population Survey reveal that those who are mismatched actually ...