Years Of Census Research Articles

Comparison of Population-Based Census versus Birth History for the Estimation of Under-5 Mortality in Niger.

The WHO guidelines on mass distribution of azithromycin for child survival recommend monitoring of mortality to evaluate effectiveness. Trials that contributed evidence to these guidelines used a population-based census to monitor vital status, requiring census workers to visit each household biannually (twice yearly). Birth history is an alternative to the census approach that may be more feasible because it decreases the time and labor needed for mortality monitoring. This study aimed to compare the population-based census (reference standard) and birth history (index test) approaches to estimating mortality among children 1 to 59 months old using data from the Macrolides Oraux pour Réduire les Décès avec un Oeil sur la Résistance (MORDOR) trial. Sixteen communities that received 5 years of biannual census in the MORDOR trial were selected randomly also to receive birth history surveys. The census approach recorded more participants and households than birth history, with correlations more than 0.94 for each. The correlation between number of deaths in each community was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.59-0.94). A comparison of the mortality incidence rate estimated from the census against the under-5 mortality rate estimated from the birth history resulted in a correlation of 0.60 (95% CI, 0.15-0.84). Of the 47% of children who were linked individually to compare vital status from each method, the death status of children had a sensitivity of 80% (95% CI, 73-89) and a specificity of 98% (95% CI, 98-99), comparing birth history to census. Overall birth histories were found to be a reasonable alternative to biannual census for tracking vital status.

Národnostný vývoj spišských Nemcov v 20. a 21. storočí

Presented study deals with the demographic development of German minority in the area of cultural-historical Spiš region in eastern Slovakia. The focus is set specifically on the time period of 20th and 21st century. In the text, a brief history of Germans living in Spiš region is described. Subsequently, individual years of census and data of a German population of Spiš region are analysed as well as compared with the data of the whole German population in Slovakia. The reasons for increases and decreases of the values caused by different historical events are explained in this entry. Conclusion focuses on the prediction of a further possible development. The aim is the analysis of a national development of Spiš region German in 20th and 21st century. According to the analysis of the issue, it was discovered that a number of German of Spiš region is decreasing. The least of them lived in the areas approximately in 1980 and their current population is around 1139.

Mapping Racial Capital: Gentrification, Race and Value in Three Chicago Neighborhoods

We interrogate the interrelations of race and gentrification in three Chicago neighborhoods of historical significance to Black, Mexican, and Puerto Rican residents. Our previous work indicates that historical legacies of structural racism mean that gentrification works differently in each area, although the extant literature has not directly addressed how race fuels local valuation regimes. For each neighborhood we provide GIS mapping of 30 years of property parcel data and Census block data on race, compared with a parcel level visual scan of material conditions in the built environment. Changes in value at the block level reveal value assigned to whiteness irrespective of material improvement and run counter to standard explanations of gentrification but closely align with a model of racial capitalism. We bridge the gap between qualitative and quantitative research by mapping the everyday life of racial change that is felt and known by residents of color in Chicago.

District-level agricultural total factor productivity for the Karoo, South Africa: 1952–2002

ABSTRACT An earlier study of district-level agricultural total factor productivity in the Western Cape province of South Africa Conradie et al. (2009a, b) is extended to include eleven Northern Cape districts that in combination make up the Karoo. Tornqvist Theil total factor productivity (TFP) indices are calculated using accounting data from 10 years of the farm census between 1949/50 and 2001/2. The Northern Cape districts experienced the same general productivity decline as those of the Western Cape’s Central Karoo. Both parts of the broader Karoo region show a similar mean rate of decline. However, the reasons for this are different, with developments in irrigation systems a major factor.

Gentrifying Neighborhoods, Gentrifying Schools? An Emerging Typology of School Changes in a Gentrifying Urban School District

An increasing number of central cities across the U.S. are experiencing a growth in white middle-class population, which is associated with gentrification in historically disinvested and racially segregated urban neighborhoods. These changing neighborhood dynamics are starting to shift the context of urban schooling in some districts across the nation. While we know that racial and socioeconomic demographic shifts are associated with neighborhood and school gentrification, there is little conceptual clarity about how school gentrification unfolds over time and the varying conditions of schools in gentrified neighborhoods. To advance scholarship on the topic, researchers need an organizing framework. This study addresses this gap by drawing on existing research, 16 years of Census and American Community Survey data, and 6 years of district data in Austin, Texas. Highlighting Austin, an urban city with growing neighborhood gentrification, we put forth a typology to explain the experiences of schools in the district. We conclude with implications for future research.

The institutional response to mental disorder in Ireland: censuses of Irish asylums, psychiatric hospitals and units 1844-2014.

Before the eighteenth century, there was limited response to the problem of psychiatric illness in Ireland as in many other countries. The asylums of the 1820s and 1830s were no sooner opened than they were overcrowded. A second wave of asylum building commenced in the second half of the nineteenth century continuing up to the early twentieth century. In 1966, the Report of the Commission on Mental Illness noted that the rate of psychiatric beds in Ireland per 1,000 was one of the highest in the world. The report called for a change in the policy of caring for the mentally ill in psychiatric hospitals to more community-based settings and in psychiatric units located in general hospital settings, along with a call for more research into mental illness. The result of the latter was the establishment of the first census of psychiatric patients resident in psychiatric hospitals. Thus began fifty years of census reporting and the subsequent establishment of the National Psychiatric Inpatient Reporting System (NPIRS).

Recent status and population decline of the Great Bustard Otis tarda in Iran

SummaryThe current distribution and recent population trends of the Great Bustard (Otis tarda) in Iran were investigated based on a literature review and unpublished data (1995–2008) followed by three years of census (2009–2011) in areas where the species is still breeding. Results suggest that Great Bustards have disappeared from a large part of their former distribution in the country, including East Azarbayjan, Hamedan and Kurdistan provinces. The surviving groups are concentrated in West Azarbayjan where numbers are rapidly declining. The present population is estimated at about 43–48 birds in 2011, confirming a marked decline compared to the 200–300 birds estimated in the early 1990s. About 80–90% of the extant birds are concentrated in the plains of Boukan. Strict conservation measures are urgently needed to prevent the extinction of this species in Iran.

One Hundred and Fifty Years of Census in India (1872 - 2012)

One Hundred and Fifty Years of Census in India (1872 - 2012)

Method to determine allocation of clinical pharmacist resources

An objective methodology to guide decisions by hospital pharmacy departments on the best use of clinical pharmacist personnel is described. To help determine the optimal deployment of state-licensed Clinical Pharmacist Specialist (CPS) staff, a task force led by the pharmacy department at University of North Carolina (UNC) Hospitals developed an objective approach to evaluating the relative need for and potential impact of CPS expertise within the medical center's many service units. After analyzing several years of patient census and medication-use data and using information from proprietary databases (Thomson Reuters) to calculate a "service-specific pharmacy intensity score" for each hospital service, the task force identified five staff-allocation metrics best suited to the medical center's service-based pharmacy coverage model. By applying the methodology, it was determined that CPS expertise was most needed in the UNC Hospitals adult medicine oncology service, the bone marrow transplant service, and the medical and neonatal intensive care units. The tool was initially used to validate the pharmacy department's existing human resource allocation and has since been used to guide budgeting for and deployment of newly added CPS positions. A novel tool to guide the application of pharmacy human resources incorporates the objective criteria of patient census, patient acuity, teaching involvement, drug expenditures, and use of high-risk medications. The tool can be used to determine the appropriate allocation and placement of clinical pharmacist resources in a service-based coverage model.

Flea Beetle (Alticaspp.) Herbivory on a Threatened Plant, F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming

ABSTRACT: Colorado butterfly plant (Oenothera coloradensis (Rydb.) W.L. Wagner & Hoch ssp. coloradensis [syn. Gaura neomexicana Woot. ssp. coloradensis (Rydb.) Raven & Gregory]) in the Onagraceae; Primrose family) is a Threatened plant whose population declined in a protected area in southeastern Wyoming in 2007–2008, setting record low numbers in 23 years of the annual population census. This trend was accompanied by pervasive flea beetle herbivory (Altica spp.) in 2007. The most frequent flea beetle species collected in 2008–2009 was Altica foliaceae LeConte, a native species. Altica foliaceae favors members of Onagraceae, and A. foliaceae adults were collected on browsed Oenothera plants. The Oenothera population returned to pre-infestation numbers in 2009–2010, evidence that it survived by vegetative plants and seed bank. Results point to the importance of repeated long-term monitoring, without which this event could have been interpreted as a disaster or have gone unnoticed. It also documents an even...

Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment in the light-demanding tree Choerospondias axillaris in old-growth forest in Thailand

As seeds are the only movable stage in the plant life-cycle, their dispersal determines the chances of recruitment and survival away from the parent trees and the distribution of the next generation. We studied the light- demanding tree, Choerospondias axillaris (Anacardiaceae), whose pyrenes (seeds) are dispersed mainly by deer and gibbons, to determine if seed dispersal is random with respect to parent trees and preferred germination and recruitment sites. Research was carried out during 2004 and 2005 on the Mo Singto 30-ha forest dynamics plot, Khao Yai National Park, in which all trees down to 1 cm in diameter are mapped and measured. The species has a relatively large number of adults but very few juveniles 1-10 cm in diameter and appears not to be replacing itself in this old-growth forest. Dispersal into gaps is essential for recruitment, but gaps make up less than 10% of the area. Dispersal by sambar (Cervus unicolor), barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), and gibbons (Hylobates lar) is almost random over the plot and not directed to gaps. In the 2 years of the study, less than 1% of seeds found in sub-quadrat samples were in gaps, but in the following year, approximately half of 1-year old seedlings were found in gaps. While 4.5% of the 750 sub-quadrats contained seedlings, the percentage of sub-quadrats in gaps containing seedlings was 11% and 23% in the 2 years of census. Only seedlings in gaps survived to the second year. In this population, recruitment is limited by a shortage of gaps in which seedlings can grow. Both the size distribution of adults and the dependence of seedling recruitment on light in gaps suggest that this tree population may depend on episodic forest disturbances large enough to create much larger gaps in order to maintain itself. If so, this species cannot maintain itself in mature forest and may be in perpetual disequilibrium.

The Mobility of English School Children*

AbstractIn this paper, we examine links between pupil mobility and pupil and school characteristics at all levels of compulsory schooling in England. We derive measures of mobility from two academic years of the Pupil Level Annual School Census (PLASC) data, a unique national administrative pupil‐level longitudinal data source. Our findings suggest that mobile pupils are more socially disadvantaged than non‐mobile pupils and are significantly less likely to have a good prior education record. Moreover, we find that pupils are less likely to move if the school they attend has good average performance levels. Finally, when children move school, they are more likely to end up in a school with better Key Stage performance than the one they left, but this improvement is significantly more marked for children from better‐off backgrounds.

Differences in mortality rates due to major specific causes between Japanese male occupational groups over a recent 30-year period.

It is assumed that differences in the mortality rates of occupational groups are explained by work-related factors, socioeconomic status, and health practices, etc. The present study focuses on the common factors contributing to differences in the mortality rates from all and major specific causes among Japanese male occupational groups. With respect to mortality rates, the following conditions were adopted as major specific causes of death: cerebrovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), stomach cancer (Stomach CA), lung cancer (Lung CA) and suicide. Occupations were classified into eight groups. Age-adjusted mortality rates due to each specific cause of death were calculated, using the age-specific population in 1985 as a standard, for every five years of census from 1965 until 1995. The number of significant correlation coefficients and their magnitude between mortality rates due to major specific causes, among the eight occupational groups, increased with advancing census year. Namely, the order of mortality rates for the major causes in Japanese male occupational groups became more similar over the recent 30 yr period. According to the principal component analysis of mortality rates due to major specific causes, the first main factor contributed 57.9% of the commonality in 1965, 76.5% in 1980, and 86.0% in 1995, respectively.

Breeding season of the California sea lion (<I>Zalophus californianus</I>) in the Gulf of California, Mexico

Several years of census at two colonies in the Gulf of California (Los Cantiles, situated in the northern portion and Los Islotes in the south) were used to define the reproductive period of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus californianus) in this area. The pattern of births (the length of the breeding period and the mean date of birth) is described using two models: a direct model, based on cumulative counts, and an indirect model, which related the photoperiod and the implanting of the blastocyte. The results of both models show that births begin earlier at Los Cantiles and that synchronization among females was less pronounced at Los Islotes. The mean arrival time of females was similar at both colonies, but differences were observed among the males. This suggests the existence of distinct competitive tactics that may be related to geographic position and the size of the colony. When results are compared with those from San Nicolas (California), it is clear that at Los Cantiles, the reproductive period is more prolonged, begins earlier, and that the time between giving birth and copulation for Gulf sea lions (intervals >30 days) is greater than that estimated for California (21 days).

UKPDS and the old

Diabetes is common in the old, defined here as aged 80 plus; in Melton Mowbray 11–14% of octogenarians had diabetes1. What are the implications of the landmark United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) for them? UKPDS showed that intensive glycaemic control with sulphonylurea or insulin reduced microvascular endpoints; there was an approximately 25% risk reduction of microvascular endpoints at l0 years reducing the risk from 11.4 to 8.6%2. Approximately half of these patients were aged over 65 at l0 years study duration and there were very broad inclusion criteria. Unfortunately, 50% of elderly diabetic subjects are dead within five years of census, 3 and 40% of subjects newly diagnosed by glucose tolerance test are also dead within 5 years. Several studies have now shown that improved glycaemic control leads to improved cognitive function4-7 and improved glycaemic control leads to improved quality of life, 4, 8, 9 although there is one contradictory study10. Thus as a geriatrician I still aim for glycaemic control as good as I can reasonably and safely achieve, but my justification is cognitive function and quality of life. The UKPDS Hypertension in Diabetes embedded study11 is of major interest since intensive blood pressure reduction significantly reduced many adverse endpoints such as heart failure, stroke (fatal and non-fatal), microvascular disease and diabetes related death; the Kaplan-Meier plots appear to show that many of these differences are apparent at 4 to 5 years. These findings are particularly relevant to the old diabetic person not only because of the relatively short time to derive benefit, but also because these are the co-morbid conditions that affect the British diabetic retiree. Dornan's comparison of elderly/old subjects known and not known to have diabetes12 showed that the diabetic person was significantly more likely to have had a previous stroke, cognitive impairment, congestive cardiac failure, neuropathy and blind registration. Other studies have similarly shown that the elderly diabetic person is at increased risk of dementia, 13 which is presumably predominantly vascular in origin14. As the authors of UKPDS pointed out, one should also look at the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) study:15 elderly subjects with systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm Hg were randomised to active treatment with a thiazide diuretic, or to placebo; this study had 650 octogenarians (8% diabetic) and a 5 year follow up. There are subgroup analyses of diabetic subjects16 and old subjects, 7 but not old diabetic subjects. In SHEP, treatment of octogenarians reduced more strokes than treatment of younger subjects15.17 The absolute benefit of antihypertensive treatment was greater in the diabetic than in the non-diabetic group;16 in the diabetic group active treatment significantly reduced major cardiovascular events, and all coronary heart disease events. However, SHEP accepted only about 1% of subjects referred and excluded subjects receiving insulin, so one wonders how generalisable are the results. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial (Syst-Eur)18 had 441 octogenarians (24% diabetic);18 treatment with a long acting calcium channel blocking agent aimed to reduce systolic BP to<150 mm Hg. The study was terminated after a median follow-up of 2 years because a significant result had been obtained. Subgroup analysis of diabetic subjects19 shows a greater absolute benefit from treatment than in the non-diabetic subjects; in the diabetic group active treatment significantly reduced cardiovascular death, all cardiovascular events and strokes. Subgroup analysis of old subjects17 reveals a non-significant decrease in strokes. Treatment also reduced the incidence of dementia20. Diabetic patients were included in Syst-Eur if their diabetes was controlled, i.e. insulin treatment was not an exclusion criterion. There are two worries regarding antihypertensive treatment in the old: although it decreases strokes, there is a non-significant increase in mortality;17 however, given the greater absolute benefit of treating diabetic subjects, this may be even less applicable to the diabetic octogenarian. Secondly, the subjects in these trials may be fitter than the patient in your clinic. Given the comorbidity of the old diabetic person, a study of diabetes in frail old folk is required, but unlikely to happen. However, HYVET is an ongoing placebo controlled trial of antihypertensive therapy in octogenarians; its inclusion criteria are broad and its pilot study recruited 1284 subjects so that one anticipates a large diabetic subgroup; other outcomes of interest such as falls, quality of life and confusion will be assessed. treat as per SHEP or Syst-Eur targets (e.g. systolic BP <150 mm Hg); conclude that there is limited data on treating run of the mill octogenarians, and await new data or enter the patient into HYVET. At present, I cautiously treat as per SHEP and Syst-Eur but I am very wary of inducing postural hypotension. Thus the importance of UKPDS is to direct our attention to the old diabetic subject's blood pressure, which will hopefully improve disability free survival.

Letting the People Decide: The Dynamics of a Canadian Election, by Richard Johnston, André Blais, Henry E. Brady and Jean Crête

The authors have based the book primarily on data derived from the 1988 Canadian Election Study, for which they were co-investigators. The survey was a rolling cross-section: a daily tracking of the campaign designed explicitly to monitor electoral dynamics. The multivariate techniques commonly involved in the analysis of campaign data are presented here in an accessible way, as graphs rather than tables. Videotapes of prime time news analyses on CBC, CTV, and SRC outlets, as well as some newspaper commentaries, have been integrated into the survey. This information is contrasted with an analysis of electoral dynamics based on one hundred years of census and electoral data. The authors make a variety of significant arguments about the historical and political basis of the parties' eventual positions on the issue of free trade, the overriding importance of that issue to the 1988 election, the roles of the party leaders, and, perhaps most important, the political impact of campaigns, especially of debates and media coverage. Letting the People Decide brings the study of Canadian parties into the analytical mainstream even as it supplies a new interpretation of a century of elections.

The Life History and Ecology of the Yellow Walleye, Stizostedion Vitreum, in Lac La Ronge, Saskatchewan

The yellow walleye population of Lac la Ronge was studied from 1950 to 1956 using creel census, tagging, trapping the spawning run and extensive gill netting. Spawning runs of thirteen to thirty thousand walleyes enter the Montreal and Potato Rivers a few days after the ice leaves the rivers and small lakes but much earlier than the break-up of ice on Lac la Ronge. Maximum spawning activity was in water temperatures of 45–50°F. Males outnumber females in the run by 5 to 1. A few spawned at 5 years but the bulk of the run was 8 to 10 years old. The rate of growth of walleyes in Lac la Ronge is intermediate as compared to that recorded elsewhere in Canada and in the United States. Females grow considerably faster than males. The food was 97 percent fish with ciscoes and ninespine sticklebacks as the main items. External and internal parasites are reported. Movements of the walleye population were followed through the spawning run, gradual return to the main lake and late summer dispersal into deep water. Greater activity was demonstrated at night than during the day. Seventy percent of the recoveries were within two miles of the tagging site and only 5 percent more than 20 miles away. One walleye had gone 65 miles upstream. Tagging and other evidence suggests that the spawning runs of two rivers about 6 miles apart represent essentially discrete populations. The anglerˈs catch of walleyes, averaging 41,000 pounds per year, is of the same order as the previous commercial catch. Six years of creel census indicates that the walleyes have contributed steadily, about 17 percent of the game fish catch. The population appears quite capable of supporting present rates of utilization.

The Significance of the Decreasing Proportion of Children

The period during which population and vital statistics of civilized nations have been available has been too brief to measure the relationship which doubtless exists between the material condition of a nation and increase or decrease of population. Each nation of Europe offers to the student a substantially accurate record of events for more than a thousand years, but statistics of population, even moderately correct, exist but for a century at best, and in some nations for a much shorter period. In the United States alone will it be possible in succeeding years to trace such relation as exists between the growth and prosperity of the republic arid the increase or decrease of population. The beginning of census taking was practically coincident with the establishment of the Federal Government, and should a periodic count of inhabitants continue, as it doubtless will so long as the republic endures, ours will prove to be the only important nation now in existence in which an accurate periodic count of inhabitants has been maintained throughout its entire history. After the lapse of i IO years of census taking in the United States (from 1790 to I900) certain well-defined facts have already appeared that are of consequence, since they may indicate influences at work within the social structure of the nation. It is a wellknown fact that in the face of generous additions due to immigration the percentage of increase in the aggregate population has steadily diminished; obviously some element of the population has decreased its contribution of births so decidedly as to affect the percentage of total increase though aided by immigration. The returns of the census and the private investigations of leading American statisticians have for many years pointed to the original population element in the United States as the one in which decrease is most pronounced. There is reason to believe that the diminution in the birth rate in this large segment of the population of the