Years Of Age Group Research Articles

Laparoscopic Port Site Infection: A Review of Its Management of 100 Cases Studies

Introduction: The advent of laparoscopic surgery has transformed the landscape of surgical interventions, providing patients with the benefits of reduced trauma, shorter recovery times, and improved cosmetic outcomes. As this minimally invasive approach continues to gain popularity across various surgical disciplines, it is essential to address the associated challenges and complications that may arise. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to analyze the microbial distribution and antibiotic sensitivity patterns in laparoscopic port site infections. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on a cohort of 100 patients who underwent laparoscopic procedures at MH Samorita Medical College & Hospital, Hi Tech Surgicare Hospital & piles Centre, Savar Specialized Hospital, Lab Zone Hospital Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh from Jan 2016 to Dec 2023. The study focused on identifying cases with culture-positive laparoscopic port site infections. Result: The Laparoscopic cholecystectomy being analyzed by Cholelithiasis, Acute cholecystitis, Ch. Cal. Cholecystitis, Empyema GB, and GB polyp. For Cholelithiasis, 33.3% of males and 40.5% of females had this condition. Regarding Acute cholecystitis, it was found in 20.0% of males and 16.7% of females. Majority 36.7% were 40 – 50 years in age group for male and 30.9% were in 40 – 50 years in age group for female respectively. Out of the total 100 patients in the study, 71% patients tested positive for port site infection. Conclusion: In conclusion, the insights gained from our study provide a foundation for advancing the management of laparoscopic port site infections.

Evaluation of compliance and adherence to medications in diabetic and/or hypertensive patients during the lockdown period and the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on blood glucose levels and blood pressure levels

Background: To contain the COVID-19 pandemic, a nationwide lockdown was imposed, which affected the lives of people with diabetes and hypertension as the patients were not able to regularly follow up with the doctor. Aims and Objectives: This prospective observational study was conducted to find out the compliance and adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents and antihypertensives during lockdown, to consult with doctors during lockdown, and also to analyze the effect of lockdown on blood glucose levels and blood pressure control by comparing the pre- and post-lockdown blood pressure and blood glucose levels. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 100 participants aged between 35 and 85 years. They were studied by a questionnaire for a period of 3 months. The majority belonged to the 55–65 years of age group, and a male predominance was seen across all age groups. The changes in lifestyle habits of the participants during lockdown and complications due to diabetes and hypertension were also studied. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in the adherence to prescribed medications during lockdown due to various reasons, the most important of which was the lack of access to personal consultation with the doctor during lockdown. Patients also could not follow their diet and physical exercises due to lockdown. All these factors led to poor control of blood pressure and blood glucose levels, as evidenced by comparing the pre- and post-lockdown blood glucose levels and blood pressure. Conclusion: This study concludes that there was a significant decrease in adherence to medications during the COVID-19 lockdown and there was poor control of blood pressure and blood glucose levels due to the lockdown period.

A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON PRESCRIPTION ANALYSIS OF ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

The present study was aimed to analyze the prescription patterns of various uses of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)in the strategic treatment of different types of epilepsy in a tertiary care hospital in the northern Telangana of India. A total of 157 patients were included in this study and patients with epilepsy of specific group are included. The demographic data shows a greater number of males 99 (63%) and female 58 (37%). The majority of patients were 44 (28%) belonged to 20-30 years of age group, 43 (27%) patients belonged to 30-40 years of age group. Generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS) were the most commonly diagnosed epilepsy (46%) and monotherapy (75%) were prescribed. Levetiracetam was the most common monotherapy (54%). Levetiracetam with clobazam was commonly prescribed two drug combinations (6%). Among polytherapy levetiracetam with sodium valproate and clobazam (2%). Levetiracetam was commonest prescribed AED as monotherapy and in combinational as well as polytherapy. The study concluded that educating patients regarding the antiepileptic drugs is necessary to avoid the medications related problems which helps in improving patient for better care.

Assessment of microfilaremia in 'hotspots' of four lymphatic filariasis endemic districts of Nepal during post-MDA surveillance.

The lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination program in all sixty-three endemic districts of Nepal was based on annual mass drug administration (MDA) using a combination of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and albendazole for at least 5 years. The MDA program was started in the Parsa district of the Terai region and at least six rounds of MDA were completed between 2003 and 2017 in all filariasis endemic districts of Central Nepal. Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) report indicated that circulating filarial antigen (CFA) prevalence was below the critical value i.e., ≤ 2% in selected LF endemic districts of Central Nepal. Based on the TAS report, antigen-positive cases were found clustered in the foci of those districts which were considered as "hotspots". Hence the present study was designed to assess microfilaremia in hotspots of four endemic districts of Central Nepal after the MDA program. The present study assessed microfilaremia in hotspots of four endemic districts i.e. Lalitpur and Dhading from the hilly region and Bara and Mahottari from the Terai region of Central Nepal. Night blood samples (n = 1722) were collected by finger prick method from the eligible sample population irrespective of age and sex. Community people's participation in the MDA program was ensured using a structured questionnaire and chronic clinical manifestation of LF was assessed using standard case definition. Two districts one each from the hilly region (Lalitpur district) and Terai region (Bara district) showed improved microfilaria (MF) prevalence i.e. below the critical level (<1%) while the other two districts are still over the critical level. There was a significantly high prevalence of MF in male (p = <0.05) and ≥41 years of age group (p = <0.05) community people in the hotspots of four endemic districts. People who participated in the previous rounds of the MDA program have significantly low MF prevalence. The upper confidence limit of MF prevalence in all hotspots of four districts was above the critical level (>1%). Chronic clinical manifestation of LF showed significant association with the older age group (≥41 years) but not with sex. The study revealed LF transmission improved in hotspots of two districts while continued in others but the risk of LF resurgence cannot be ignored since the upper confidence level of MF prevalence is over 1% in all the hotspots studied districts. High MF prevalence is well correlated with the number of MDA rounds but not with the MDA coverage. Community people involved in MDA drug uptake in any previous and last rounds have significantly less MF infection. Hence it is recommended that before deciding to stop the MDA rounds it is essential to conduct the MF survey at the hotspots of the sentinel sites.

Prevalence of ocular morbidity among industrial workers of Eastern Nepal

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ocular morbidity among industrial workers. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in four industries of Koshi Province. The demographic information gathered encompassed details such as age and gender. Employment-related factors included the nature of work, years of experience, and the type of industry. Economic considerations, such as monthly pay scale and job responsibilities, were also explored. Educational background and awareness of ocular hazards in the workplace, along with knowledge about safety devices, constituted crucial components of the survey. Comprehensive ocular examinations, along with assessments for color vision, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis, were carried out on-site in collaboration with the outreach team of Biratnagar Eye Hospital. A structured schedule was administered through face-to-face interviews and documented. Results: In the present study, A total of 359 industrial workers were screened; among them, 321 (89%) were male, and 38 (11%) were Female, with a mean age of 43.72 ± 10.18. The majority of them were from 40 to 49 years of age group 135 (37.6%). The overall prevalence of ocular morbidity among the workers was 289, (80.50%). The highest rate of ocular morbidity was seen in sugar industry 98, (89.9%) followed by the jute industry 85, (80.18%), the soap industry 59, (74.68%), and the dairy industry 47, (72.30%). Presbyopia 166, (46.23%) emerged as the most common ocular morbidity among all workers. A history of ocular injuries was found in 115, (32%) of workers, and only 19% of workers used ocular safety devices. The main reason for not using ocular safety devices was due to unavailability (65%). Conclusion: The research highlights a significant prevalence of ocular morbidity among industrial workers, with presbyopia emerging as the most common ocular disorder.

Severe nutritional anemia among hospitalized children in Central India – Descriptive study

Despite numerous efforts, pediatric nutritional anemia remains one of the most serious health issues in developing countries. Severe nutritional anemia is associated with a number of modifiable risk factors, which can be overcome if the risk factors are accurately identified and addressed for different population groups. The purpose of this descriptive study is to focus on severe nutritional anemia in hospitalized children aged 1–5 years in a tertiary care center in Central India. Hospitalized children were enrolled in the study, and demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, and laboratory data, as well as clinical and laboratory images, were reviewed. For defining severe anemia, the World Health Organization cutoff value was used. Out of total 9850 children of 1–5 years of age group admitted in hospital for 2 years, 197 children had severe nutritional anemia, indicated the incidence of 2%. Lower socioeconomic status and malnutrition were significantly correlated to severe nutritional anemia.

Estimation of Time Since Death by Potassium ion Level in the Vitreous Fluids: A Postmoterm Study in a Tertiary Care Center, South India

Background: It is of great value to find time since death in the medicolegal investigations like serious crimes.Vitreous humor was more often used for the biochemical analysis as it is less contaminated or not affected by the putrefactive changes than other fluids of the body. It was stated by many researchers that potassium levels in the vitreous humour is more accurate in predicting time since death.Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the time since death using potassium level in the vitreous humorMethodology: This study includes 54 cases of victims brought to the tertiary care hospital based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cases with known time of death and with clear vitreous humor samples were included. Baseline characteristics like name, age, gender, exact time since death was collected. Vitreoushumor was collected through appropriate standardized technique. Sampling time was also noted. The collected data was entered in MS excel and analysis done in SPSS 23 software. P value &lt;0.05 is considered to be significant.Results: Majority of the study participants belongs to 57-67 years of age group (28%) followed by 27-37 years of age (22%).Male predominance was observed in our study 41(76%). There is a linear correlation found between the vitreous potassium concentration and the postmortem interval (R2=0.907). The rate of the vitreous potassium increase was 0.36 meq/hr (Coefficient of regression =2.76 meq/l/hr)Conclusion: There is a linear relationship found between vitreous potassium concentration and time since death.Thus potassium in the vitreous can be used for assessing the time since death.

Age Estimation among 12-18 Years Children by Studying the Ossification Centers of Hip Joint and Pelvis

Background: Bone age is an indicator of the skeletal and biological maturity of an individual. Skeletal ossification progression studies are one of them and are admissible in court as unparalleled scientific evidence for age estimation. Age group of juveniles between 12 - 18 years is dealt with special laws for medico- legal cases.Aims &amp; Objective: To observe age of appearance and fusion of ossification centers of hip joint and pelvic bone in adolescent population of Jaipur.Material &amp; Methodology: An observational prospective study that used inclusion and exclusion criteria wasconducted. Healthy Adolescents of 12-18 years of age group from Jaipur were taken in the study. The presentstudy had been conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine &amp; Toxicology, SMS Hospital, Jaipur withDepartment of Radiology, SMS Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur during the period from June 2021to May 2022.Result &amp; Observation: Appearance of triradiate cartilage was found earliest at the age of 12 – 13 years in bothsexes, complete fusion was found earliest at the age 13 - 14 years in females and 14 – 15 years in males. Appearance of ossification centre of Ischial Tuberosity was found earliest at the age of 12 – 13 years in males and females; old fusion is earliest found at the age of 17 - 18 years in females and was not found in males. Appearance of ossification centre of Iliac Crest was found earliest at the age of 12 – 13 years in males and females; old fusion is earliest found at the age of 17 - 18 years in both male &amp; females. Appearance of ossification centre of Pubis was found earliest at the age of 12 – 13 years in males and females; old fusion is earliest found at the age of 17 - 18 years in females and was not found in males.Conclusion: Appearance and fusion of ossification centers for hip joint &amp; pelvis joint can be implemented inroutine forensic practice for 12 – 18 years age group to opine about age of subjects with lesser age range.

Electrophysiological variations of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Bangladesh- Hospital based study

Introduction: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an immune mediated disorder of peripheral nerves which usually presents by rapidly evolving ascending weakness &amp; mild sensory loss and hypo- or areflexia. Electrodiagnostic study (EDS) is the basis for classification of different subtypes of the disease. EDS also has a crucial role in diagnosis, ruling out of some differential diagnosis like myopathic and motor neuron disorders and confirming the neuropathic nature of GBS. The benefit of immunotherapy is greatest when introduced early. In addition, electrophysiological characteristic can predict the prognosis of patients with GBS. This study was conducted to determine the predominant subtype and electrophysiological pattern of GBS in the context of Bangladesh. Objectives: Objective of this study was to compare the electrophysiological variations among different electrophysiological subtypes of GBS. Methods: It is an observational cross sectional study conducted in Department of Medicine and Neurology, Sir Salimullah Medical College &amp; Mitford Hospital and National Institute of Neuroscience (NINS), Dhaka, over a period of one year &amp; four months. Total 30 patients were selected by purposive sampling technique. Demographic data were collected from the patients and recorded in structured case report form. Clinical examination and relevant investigations were done meticulously. Collected questionnaire were checked to identify any error in data. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 21 software. Result: In this study, maximum numbers of patients 53% were between 21-30 years of age group with mean value 27.47±8.1 years. Male to female ratio was 1.7:1. Frequency of Guillain-Barre syndrome is predominance at middle age group. Commonest presentation was limb weakness (parapledgia or quadripledgia) in 60% patients, paresthesias &amp; numbness (40%), pain (100%) and deviation of mouth (63%) of GBS patients. Cerebrospinal fluid shows a mild pleocytosis (5 to 50 cells/µl) in majority of cases was found in 76% of patients. Whereas elevated CSF Protein (&gt;45 mg/dl) was seen in all GBS patient. Increased distal motor latency (DML) was found in 93% patients, whereas 7% patients had normal DML. In the case of the lower limbs, increased distal motor latency was predominant. Decreased amplitude of sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) was seen in 83% patients while 16% patients had normal. Slowing of motor conduction velocities, decreased amplitude as well as increase in distal motor latencies were observed, being more pronounced in the lower limbs. F-wave was completely absent in 20.0% patients while 20% patients showed decreased conduction velocity with prolonged latency. Sensory nerve action potential revealed that decreased sensory conduction velocity (SCV) was seen in 26%, absent SCV in 10% and normal SCV in 63% patients. Present study demonstrated that Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) was the commonest type of Guillain-Barré syndrome, present in 56% of patient. Around 30% of the patients belonged to acute motor axonal polyneuropathy (AMAN) and 13% were acute motor sensory axonal polyneuropathy (AMSAN). Conclusion: In this study AIDP was the most frequent subtype. The characteristic findings supportive of AIDP include prolonged distal motor latencies, reduced conduction velocities, conduction blocks at non-entrapment sites, temporal dispersion and prolonged F wave latencies. J MEDICINE 2024; 25: 11-16

Liquid-based Cytology Profile of Street Sex Workers in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Aim: To investigate street sex workers in Benin City Edo state Nigeria using liquid-based cytology method.&#x0D; Study Design: Analytical cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Histopathology Sub-Department, University of Benin, Benin City and the Histopathology Laboratory, University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH)., between December 2016 and May 2017.&#x0D; Methodology: This study was conducted in the local government areas that make up the Benin metropolitan City in Edo State. A simple random sampling method was used to recruit the 113 participants, after which the questionnaire was used as the data gathering tool. The liquid-based cytology method was used for sampling following the cervix examination by a gynecological nurse. Data were analyzed using Frequency tables, and factor analysis using Minitab version 17.0 and the statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.&#x0D; Results: From a total of 113 participants within the street sex workers ring in Benin City, acute cervicitis was predominant 7/113(6.2%) closely followed by the chronic 4/113(3.5%). The prevalence of SSWs living with cervicitis in Benin City 11/113(9.7%) revealed that Teenage SSWs were 5/113 (4.4%) and Migrant SSWs 11/113 (9.7%) and were affected by age and duration of sexual practices (p= 0.583; p= 0.204). The prevalence of HPV sera-positivity revealed that 3/113(2.7%) is infected and is largely distributed amongst the age group 21-30years. A hundred percent (100%) of the SSWs agreed to having heard about condoms and have been using it; while regular condom usage was revealed in the HPV sera-negative group amounting to 101/110 (92%) and 2/3(66.7%) amongst the HPV sera-positive group.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, cervicitis is the only cervical lesion observed in the street sex workers with HPV infection predominantly affecting the age group (21-30years). Also, teenage prostitution is on the increase and HPV infection amongst the street sex workers in Benin City, Nigeria.

Metabolic syndrome and the 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in urban public transport drivers in the context of occupational risks and workloads

The specific risks and workloads of urban public transport drivers create a net for the development of several health issues. It is worth mentioning the impact of the work regime on this type of workers’ metabolic and cardiovascular health. This paper represents a sequence from an ample study that has followed the effects of this professional activity on worker’s health and work capacity and has established prevention / reduction of identified risk factors measures. The health state analysis was realized through a prevalence study on three cohorts (bus, tram, trolleybus drivers). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was the highest in the group of the bus drivers, 16.7%. The 10-year fatal cardiovascular disease risk in both the increased risk category and very increased risk category was the highest in the trolleybus drivers’ cohort, 29%, respectively 6%. Major contributing pathology, such as hypertension and type II diabetes, starts in the 36-45 years of age group regardless of gender in all three cohorts signalizing an early wear and is already important in the 46-55 years of age group.

Prevalence of Problematic Smartphone Usage and Associated Physical and Mental Health Outcomes among College Students: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT Background: The development of smartphones has caused a dramatic change in societies worldwide. It is one of the best tools that have integrated communication, education, and entertainment. Exploration of the connection between unbalanced use and different aspects of health will be evaluated such as addiction/problematic smartphone usage (PSU), social influences, and brain changes. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence and consequences of PSU on physical and mental health among college students of Bhopal city. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out as a pilot study among 50 college students who have been using smartphones. Self-reported questionnaire containing data related to the use of smartphone, and its impact on mental health had been collected by smartphone addiction scale-short version and generalized anxiety disorder-7. Results: The present study reported 66% of students were smartphone addicted (55% males, 46% females), and 46% of students were using smartphone more than 6 h per day. Seventy percent of students were using smartphone &gt;5 years. In this study, 67% of addicted students were having anxiety. Sixty-one percent of addicted students were found in 25–30 years of age group which is higher than 18–24 years of age group (only 39% of students were addicted). Twenty-one percent of addicted students were having dry eye syndrome. Twenty-one percent of addicted students were found overweight and obese. Conclusions: The prevalence of PSU was quite high among the college students and maximum students reported anxiety and dry eye syndrome. It is necessity of today’s era to develop awareness regarding PSU and its negative impact on physical as well as mental health.

An Evaluation Of Time Since Death From Potassium Level Of Vitreous Humour In The Eyes Of Deceased Brought For Autopsy At Department Of Forensic Medicine Toxicology In A Government Medical College Of Garhwal Region Uttarakhand

Background: The Post-mortem interval is the time between death and the examination of a corpse. It is important to know when the crime was committed. It helps the police to start their investigations with the information available and to process cases more efficiently. Materials and Methods: The sample of vitreous homour was collected from the posterior chamber of both eyes by aspirating gradually and slowly through a puncture 5-6 mm away from the limbus using a sterile 20 gauge needle taking care to avoid tearing of any loose tissue fragments surrounding the vitreous chamber. Results: In the present study there were 80 subjects, out of these subjects maximum subjects were from 26-35 years and minimum were from 66-75 years of age group. Conclusion: In our study, we found that an appreciable pattern of increased potassium concentration in vitreous humour was observed every 12 hours of post-mortem interval, with an approximate 2mmol/l increase.

Determining the effect of hypertension and diabetes following stroke in tertiary hospital, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia.

Background: Stroke is a common neurological disorder with a high prevalence. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factor, prevalence, and association of types of strokes among diabetes and hypertension patients.&#x0D; Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in King Abdul Aziz, Qurayyat, Sakaka, and Tubarjal hospitals among stroke patients including both sexes within the age &gt; 40 years. Type of stroke was identified by brain computed tomography scans or magnetic resonance imaging and risk factors for stroke and other details were noted on a checklist.&#x0D; Results: Out of 226 stroke patients considered for the present study, in which 48% were males and 52% were females. All lived in the Aljouf region. Most of the patients had risk factors which included Hypertension 49 (21.68%), Diabetes Mellitus 44 (19.46%), Combined (Hypertension and diabetes) 111 (49.11%), and Hyperlipidemia 22 (9.75%). Stroke patients &gt; 60 years of age group showed a higher prevalence of ischemic stroke (p=0.001). The combined risk factor group also showed more prevalence of ischemic stroke (49.11%).&#x0D; Conclusion: Patient having both risk factor Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were major association with ischemic stroke. Majority of the patients with ischemic stroke age at onset &gt; 60 year and irrespectively affected both males and females were equally.&#x0D; Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 01 January’24 Page : 171-178

Rationale for declined child sex ratio across Perambalur district in Tamil Nadu-A qualitative study.

Child sex ratio signifies the proportion of girls compared with boys in 0 to 6 years of age group. It is an important indicator for any population and most significantly about the status of the girl child in the society. The study tried to approach in a qualitative manner to study the rationale behind the declining of child sex ratio. We conducted a qualitative study using five focus group discussions and 12 in-depth interviews among various age groups, pregnant women, and other stake holders. The participants were approached with a semi-structured open-ended interview guide regarding the rationale of declined child sex ratio and measures to normalize it. After a thematic analysis, main themes and subthemes were selected after consensual agreement. The study showed that male child preference is the main theme identified in the rationale part with subthemes of female vulnerability, socioeconomic status, literacy, cultural, and caste and religion as subthemes. The theme of female child preference also came up with as second child, care taking, affectionate, and cultural factors as subthemes. In the area of suggestions/interventions, education, counseling, government policies and media along with suggestions regarding sex determination and female feticide were identified. The decline in child sex ratio should be taken as an active social issue thus focusing more into female upliftment and enlightening into the issues of patriarchal nature, with reduction of cultural/religious beliefs.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Unmet Need for Family Planning among Magar Community Women

Introduction: Unmet need for family planning (FP) denotes sexually active reproductive age group women’s inability to fulfill contraceptive requirements for limiting or spacing the child birth. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with unmet need for FP among Magar community women in selected areas of Nawalparasi, Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from July-August, 2022 using non-probability (purposive sampling) technique to select the respondents. A semi-structured questionnaire and face to face interview method was used among 353 respondents to collect the information. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used for data analysis. Results: More than half (54%) of respondents found unmet need for FP by using Westoff model. Respondents’ age (p&lt;0.013), education level (p&lt;0.002), husbands’ education (p&lt;0.022) and occupation (p&lt;0.001) were significant association with unmet need for FP and husband in foreign, opposition by husband and family, fear of harmful effects, lack of information and access and rare sexual interaction with spouse were the main reason for not-using family planning methods. Odds of unmet need for FP age group 30-34 years were 3.336 times (95% CI = 1.436 to 7.749), among more than 35 years were 1.588 (95% CI = 0.751 to 3.357) times as compared to whose age is &lt;25 years. The respondents who were in secondary level were 2.473 times (95% CI = 1.137 to 5.379) unmet need for FP as compared to illiterate. Compared to services, the respondents’ husband’s occupation in agriculture resulted in 2.032 times (95% CI = 0.834 to 4.949) unmet for family planning. Conclusion: The prevalence of unmet need for FP among the Magar women was higher than that of national and provincial level. It was also significantly higher prevalence among 30-34 years of age group, secondary level respondents and whose husband in foreign employment.

Comparative Study of BMD in Type 2 Diabetic and Non-diabetic Male Patients

Introduction: Osteoporosis and diabetes are both common human diseases. The prevalence of both is increasing individually and in combination, due to better detection methods and changing definitions. Due to the different pathogenesis of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), one of which is a predominant autoimmune process while the other mainly a metabolic disorder, it is not surprising that there is no uniform entity of diabetic bone disease as such, although such term has been proposed in the past but never gained momentum. Paradoxically, an increased risk of osteoporotic fracture in T2DM has been repeatedly demonstrated and this was independent of bone mineral density (BMD). This association with fracture adds uncertainty around the actual association between diabetes mellitus and BMD. This study aims to study the population of diabetes at tertiary care center when they are compared with non-diabetics in terms of BMD. Aims of Study: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in T2DM and non-diabetic male patients using Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA scan). Materials and Methods: Patients for the study included male patients between 40 and 60 years of age group attending outpatient department, health checkup, and admitted in the ward of Saifee Hospital, Department of Medicine. In 200 (100 type 2 diabetic males and 100 non-diabetic males), DEXA Scan was performed in the Department of Imaging, Saifee Hospital from June 2017 to April 2019. Results: Type 2 diabetics were significantly associated with the presence of osteoporosis compared to non-diabetics (P = 0.001). Type 2 diabetics were significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) &gt;25 (P = 0.0) and diabetics had a significantly higher BMI compared to non-diabetics (P = 0.0001). Type 2 diabetics above 50 years of age were significantly associated with osteoporosis (P = 0.000) and diabetics with osteoporosis were significantly older compared to diabetics without osteoporosis (P = 0.0018). Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a correlation between T2DM, increasing age, glycemic control, increased BMI, increased calcium levels, and decreased BMD. Thus, physician treating diabetes must anticipate decreased BMD and rule out or correct all of these factors in patients of diabetes to prevent the complications of decreased BMD in these groups of patients. Therefore, early detection and treatment of osteoporosis/osteopenia by estimation of BMD in Type 2 diabetic males, strict diabetic control with target hemoglobin A1c &lt;6.5, weight control with target BMI &lt;25, supplementation with Vitamin D3 should be advocated. Keywords: Diabetes, osteoporosis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan.

The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome after COVID-19 infection.

Obstructive sleep apnea is a well-known risk factor regarding the severity of COVID-19 infection. However, to date, relatively little research performed on the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in COVID-19 survivors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk of obstructive sleep apnea after COVID-19 infection. This study was based on data collected from the US Collaborative Network in TriNetX. From January 1, 2020 to June 30, 2022, participants who underwent the SARS-CoV-2 test were included in the study. Based on their positive or negative results of the COVID-19 test results (the polymerase chain reaction [PCR] test), we divided the study population into two groups. The duration of follow-up began when the PCR test was administered and continued for 12 months. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for newly recorded COVID-19 positive subjects for obstructive sleep apnea were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model and compared to those without COVID-19 infection. Subgroup analyses were performed for the age, sex, and race, groups. The COVID-19 group was associated with an increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea, at both 3 months of follow-up (HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.48-1.54), and 1 year of follow-up (HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.55-1.60). Kaplan-Meier curves regarding the risk of obstructive sleep apnea revealed a significant difference of probability between the two cohorts in the follow-up periods of 3 months and 1 year (Log-Rank test, p < 0.001). The risks of obstructive sleep apnea among COVID-19 patients were significant in the less than 65 year of age group (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.47-1.52), as well as in the group older than or equal to 65 years (HR:1.69, 95% CI: 1.64-1.73). Furthermore, the risks of obstructive sleep apnea were evident in both the male and female COVID-19 groups. Compared to the control group, the risks of obstructive sleep apnea in the COVID-19 participants increased in the subgroups of White (HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.59-1.64), Blacks/African Americans (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.45-1.55), Asian (HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.32-1.62) and American Indian/Alaska Native (HR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.07-1.74). In conclusion, the incidence of new diagnosis obstructive sleep apnea could be substantially higher after COVID-19 infection than non-COVID-19 comparison group. Physicians should evaluate obstructive sleep apnea in patients after COVID-19 infection to help prevent future long-term adverse effects from occurring in the future, including cardiovascular and neurovascular disease.

Major Visual Impairment in Special Children

Objective: This study aims to identify the major visual impairment among special children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 children within 3-15 years of age group at a vision therapy centre between April-June of 2023. Results: Low visual acuity was seen in children who had a development delay of 0.79%. In 15.7% of cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), astigmatism was present. Nystagmus was seen in 5.8% of cases of cortical visual impairment (CVI). 9.9% of those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were unable to both accommodate and converge. In 14.0% of cases, the stereo acuity was poor. Ocular mobility was impaired in 9.1% of developmental delay cases, 14.0% of CVI cases, and 25.6% of ASD cases. Fusion was not performed well by 9.9% of ADHD patients. Suppression and diplopia were present in 25.6% of ASD cases, 14.0% of CVI cases, and 9.1% of developmental delay cases. 7.4% of ADHD patients and 12.4% of CVI patients had photophobia. 9.9% of ADHD patients and 14.0% of CVI patients were unable to perform spatial orientation. Children with developmental delays, ASD, ADHD, and CVI were more likely to be impacted and had abnormal visual function.

Ab. No. 93 Prevalence of Learning Disability in School-Going Kids of Government School in District Patiala, Punjab

Introduction: The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence of learning disability in school-going children from the IIIrd –Vth class of government schools by using the Learning Disability Diagnostic Inventory (LDDI). The study contributes to expanding the role of physiotherapy in multidisciplinary teams by fostering effective therapeutic approaches to promote balanced development of children with learning disability. Methods: A total of 80 students belonging to the class III-V between the 8-11 years of age group from different government schools were selected as participants in the present study. Methods: The study was conducted using convenience sampling method. A detailed questionnaire was used to document each student’s academic performance. The students were then subjected to a series of assessments, including visual auditory perception tests and an IQ based (Colored Progressive Matrices) CPM test followed by LDDI filled by the teacher of each student. The data was analysed through descriptive statistics and inferences. Results: The findings of the study were that out of total 80 students the prevalence of Learning Disability in Writing domain constitutes (10%), Reading (7.5%), Speaking (21.25%),Reasoning (6.25%),Listening (25%), Arithmetic disability (8.75%). Students of primary class IIIrd-Vth were at higher risk of learning disability in government schools. Conclusion: The study concluded that the learning disability is more prevalent in early aged students between age of 8-11. Institutional based educational strategies are required for appropriate modifications in education and teaching techniques. Implications: The present study helps in making early diagnosis of learning disability at school level and further widens the spectrum for planned effective therapeutic interventions to enhance the academic performance of students with learning disability and enhance the overall quality of life.