Years Of Age Group Research Articles

EVALUATION OF DIAGNOSTIC EFFICACY OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN NECK MASSES

INTRODUCTION A neck mass can be frequently seen in clinical practice. The close proximity of various structures in the neck creates a diagnostic problem. The precise anatomical location and imaging appearances are important for accurate diagnosis and formulating the differential diagnoses of neck masses. The present study was undertaken to evaluate diagnostic efficacy of ultrasonography and computed tomography in neck masses. AIM To assess the efficacy of Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography in the evaluation of neck masses. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted in the department of E.N.T. in co-ordination with the department of Radiodiagnosis, Oncology and Pathology at LLR & Associated Hospital, GSVM, Medical College, Kanpur.Total number of patients included were 50. RESULT Of the 50 patients of age group 3-70 years who presented with neck masses, majority of patients belonged to 20-30 years of age group (10 patients , 20% ) with male dominance 62% ( 31 out of 50 patients).Maximum number of neck swelling were of lymph node origin14(28%). Out of those lymph nodes maximum were malignant. Out of the non nodal masses 36(72%), maximum were benign. CONCLUSION High resolution sonography and color Doppler is a useful modality for diagnostic evaluation of neck masses in every age group. It is simple, noninvasive and inexpensive diagnostic tool. CT ensures accurate anatomical localization and lesion characterization in benign lesions. In malignant tumors, it is useful for staging and provides essential information about the tumor extent that directly affects the surgical approach necessary for curative resection. Ke y w o r d s : U l t r a s o n o g r a p h y, C o m p u t e d Tomography, Neck Masses

Güvenli ve Güvensiz Bağlanan Çocukların Babalarının İş ve Tatil Günlerinde Çocuklarıyla Birlikte Geçirdikleri Zamana İlişkin Deneyimlerinin İncelenmesi

This study aims to research fathers' experiences of having time with their securely and insecurely attached children on workdays and vacation days. Case study, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. Children, at the 5-6 years of age group receiving pre-school education, and their fathers, selected through criterion sampling method in the 2021-2022 academic year, participated in the study. Data were collected by interviewing with 20 fathers in total, including 10 fathers whose children were securely attached to them, and 10 fathers whose children were insecurely attached to them. Content analysis was performed on the acquired data. As a result of the research, it has been seen that fathers of children with secure attachment spend more time with their children on work and vacation days, take part in care needs more, meet their playing needs more, and develop a closer emotional relationship in comparison with fathers of children with insecure attachment.

Proportion of Low Birth weight and Associated Maternal Risk Factors in a Developing Country, Bangladesh

Introduction: Though the health situation of Bangladesh has been improved substantially over the years, the low birth weight (LBW) rate is still pretty high. LBW has been associated with high probability of infection, malnutrition, mental deficiencies and behavioural and learning problem in later life. The principle focus of this study was to ascertain the proportion of LBW and its associated maternal risk factors identification. Materials & methods: It was a cross-sectional type of descriptive study done at two tertiary level hospitals – Rajshahi Medical College Hospital and Islami Bank Medical College Hospital. A total of 270 mothers were interviewed within 1 month of their delivery. The purposively selected participants were asked about their socio-demographic characters and other associated factors related to birth of the babies. Weights of the babies at birth were documented from hospital records. Result: Proportion of LBW was found 28.1% with no significant sex variation. Majority of the LBW babies were found in mothers of 15-20 years of age group. Mothers’ educational qualifications, occupations, early age pregnancy and type of pregnancy were associated significantly for LBW. Less than 37 weeks of gestational age of baby, home delivery, NVD were also significant risk factors of LBW. Residence and sex of neonate were not significantly associated with LBW. Conclusion: Proportion of LBW in tertiary care hospitals were found 28.1%. Early maternal pregnancy, lower gestational age, higher parity, NVD and home delivery played an important role in the incidence of LBW. TAJ 2023; 36: No-2: 207-214

A Comprehensive electroencephalogram audit in a tertiary care center in Pakistan: demographic distribution, referral indications and findings

Background and Objective:
 Electroencephalography (EEG) is a widely employed non-invasive technique for recording brain electrical activity, pivotal for diagnosing various neurological conditions. The study aims to provide insight into demographic distribution, referral indications, and EEG findings in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.
 
 Methods:
 A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted involving 2,924 patients who underwent routine EEG evaluations over a three-year period. Data was collected from the EEG records after approval from the ethical review committee. Demographic variables, referral reasons, and EEG findings were recorded and analyzed using descriptive statistics.
 
 Results:
 The study revealed a gender distribution of 41.35 % females and 58.65 % males, aligning with broader epidemiological trends. Participants were categorized into different age groups and most of the patients in our study belonged to the five to 18 years of age group. Most common indication was a suspected seizure disorder (78.32 %), followed by subclinical seizures (7.38 %) and medication adjustment (6.81 %). Notably, encephalopathy was the most common abnormal EEG finding (31 %), with temporal epilepsies being predominant within the focal seizure category.
 
 Conclusion:
 The descriptive nature of the study contributes novel insights. The study’s contribution provides valuable guidance for healthcare professionals, enhancing their comprehension of neurological conditions and refining diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Evidence of validity and reliability of the Colombian version of Addenbroke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R)

Objective The purpose of this study is to provide evidence that supports the validity and reliability of the Colombian version of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) in comparison to the MMSE at assessing and finding patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Additionally, the study aims to determine the optimal cut-off scores based on the age of a population with a low education level. Method This study included 314 individuals (235 participants diagnosed with MCI and 79 cognitively healthy) who live in two different rural departments (states) in Colombia. The participants were recruited for this study through community clubs for the older adults. Most of the individuals were female (236), the average age was 65.95 years of age (SD= 7.8), and the average education level was of 3.78 years (SD = 1.79). It is important to note that the sample only included people with a maximum of 6 years of schooling. Results A ROC analysis indicated that the ACE-R is more effective than the MMSE at evaluating and finding MCI individuals within the three groups. The cut-off points for the Under 60 years of age group was 83.50 (sensitivity 0.880% and specificity 0.632%); 61–69 years of age 80.50 (sensitivity 0.714% and specificity 0.677%); and Over 70 years of age was 79.50 (sensitivity 0.750% and specificity 0.659%). The internal consistency analysis with MacDonald’s Ω determined reliability indicators ≥70 in the ACE-R, except for the age range of 61 to 69 years. Conclusion The Colombian version of the ACE-R demonstrates to be a valid and reliable global cognitive screening tool. It is effective at discerning MCI individuals from healthy within a group of participants with a low education level.

Study of thyroid functions in transfusion dependent thalassemia patients of pediatric age group with reference to serum ferritin level in a tertiary care centre

Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine complication in transfusion dependent thalassemia patients. Its prevalence and severity is variable and the natural history is poorly described. The frequency of hypothyroidism in Beta Thalassemia Major (BTM) children ranges from 6 to 30%. To determine the levels of serum TSH and FT4 in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT), as well as their relationship to the degree of iron excess indicated by serum ferritin levels. This observational descriptive study was undertaken on 200 patients (5 to15 yrs of age) in the department of Pediatrics in SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India from to after obtaining clearance from institutional ethical committee. Out of total 200 TDT children, 141(70.50%) were euthyroid and 59(29.50%) were hypothyroid. Among hypothyroid children, 9(4.5%) had overt hypothyroidism and 50(25%) children had subclinical hypothyroidism. In children <10 years of age group there was a positive correlation between serum ferritin and rise in serum TSH (p < 0.05, r= .553). The rise in serum ferritin was statistically not significant with fall in serum FT4 (p < 0.05, r= .122). In children >10 years of age group, there was positive correlation between serum TSH and serum ferritin (p < 0.05,r=.845). There was an inverse relation between rise in serum ferritin and fall in serum FT4 (p < 0.05, r= -.406). Hypothyroidism was associated in significant number of transfusion dependent thalassemia patients. Adequate iron chelation therapy to keep serum ferritin level within normal limit and early detection of hypothyroidism preferably below 10 years of age will prevent hypothyroidism and its complications in transfusion dependent thalassemia.

Comparison of Perioperative Complication Rates of Total Extraperitoneal and Transabdominal Preperitoneal Repairs in Primary Inguinal Hernia.

Hernia may be defined as a protrusion of viscus through layers anatomically designed to contain that viscus. Most abdominal hernias occur at well-described sites of potential weakness. Repair of inguinal hernia is one of the most common operations in general surgery. Objectives: To compare the perioperative complication rates of total extraperitoneal (TEP) and transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repairs of primary inguinal hernias. It is a randomised comparative study, conducted at the department of general surgery. A total of 50 patients were included and divided into two groups with 25 in each. Group A represents the laparoscopic TEP repair and group B represents the laparoscopic TAPP repair. Patients above 18 years with primary unilateral inguinal hernia were included. Patients having complicated inguinal hernia and history of previous abdominal surgery were excluded. We observed that hernia occurrence is more common in the 31-50 years of age group and right-sided hernia is more common. Scrotal oedema and conversion to open surgery chances are similar in both TEP and TAPP groups. The duration of surgery in TEP is significantly higher as compared to TAPP. Patients who underwent TEP experienced less pain as compared to TAPP as per visual analogue scale. Postoperative hospital stay and time taken to resume the routine activity were significantly less in case of TEP. TEP is preferred over TAPP for laparoscopic hernia repair because it preserves the peritoneal integrity and has lesser postoperative pain. The early recovery and return to the routine work were seen with the patient treated with the TEP and also showed better visual analogue score than the TAPP repair group.

MUCOR MYCOSIS AND OTHER FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS DURING SECOND WAVE OF PANDEMIC AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Objectives: In India, there has been a sudden Surge in Mucor mycosis cases during second wave of COVID-19, made the Government of India declare it as a notifiable disease. In this background, we did a study to know the fungal etiology of the suspected Mucor mycosis cases and to know the positivity rate of Mucor mycosis in COVID-19 patients during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In a retrospective study, we examined different samples from 112 Covid-19 positive, in-patients with suspected Mucor mycosis. A history of risk factors was taken. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount was done for all samples followed by culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. Results: 81.25% of total cases were from 31 to 60 years of age group. Diabetes mellitus, steroid therapy, and Intensive care unit admissions were the risk factors observed. Fungal filaments were observed in 37 samples in KOH mount (33%) and culture was positive in 45 samples (40.17%). Mixed infection was seen in two cases (4.44%). The most common fungus isolated was Mucor in 23 samples (48.93%) followed by Aspergillus in 7 cases (14.89%; Aspergillus niger in four cases, Aspergillus fumigatus in 2 cases and Aspergillus flavus in 1 case) and Candida spp in 6 cases (12.76%). Among mixed infections, Mucor and A. niger in one case and Candida and A. niger in another case were isolated. Rhyzopus, Syncephalastrum, Penicillium, and Fusarium were the other fungi isolated. Conclusion: Mucorales were the most common species isolated (63.82%) followed by Aspergillus species. High suspicion and diagnosis of Mucor mycosis in Covid-19 patients is very important to initiate antifungal treatment, to reduce the mortality.

Vaccination coverage against COVID-19 among adults of rural field practice area, tertiary-care hospital: cross-sectional study

Background: As the spread of COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown has been implemented and as a preventive measure to reduce the occurrence of disease vaccination has been conducted throughout the country level. Methods: A Community based Cross Sectional study was conducted during September 2022 to October 2022 (2months) in RHTC field practice area of Santhiram Medical College, nandyal among adults (25-45) years of age group by convenient sampling method with sample size 300, study tool was pre-designed, semi structured questionnaire. Data was collected by interview method and analysed by SPSS 22 version. Ethics committee clearance was obtained before conducting the study. Results: In this study population, (48%) completed 3 doses of COVID vaccine with booster dose, (48.3%) got vaccinated for 2 doses and (3.7%) are vaccinated for 1st dose and (15%) of them got COVID infection after vaccination. Conclusions: Out of 300 participants 53% were males and 47% were females, 4% with one dose, 48% with two doses and 48% with two doses with booster dose of vaccination, about 36% had comorbidities. About 35% vaccinated by covaxin and 65% is with covishield vaccine, in which 9% had COVID infection after vaccination. Therefore, along with regular monitoring and surveillance, health education regarding the advantages of vaccination to the people can improve the vaccination status in rural area.

Study of morphometric changes of cornea in cases of pterygium

Background: Pterygium is a benign, wing-shaped, fibrovascular growth that originates on the bulbar conjunctiva and can spread to the limbus and beyond, causing morphometric changes in the cornea and affecting visual status. Aim of study was to study the morphometric changes in the cornea in patients with pterygium. Methods: Prospective hospital-based analytical study conducted on 100 consecutive patients with unilateral pterygium for two years. Each patient underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including evaluation of visual acuity refraction, corneal curvature, corneal endothelial cell density (CECD), central corneal thickness (CCT), coefficient of variation (CV) and hexagonality. Necessary demographic data and variables like age, smoking status and occupation were also determined. The healthy eye was considered as a control. Results: Majority of the study population, i.e. 43%, belonging to the 21-40 years of age group; socioeconomically, maximum cases (61%) were found in class IV with a male preponderance of 53%. 56% of patients hailed from rural areas, and regarding occupation, it was found that 37% of patients were farmers. This study found that the majority of patients (60% of cases) had multiple ocular complaints. There was a significant association between pterygium grade and keratometric astigmatism. Our study found a significant difference between ECD, hexagonality and CV in the normal and diseased eye. CCT was found more in diseased eyes but was significant only in grade IV pterygium. Conclusions: Pterygium leads to deterioration of visual performance by causing refractive and keratometric changes.

Prevalence of Covid-19 and Associated Co-Morbidities at a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Nepal

Introduction: COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) manifests as asymptomatic, mild, or severe pneumonia-like symptoms. COVID-19 patients with diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, malignancies, HIV, and other comorbidities could develop a life-threatening condition.
 Objectives: To identify the various comorbid illnesses in COVID-19-positive patients along with its baseline characteristics in a tertiary hospital in eastern Nepal.
 Methodology: A one-month observational study carried out in RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients in Birat Medical College and Hospital (BMCTH) Molecular Laboratory from June to July 2021. All the data was entered in a pre-structured proforma. The data was then further entered and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2014.
 Result: There were 354 (22.77%) RT-PCR positive COVID-19 cases and 1200 (77.22%) RT-PCR negative COVID-19 cases. More than half of the COVID-19 positive patients were males 211(59.60%). The most common symptoms were fever (92.3%), cough (83.5%) and tiredness (81.23%). Psycho-social stress such as anxiety, depression and insomnia 123 (34.74%) were common comorbidities followed by diabetes 91(25.70%) and hypertension 72(20.33%).
 Conclusion: COVID-19 patients were mostly between the 20-30 years of age group. Fever, cough, and throat pain were the commonest presenting symptoms.

Fighting to Breathe and Fighting for Health-Related Quality of Life: Measuring the Impact of Being Dependent on Technology for Breathing on the Child and Their Caregiver.

Medical advancement has enabled children to survive congenital airway anomalies, rare diseases and critical illnesses with medical technology including tracheostomies and long-term ventilation to support breathing. This study aimed to assess (1) the validity of the EQ-TIPS and EQ-5D-Y-3L in children dependent on technology and (2) the impact of caring for these children on the EQ-5D-5L and CarerQoL. Caregivers of children aged 1 month to 18 years completed the EQ-TIPS or EQ-5D-Y-3L, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and Paediatric Tracheostomy Health Status Instrument(PTHSI) to reflect the child's health. In addition, caregivers self-completed the EQ-5D-5L and CarerQoL. Reports of problems on EQ dimensions were compared across age groups with the Fisher's exact test. Spearman and Pearson's correlation coefficients and Kruskal-Wallis H-test were used to explore the association between caregiver and child scores, concurrent validity, and known-group validity of the EQ-TIPS and EQ-5D-Y-3L. Responses from 144 caregivers were collected, 66 for children aged 1 month to 4 years completing EQ-TIPS and 78 for children aged 5-18 years completing EQ-5D-Y-3L. The EQ-TIPS showed a higher report of no problems for social interaction for children aged 1-12 months (p = 0.040) than the older age groups, there were however no differences in the level sum score (LSS) or EQ Visual Analogue Scale scores between the age groups. The EQ-5D-Y-3L showed a significantly less report of problems for mobility (p = 0.013) and usual activities (p = 0.006) for children aged 5-7 years compared with children aged 8-12 and children aged 13-18 years. Similarly, the 5-7 years of age group had a significantly lower EQ-5D-Y-3L LSS compared with the older groups (H = 12.08, p = 0.002). The EQ-TIPS and EQ-5D-Y-3L showed moderate-to-strong associations with the PedsQL. EQ-TIPS median LSS was able to differentiate between groups on the clinical prognosis with a better health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in those where weaning from technology is possible compared with those where weaning is not possible (H = 18.98, p = 0.011). The EQ-5D-Y-3L can discriminate between breathing technology, where those with only a tracheostomy reported better HRQoL (H = 8.92, p = 0.012), and between mild and moderate clinical severity (H = 19.42, p < 0.001). Neither the PedsQL nor the PTHSI was able to discriminate between these groups across the age range. Caregiver and child HRQoL scores showed moderate-to-strong associations. The EQ-TIPS and EQ-5D-Y-3L showed good validity in children dependent on the technology for breathing. The EQ-TIPS and EQ-5D-Y-3L LSS were all able to differentiate between children with known clinical variables and outperformed both the PedsQL and PTHSI, making them preferable for intervention research. The caregiver scores are associated with the child HRQoL scores and thus a spill-over should be accounted for in any interventions targeting this cohort. It is recommended that future studies investigate the reliability and responsiveness of these measures in children dependent on technology for breathing.

Effects of examination-induced stress on memory and blood pressure.

Stress has been defined in many ways as a state of psychological arousal that results when the external demand is beyond what one can cope with. Stress is caused by various factors called stressors. Medical students are subjected to different kinds of stressors, such as pressure of academics with obligation to succeed, an uncertain future and difficulties of integrating into the system and different teaching protocols, which may affect their learning ability and performance. Stress has a great impact on brain mainly in the form of impaired memory and on cardiovascular function in the form of increased heart rate and blood pressure. The study was planned to assess the effects of examination induced stress on memory and blood pressure. The study was longitudinal in nature conducted at Department of Physiology, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, India. Initially 100 subjects were selected from 17-24 years of age group then all the subjects were divided into two groups of 'slow-learners' and 'fast-learners' based upon their past academic performances. Readings were taken at two stages of academic year, 05 months before pre-prof examination and 03 days before pre-prof examination. Blood Pressure were measured and the memory assessments were done by using 10 subtests of PGI memory scale. We found a significant increase in stress level 3 days before the examination, compared to 5 months before the examination which in turn affected both blood pressure and memory functions. But, slow-learners were affected more compared to fast-learners.

Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor and comorbidity in gout.

Metabolic disorders are a public health issue because of the complications they cause, but they are also a major risk factor for the onset of gout.

Hepatitis B Screening Program for patients attending out-patient department (OPD) at Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka – An Observational Study

Background: Hepatitis B (HBV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of liver and hepatocellular carcinoma in Bangladesh. It is also the most common cause of death from liver disease in the country. The prevalence of hepatitis B is 5-6% in the general population. So the present status of the virus is considered as an important public health concern of Bangladesh. Objectives: To investigate hepatitis B prevalence among the persons attending the OPD and to increase awareness about hepatitis B. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out the at the Department of Hepatology, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka on March 17&amp;18, 2022 at Special Treatment Campaign on the occasion of celebration of the birth anniversary of the Father of Nation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. A total of 190 people of both sexes from 18 years to 50 years of age group were enrolled in the study. These people were unaware of whether they were carrying hepatitis B virus or also was not aware of whether they are suffering from any kind of liver disease. Informed consent was taken and a pre-designed structured questionnaire was used. Screening was done by HBsAg detection using rapid diagnostic kit. Result: The mean age of respondents was 35.95±6.42 years with a male to female ratio of 0.83. Most of the respondents were married (72.63%) and Muslim (87.37%). Among them 47.36% of the respondents were service holders. Only 17.89% had a previous history of some types of hepatitis. 25.26% of respondents had history of different types of surgical procedure. 8 (4.2%) participants were found positive for HBsAg on the screening test in our study. Conclusion: This study shows 4.2 % of participants were screening positive among the respondents. This correlate with the intermediate prevalence of hepatitis B in Bangladesh as stated in World Health Organization data. Screening program increases knowledge and awareness among the population and thereby increase treatment seeking, which ultimately reduce incidence of disease and complications as well as death. Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2023; 31: 3-8

Prevalence Of Hamstring Tightness Among School Children Between 7-15 Years Of Age Group In Pune. Maharashtra: A Cross Section Study

Hamstring are located at the posterior compartment of the thigh from hip to knee and from medial to lateral aspectThe purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of hamstring tightness in school going children of age 7-15 years Methods- 912 samples of school students of age 7-15yrs were included in the study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. An outcome test known as the active knee extension test was used. Result- Total prevalence of hamstring tightness in females in right lower extremity - 415 i.e.(88.2%) and in left lower extremity 379 i.e.(80.6%). Conclusion- The study concluded that females showed statistically significant higher percentage of hamstring tightness than male participants.

Clinicopathological Study of Ovarian Masses in Adolescent Girls and Young Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital

IntroductionOvarian masses include both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. Fortunately, though most ovarian masses in adolescents are benign, about 10% turn out to be malignant. Thus, ovarian tumours constitute an important part of paediatric oncology and often create diagnostic dilemmas. The present study aimed to calculate the frequency and clinicopathological patterns of ovarian masses in adolescent and young females and briefly discuss and compare with the existing literature.MethodsThis was a retrospective study conducted at the Department of Pathology of a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal, India. All tissue samples of ovarian masses received in the Pathology department between 10 to 20 years of age group over 6 years (January 2016-December 2021) were included in this study. We evaluated the clinicopathological parameters of the cases. The statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info 7 software.ResultsA total of 53 cases were included in present study of the defined age group over 6 years (January 2016 – December 2021), of which 2 had bilateral lesions, so a total of 55 ovarian masses were studied. Of 55 ovarian masses, 50 (90.9%) were benign tumours or non-neoplastic lesions and 5 ovarian masses (9.1%) were malignant. Mature cystic teratoma was the most common type of tumour in this age group.ConclusionsOvarian masses in perimenarchal and young adults show diversity in the histological spectrum. Although most are benign, early diagnosis preserves fertility in this tender age group.

Spectrum of Lesions in the Urinary Bladder: A Histopathological Study in a Tertiary Level Hospital

Background: Urinary Bladder cancer is the 7th most common cancer worldwide, with an estimated 260,000 new cases occurring each year in men and 76,000 in women. 90% of the bladder tumors are of urothelial origin. Cystoscopic examination has a limited role in staging process for which transurethral resection (TURBT) of visible tumor down to the base is required which can accurately assess depth of tumor invasion. Aim &amp; Objectives: The aim is to study the spectrum of urinary bladder lesions according to World Health Organization / International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification and to determine age and sex distribution of urothelial tumors. Material &amp; Method: Study included 55 TURBT specimens, conducted over a period 12 months, extending from January 2022 to December 2022. Hematoxylin &amp; Eosin (H&amp;E) stained sections were examined for morphologic diagnosis of urothelial lesions. Results: In our study, there was male preponderance with ratio of 3.2:1. Among 55 cases studied, 34.55% cases were diagnosed as invasive urothelial carcinoma, 27.27% cases were of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma, 16.36% cases were of benign urothelial neoplasm and 16.36% cases were of non-neoplastic lesions in urinary bladder. There were also 1.82% cases of adenocarcinoma, metastasis and non-diagnostic each in our study. Amongst invasive carcinoma high grade were encountered most (30.91%) cases. Maximum numbers of urothelial neoplasms (25.45%) were seen in 71-80 years of age group. Conclusion: This study revealed that neoplastic lesions are more common than non-neoplastic lesions. Urothelial tumors are seen commonly in seventh decade with overall male predominance. Also this study, documents a high frequency of invasive than non-invasive type of urothelial neoplasm.

Revisitation of thyroid lesions in natives from hilly region: A four years perspective

Clinically palpable thyroid nodules pose a challenge in diagnosis and management for surgeons and pathologists as thyroid malignancies may show overlapping characteristics with their benign counterparts in terms of physical characteristics, hormonal levels and imaging details. This study was aimed to revisit the spectrum of thyroid lesions in surgically resected specimens, their clinicopathological characteristics and to compare the cytological and imaging findings in discrepant cases.The present retrospective study retrieved a total of 69 cases of thyroid resection specimens with available relevant demographic, clinicoradiological and cytological findings. The histopathological diagnosis was considered gold standard.Colloid goitre (37.7%) and papillary carcinoma (17.4%) were found to be the commonest non-neoplastc and neoplastic lesions respectively. Peak incidence in 20-40 years of age group and M:F ratio of 1:3.6 in overall thyroid disorders was noted. 08 discrepent cases were observed while comparing histological diagnosis with radiological and /or cytological findings.Histopathological diagnoses were in agreement with imaging findings and /or FNAC results in most of the cases, however, patients with indeterminate or suspicious FNAC results, need to be followed-up for early surgical intervention if required.

Effect of Tranexamic Acid in Prevention of Post-Partum Haemorrhage: A Prospective Observational Study

Background: Treatment of Post partum haemorrhage relies primarily on uterotonics, but early use of Tranexamic Acid (TXA) has become part of several recommended algorithms. Recent data has demonstrated that Tranexamic Acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic agent, reduces death due to bleeding when used as a treatment for PPH. This study was conducted with an objective to see the role of tranexamic acid along with uterotonic agent (oxytocin) in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Materials and Methods: The present prospective observational study carried out at the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) wing Department of a rural tertiary care hospital and medical college situated in the central India during January 2021 to December 2022. A total sample size of 1640 patients attending labour room for vaginal birth or caesarean section in 3rd stage of labour were included in the study. Total 1640 women were further divided into two groups, Group A (receiving both tranexamic acid along with oxytocin) and Group B (receiving only oxytocin). Blood loss in each group was measured by visual method and Gravimetric (measurement by weight) method. They were followed till delivery; maternal and neonatal outcome was studied. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 27.0 version and GraphPad Prism 7.0 version and p&lt;0.05 considered as level of significance. Results: The majority of patients in Group A and Group B were between 26-30 years of age group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of maternal age, gestational age, gravida and booking status. The mean foetal birth weight among Group A was 2421.28 ± 626.91 and Group B was 2381.38 ± 721.20 with no significant difference between the groups. There was significant reduction in blood loss in study group A as compared to control group in both vaginal and LSCS birth with statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Tranexamic acid injection, an antifibrinolytic agent when given prophylactically after delivery of placenta along with oxytocin appears to reduce the blood loss during normal labour as well as caesarean sections effectively.