Year Olds In England Research Articles

Multi-faceted intervention to improve management of antibiotics for children presenting to primary care with acute cough and respiratory tract infection (CHICO): efficient cluster randomised controlled trial

ObjectiveTo assess whether an easy-to-use multifaceted intervention for children presenting to primary care with respiratory tract infections would reduce antibiotic dispensing, without increasing hospital admissions for respiratory tract infection.DesignTwo arm...

Food insecurity, poor dietary intake and a lack of free meal uptake amongst 16–17‐year‐old college students in the northeast of England, UK

Food insecurity, poor dietary intake and a lack of free meal uptake amongst 16–17‐year‐old college students in the northeast of England, <scp>UK</scp>

Violence, worry and trust in the emergence of weapon-carrying

This paper identifies longitudinal predictors of weapon-carrying in a sample of 10–25 year olds in England and Wales. It conceptualises weapon-carrying as anticipation of an adverse event and proposes hypotheses about the origins of weapon-carrying derived from the field of risk analysis. Specifically, it tests if worry about victimisation and experience of violence predict later weapon-carrying and assesses the moderating influence of trust in the police. The results indicate that worry about victimisation does not predict weapon-carrying, but experience of violence does. Distrust of police and peer criminality were also identified as important precursors to weapon-carrying. The study provides further evidence that, at least over longer periods, weapon-carrying is a product of experience of violence and criminogenic factors rather than a response to concern about victimisation.

Vaccinating adolescents against SARS-CoV-2 in England: a risk-benefit analysis.

ObjectiveTo offer a quantitative risk–benefit analysis of two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among adolescents in England.SettingEngland.DesignFollowing the risk–benefit analysis methodology carried out by the US Centers for Disease Control, we calculated historical rates of hospital admission, Intensive Care Unit admission and death for ascertained SARS-CoV-2 cases in children aged 12–17 in England. We then used these rates alongside a range of estimates for incidence of long COVID, vaccine efficacy and vaccine-induced myocarditis, to estimate hospital and Intensive Care Unit admissions, deaths and cases of long COVID over a period of 16 weeks under assumptions of high and low case incidence.ParticipantsAll 12–17 year olds with a record of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in England between 1 July 2020 and 31 March 2021 using national linked electronic health records, accessed through the British Heart Foundation Data Science Centre.Main outcome measuresHospitalisations, Intensive Care Unit admissions, deaths and cases of long COVID averted by vaccinating all 12–17 year olds in England over a 16-week period under different estimates of future case incidence.ResultsAt high future case incidence of 1000/100,000 population/week over 16 weeks, vaccination could avert 4430 hospital admissions and 36 deaths over 16 weeks. At the low incidence of 50/100,000/week, vaccination could avert 70 hospital admissions and two deaths over 16 weeks. The benefit of vaccination in terms of hospitalisations in adolescents outweighs risks unless case rates are sustainably very low (below 30/100,000 teenagers/week). Benefit of vaccination exists at any case rate for the outcomes of death and long COVID, since neither have been associated with vaccination to date.ConclusionsGiven the current (as at 15 September 2021) high case rates (680/100,000 population/week in 10–19 year olds) in England, our findings support vaccination of adolescents against SARS-CoV2.

Going straight into work from school: Young people’s hoped-for occupational possible selves

The latest (2016/17) destination figures for 18 year olds in England from the Department for Education (2018) showed that 22% of young people entered work directly following compulsory schooling; 6% started an apprenticeship; and the largest proportion (50%) continued on to university studies. The diversity of pathways that young people follow as part of their school to work transitions (STWT) is increasingly recognised as the reality for many young people operating within precarious labour markets across Europe. This paper presents a qualitative exploration of young people’s accounts of their future hoped-for occupational possible selves (HOPS) in the period just prior to making the transition from education to employment for the first time. Findings are presented from a group of young people in the UK who made th e decision to enter employment directly following completion of compulsory schooling at age 18 years, rather than following the more dominant route of university to employment. The paper outlines the diversity of HOPS expressed by the young peopl e in the study (in the form of drawings and talk) as well as how young people perceived the reactions of others’ to these drawings. The paper applies the research findings to a range of practical applications for Work and Organizational Psychology practitioners and those working with young people in different capacities.

Modern foreign languages: decision-making, motivation and 14–19 schools

ABSTRACT This article reports on an exploratory study comparing motivation and student choice in modern foreign language lessons in secondary schools (11–16 or 11–18) and schools for 14–19 year olds in England. The study uses data gathered from 634 Year 10 students (aged 14–15) and uses Self-Determination Theory to compare motivation amongst students in the two types of schools. It finds that student motivation differed significantly in each, with students in 14–19 schools displaying more autonomous motivation. Students in schools in this category were less likely to have been given a choice as to whether or not to take the subject than their peers, suggesting that they may feel autonomous in ways not governed by subject choice. Possible reasons for the differences in motivation in the two kinds of school are discussed and directions for future study proposed.

THU-436-The cost-effectiveness of one-time birth cohort screening for hepatitis C as part of the National Health Service health check programme for 40 to 74 year olds in England

THU-436-The cost-effectiveness of one-time birth cohort screening for hepatitis C as part of the National Health Service health check programme for 40 to 74 year olds in England

PIN33 - A DYNAMIC TRANSMISSION MODEL TO ESTIMATE THE PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF TRIVALENT INFLUENZA VACCINE HIGH DOSE FOR THE ELDERLY POPULATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES

Influenza vaccination is a critical public health intervention supporting the UK’s NHS winter planning. The aim of this study was to estimate the public health impact and the cost-effectiveness of switching from standard dose trivalent influenza vaccine (SD) to trivalent influenza vaccine high dose (TIV HD) in adults ≥65 year olds in England and Wales using econometric modelling. A dynamic compartmental transmission model was used to replicate the annual number of influenza cases in all ages over an eight-year period (2000-2008) under two vaccination programmes. A decision tree model (economic module) was interfaced with the transmission model to estimate incremental costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) associated with replacing SD with TIV HD for individuals aged ≥65 years. This approach accounted for B-strain cross-protection, population immunity and herd protection effects. Outcomes included influenza cases, GP consultations, hospitalisations (respiratory hospitalisations attributable to influenza or serious cardio-respiratory events [CREs]), and deaths. The model was populated with FIM12 clinical trial data and demographic, epidemiological, and economic inputs appropriate to the UK setting. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were performed on the economic module. Using conservative epidemiological assumptions, the switch to TIV HD was associated with a reduction of 8,500 GP consultations, 800 influenza-related hospitalisations, and 600 deaths in an average annual season. We estimated TIV HD economically justifiable prices (EJP) of £27.00 and £36.80 per dose for ICER thresholds of £20,000/QALY and £30,000/QALY, respectively. The EJP at £20,000/QALY increased to £94.27 when accounting for the vaccine impact on CREs. In the PSA, 90% of simulations fell below the £20,000/QALY threshold for a price £24.54 per dose for TIV HD. Vaccination of elderly individuals with TIV HD in the UK is likely to be a highly cost-effective vaccination strategy compared to SD TIV. This benefit would largely be driven by reduction in influenza-related hospitalisations.

Educational influences on young people's support for fundamental British values

In 2014 the British government called on schools to actively promote fundamental British values (FBVs), seeing this as an effective way to prevent the radicalisation of young people. The government considers these values to include democracy, individual liberty, the rule of law and respect for people of different backgrounds and religions. Rather than criticising this policy on theoretical or ideological grounds, as many studies have done, the current article aims to ascertain support for the values labelled as fundamentally British among 23 year olds in England and to assess whether levels of support are associated with educational attainment and distinct educational practices experienced earlier in life. Data from the Citizenship Education Longitudinal Study (CELS) are analysed for these purposes. A multidimensional measure of FBVs is constructed based on policy understandings of the term rather than statistical considerations. The article finds that levels of support for FBVs among 23 year olds are already very high and do not differ between the White British majority and various minority ethnic groups, although the small sample sizes of the latter do not allow for strong conclusions about these differences. Among the educational conditions, educational attainment and particularly track attended appears to be the only influential condition, with those obtaining academic qualifications showing significantly higher support for FBVs than those achieving vocational ones. Adding this variable to the model neutralises the effects of specific programmes or pedagogies experienced during lower secondary, such as citizenship education, an open climate of classroom discussion or school‐based political activities.

A feasibility study of the impact of the Kodály-inspired music programme on the developmental outcomes of four to five year olds in England

The Kodaly approach to music is a fun and interactive way to introduce music to young children. There is currently some evidence suggesting that this approach to music training can have beneficial effects on children. No rigorous studies, however, have been conducted to test its effects on very young children. This paper presents the results of a pilot study investigating the impact of the Kodály approach to music on the developmental outcomes of 56 pre-school children in one school in the North East of England. Children were individually randomized to either the intervention or to a delayed control group. Progress was measured using the Early Learning Goals (ELGs) set out in the National Curriculum. Data collected across the ELGs over two terms indicate that on almost all measures the treatment children outperformed control children in terms of social-emotional and behavioural development (ES = +0.71 for behaviour; ES = 0.32 for self-confidence; ES = 0.43 for relations). No effects were observed for writing after one term (ES = 0). Small improvements were observed after two terms (ES = +0.4). For reading, intervention children performed worse than control after one term (ES = −0.16), but after two terms they caught up with the control children (ES = +0.03). Progress in number skills was maintained after two terms (ES = +0.3). The small sample weakens the conclusion that we can make, but the results suggest promise. The trial also shows that teachers can be effectively trained to deliver the programme.

Dating and relationship violence among 16-19 year olds in England and Wales: a cross-sectional study of victimization.

BackgroundDating and relationship violence (DRV) is under-researched in the UK, especially among Further Education (FE) students. This study examines the association between DRV victimization and socio-demographic characteristics, sexual identity and dating and relationship behaviours among 16–19 year olds FE students.MethodsCross-sectional self-report data were collected from 1751 students aged 16–19 at six FE settings in England and Wales. Factor analysis examined the structure of DRV victimization by gender. Multilevel logistic regression examined the odds ratios of DRV victimization according to socio-demographics, sexual identity and dating behaviours.ResultsDRV victimization clusters into two categories for females, and three for males. Among females, 46.1% experienced controlling behaviours and 31.6% threatening behaviours; 49.9% of males experienced controlling behaviours, 27.1% threatening behaviours and 5.8% online sexual violence. The odds of DRV victimization were 2–8 times greater for males and 2–4 times greater for females who had ever sent a sexually explicit image. No consistent association was found between DRV and age, spending money per week, educational attainment or meeting partners online.ConclusionsThe high prevalence, absence of gender differences and social patterning, suggests DRV victimization may be becoming normalized and is of significant public health importance for young people in England and Wales.

Oral health of children in England: a call to action!

Oral health is part of general health and well-being and contributes to the development of a healthy child. The most common oral disease affecting young children is dental caries (figure...

Cost-effectiveness of microscopy of urethral smears for asymptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium urethritis in men in England.

The objective was to determine whether or not the limited use of urethral microscopy to diagnose asymptomatic and symptomatic non-chlamydial, non-gonococcal urethritis (NCNGU) in men is a cost-effective strategy to avert pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy or infertility in female partners. Outputs from a transmission dynamic model of NCNGU in a population of 16-30 year olds in England simulating the number of consultations, PID cases and patients treated over time amongst others, were used along with secondary data to undertake a cost-effectiveness analysis carried out from a health care provider perspective. The main outcome measure was cost per case of PID averted. A secondary outcome measure was cost per major outcome averted, where a major outcome is a case of symptomatic PID, ectopic pregnancy, or infertility. Offering a limited number of asymptomatic men urethral microscopy was more effective than the current practice of no microscopy in terms of reducing the number of cases of PID with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £15,700, meaning that an investment of £15,800 is required to avert one case of PID. For major outcomes averted, offering some asymptomatic men urethral microscopy was again found to be more effective than no microscopy, but here an investment of £49,900 is required to avert one major outcome. Testing asymptomatic men for NCNGU in a small number of genitourinary medicine settings in England is not cost-effective, and thus by maintaining the current practice of not offering this patient group microscopy, this continues to make savings for the health care provider.

P214 The use of anabolic steroids in males attending a sexual health clinic

IntroductionA 2013 study by Public Health England stated ‘Men who inject anabolic steroids (AS) and tanning drugs are at higher risk of HIV and viral hepatitis’. Injectors of AS are now the biggest client group at many needle and syringe programmes in the UK. The British Crime Survey on AS use among 16–59 year olds in England and Wales found in 2009/2010 0.7% had ever used and 0.2% had used in the last year. There have been no studies looking specifically at prevalence in sexual health clinic attendees and we wondered whether this might represent a different population.MethodsAll male attendees to the sexual health clinic were invited to participate in the survey by self-completing an anonymous questionnaire about use of anabolic steroids, basic demographic details and details of known pre-existing blood borne virus infections.Results96 respondents. Age range: 3% &lt;18, 55% 18–25, 42% &gt;25. 82% self-identified as heterosexual. Only 1 patient admitted to having known HIV infection, none to hepatitis and 5 individuals opted not to answer this question. 4.1% admitted previous use of anabolic steroids. All were heterosexual, had injected and had used within the last year.DiscussionThe use of image and performance enhancing drugs has grown substantially, but the risk of exposure to blood borne viruses among those who inject drugs to change body appearance or improve performance has rarely been studied. Although small numbers, our survey identified higher than anticipated use of injected anabolic steroids in males attending our sexual health service.

Dating and Relationship Violence and Non-Volitional Sex Among 16–19 Year-Olds in England and Wales: A Cross-Sectional Study of Types of Victimisation

Dating and Relationship Violence and Non-Volitional Sex Among 16–19 Year-Olds in England and Wales: A Cross-Sectional Study of Types of Victimisation

Engagement and effective information provision to promote recovery from depression.

Mental illness is the number one health issue facing 14-25 year olds in England, which contributes to almost half the burden of disease in this age group ( Kessler et al 2005 , Kim-Cohen et al 2003 ). A total of 75% of all mental health disorders are established by the age of 18 which is a critical point of emotional, educational and social development. All nurses working with children and young people (CYP) across all health and social care settings should be familiar with national guidelines and the services available to treat CYP with mental health conditions such as depression.

Live attenuated influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation due to laboratory-confirmed influenza in children two to six years of age in England in the 2015/16 season.

The United Kingdom is introducing a universal annual influenza vaccination programme for children. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalisation in 2 to 6 year-olds in England was measured in 2015/16 using the screening method. VE adjusted for age, geography and month was 54.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 31.5% to 68.4%) for all influenza types combined; 48.3% (95% CI: 16.9% to 67.8%) for A(H1N1)pdm09 and 70.6% (95% CI: 33.2% to 87.1%) for B. The findings support on-going programme roll-out.

Predicting item difficulty of science national curriculum tests: the case of key stage 2 assessments

ABSTRACTPredicting item difficulty is highly important in education for both teachers and item writers. Despite identifying a large number of explanatory variables, predicting item difficulty remains a challenge in educational assessment with empirical attempts rarely exceeding 25% of variance explained.This paper analyses 216 science items of key stage 2 tests which are national sampling assessments administered to 11 year olds in England. Potential predictors (topic, subtopic, concept, question type, nature of stimulus, depth of knowledge and linguistic variables) were considered in the analysis. Coding frameworks employed in similar studies were adapted and employed by two coders to independently rate items. Linguistic demands were gauged using a computational linguistic facility. The stepwise regression models predicted 23% of the variance with extended constructed questions and photos being the main predictors of item difficulty.While a substantial part of unexplained variance could be attributed to the unpredictable interaction of variables, we argue that progress in this area requires improvement in the theories and the methods employed. Future research needs to be centred on improving coding frameworks as well as developing systematic training protocols for coders. These technical advances would pave the way to improved task design and reduced development costs of assessments.

The judgement processes involved in the moderation of teacher-assessed projects

Classroom-based assessments have the potential to enhance validity by facilitating the assessment of important skills that are difficult to assess in written examinations. Such assessments tend to be marked by teachers. To ensure consistent marking standards, quality assurance procedures are needed. In the context of continued debate over the robustness of assessment by teachers, this research aimed to provide insights into the cognitive and social processes involved in the moderation of project work in General Certificate of Secondary Education qualifications (taken by many 16 year olds in England). The research involved nine examiners across three subject areas ‘thinking aloud’ whilst moderating the marks given to six students (treated as a mock school). The participants were also interviewed. These methods were chosen to provide an in-depth look at the judgement processes involved. The research provides an improved understanding of moderation judgements and how aspects of this process relate to existing theories of judgement. Improving our understanding of the judgement processes involved when an examiner moderates teacher marking can help to evaluate the appropriateness of this assessment method, may contribute to debate on whether teacher marking can be sufficiently well verified by quality assurance procedures, and may inform moderation practice.

Differing patterns in thermal injury incidence and hospitalisations among 0–4 year old children from England

ObjectiveTo describe patterns in thermal injury incidence and hospitalisations by age, gender, calendar year and socioeconomic status among 0–4 year olds in England for the period 1998–2013. Participants708,050 children with linked primary care and hospitalisation data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), respectively. AnalysisIncidence rates of all thermal injuries (identified in CPRD and/or HES), hospitalised thermal injuries, and serious thermal injuries (hospitalised for ≥72h). Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), estimated using Poisson regression. ResultsIncidence rates of all thermal injuries, hospitalised thermal injuries, and serious thermal injuries were 59.5 per 10,000 person-years (95%CI 58.4–60.6), 11.3 (10.8–11.8) and 2.15 (1.95–2.37), respectively. Socioeconomic gradients, between the most and least deprived quintiles, were steepest for serious thermal injuries (IRR 3.17, 95%CI 2.53–3.96). Incidence of all thermal injuries (IRR 0.64, 95%CI 0.58–0.70) and serious thermal injuries (IRR 0.44, 95%CI 0.33–0.59) reduced between 1998/9 and 2012/13. Incidence rates of hospitalised thermal injuries did not significantly change over time. ConclusionIncidence of all thermal injuries and those hospitalised for ≥72h reduced over time. Steep socioeconomic gradients support continued targeting of preventative interventions to those living in the most deprived areas.