Addition Of Yb Research Articles

Improving mechanical properties of Mg–Zn-Nd-Zr alloy by low alloying with Yb and corresponding strengthening mechanisms

This study was aim to explore the possibility of adding Yb element to Mg–6Zn-3Nd-0.5Zr alloy to develop a commercial high-strength Mg alloy under the condition of low rare earth content. A systematic investigation was conducted and it was shown that the phase compositions were changed by the Yb addition (0–2 wt%). The Mg–Zn phases disappeared while a new phase, (Nd,Yb)Zn2, were formed. The volume fractions of precipitates increased with increasing Yb content. Due to the extra precipitation through the process of extrusion, the volume fractions of precipitates of as-extruded alloys were slightly higher than that of the as-cast alloys. All as-extruded alloys displayed the same strong fiber texture with the (10 1‾ 0) perpendicular and the [1‾ 100] parallel to the extrusion direction. The Yb addition improved the DRX degree, but has little effect on grain orientations, and adjusted the texture intensities by influencing DRX process. When the Yb content is 1.0 wt%, the alloy showed best mechanical properties, with the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of 400 MPa and 407 MPa. The high strength is the result of the combined effects of excellent grain boundary and texture strengthening.

Effect of Yb Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Mg–4Sm–3Gd–0.5Zr Alloy

Effect of Yb Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Mg–4Sm–3Gd–0.5Zr Alloy

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of cast and deformed Al alloys with addition of Yb, Er and Zr

The response of isochronal and isothermal ageing on the microstructure, microhardness and electrical properties of as-cast and deformed AlYbEr and AlYbErZr alloys were studied. The addition of Zr does not affect the grain size of the alloys in the initial state. Stability of grain size in both AlYbEr and AlYbErZr as-cast alloys was proved up to ageing at 450 °C for 32 h. On the other hand recrystallized grains were already observed in cold rolled alloys after ageing at 450 °C for 2 h. It was found that Zr supports massive recrystallization of the alloys after ageing at 450 °C. The presence of L12-structured particles with dimensions about 20–100 nm was proved in the initial state of all studied aloys. Investigation of microstructure of the AlYbEr alloy after treatment up to 450 °C and 540 °C proved a presence of particles rich on Er, Yb, some of these pin dislocations. The structure of these particles could be tetragonal with the D019 or D023 lattice. In the AlYbErZr alloy many fine L12 particles (contain Er, Yb and Zr) were observed. The L12 particles were observed after ageing at 640 °C for 4 h in both alloys. The addition of Zr to the alloy highlighted the core-shell structure of these particles, moreover some of them have the double core-shell structure in the AlYbErZr alloy, where the outer shell contains Yb and Er, the inner shell contains Zr and Yb and Er was detected in the core.

Inhibition of zinc dendrite growth in zinc-air batteries by alloying the anode with Ce and Yb

Zinc-air batteries have garnered significant attention owing to their high energy density and substantial anode active substance storage. Despite their potential advantages, the application of zinc-air batteries has been hindered in various domains by rapid performance degradation and reduced service life caused by zinc dendrite growth during cycling. This study presents a method of alloying zinc anodes with rare earth metals, such as Ce and Yb, as well as alkaline earth metal Mg to mitigate the growth of zinc dendrites. This is achieved by altering the anisotropy modulus and intensity at the interface energy of the zinc anode. This approach was verified using a COMSOL phase-field model based on an experimental study. The findings demonstrate that the optimal suppression of zinc dendrite growth was achieved with the anisotropy modulus of 6 and the inhibition efficiency is 35%. Moreover, the degree of anisotropic intensity exhibited by the interfacial energy was inversely proportional to the inhibition of zinc dendrite growth. The most effective approach to inhibit dendrite growth involved using a zinc anode composition of 98% Zn–2% Mg and 93.5% Zn–6.5% Yb. The addition of Ce into the zinc anode was found to increase the anisotropy modulus of the anode interface energy, changing the direction and decreasing the height of zinc dendrite growth. Similarly, the addition of Yb to the zinc anode decreased the anisotropic intensity of the interface energy, thereby impeding the growth of the main stem dendrite.

Thermodynamic descriptions of ternary Al–Si–Yb system and their application to understand solidification behaviors of Yb-modified Al–Si alloys

In this paper, thermodynamic descriptions of binary Si–Yb and ternary Al–Si-Yb system were assessed using the CALculation of PHAse Diagram (CALPHAD) technique, from which insights to the solidification behaviors of Yb-modified Al–Si alloys were attained. Firstly, all the experimental phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties in binary Si–Yb and ternary Al–Si-Yb systems were critically evaluated. Based on evaluated experimental data in the literature, the thermodynamic parameters of binary Si–Yb system were then updated, resulting in a better agreement with the experimental phase equilibrium data in Si-rich part than the previous assessment in the literature. Afterward, the thermodynamic descriptions of ternary Al–Si-Yb system were established on the basis of thermodynamic parameters of three boundary binaries, and their reliability was verified by comprehensively comparing the predicted thermodynamic properties/solidified behaviors with the literature data. Finally, the Scheil-Gulliver solidification simulations of different Yb-modified Al–Si alloys were conducted, from which the effect of Yb additions on the solidification sequences, phase transition temperatures, and phases/structures fractions in Al–Si-Yb alloys was analyzed.

Identification of the effect of strontium and ytterbium addition over magnesium zinc alloy during the drilling process with ARAS and WASPAS techniques

Magnesium (Mg) alloys are widely employed in aerospace and automotive applications owing to their beneficial attributes. Identifying proper process parameters is a critical choice to save costs and increase quality. This necessitates the classification of suitable process parameters in light of numerous competing considerations; hence it must be analyzed by means of the Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques. This paper handles the MCDM issue using two different approaches namely, the ARAS (Additive Ratio ASsessment) and WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product ASsessment). The experiments carried out in Mg Zn10 and adding of Strontium (Sr) and Ytterbium (Yb) were critically evaluated. The independent variable like spindle speed and feed rate were examined by varying the machining tool and coolant supplied. The effect of coated and uncoated carbide was studied with High-Speed Steel. The influence of coconut oil, liquid nitrogen, and vegetable oil over the process parameters was also studied. The responses like thrust force, torque, and surface roughness were studied over the three different materials by varying the numerical and categorical factors. The addition of Yb plays a beneficial effect on all three responses considered. The ideal combination was discovered using ARAS and WASPAS for concomitant reduction of all the considered responses, attained with a coated carbide tool with a spindle speed of 118 m/min. and a feed rate of 0.26 mm/rev. during coconut oil coolant supply over Mg Zn10 Sr2. The ARAS rankings align with the WASPAS rankings in 55.56% of cases, with the interesting observation that both the lower and higher orders are identical. The optimal process parameters for Mg Zn10 were identified as a cutting speed of 56 m/min. and a feed rate of 0.26 mm/rev., using a coated carbide tool and CO coolant. For Mg Zn10 Sr2 Yb2, the study found the optimal parameters to be a cutting speed of 118 m/min. and a feed rate of 0.62 mm/rev., with the use of uncoated carbide and CO coolant.

Modification mechanisms of hypereutectic Al-Fe alloys treated by Sm/Yb addition: Experiments and first-principles calculations

The effects of Sm/Yb on the microstructure, electrical conductivity (EC), thermal conductivity (TC) and thermal expansion properties of hypereutectic Al-Fe alloys were investigated by combining experiments and first-principles calculations. The microstructure evolution shows that the addition of Sm/Yb can effectively modify the primary Al13Fe4 phase, observing the best modification effect with 0.5 % Sm and 0.3 % Yb addition. Besides, adding Sm/Yb can simultaneously improve the EC, TC and thermal expansion performance of hypereutectic Al-Fe alloys. The improvement of thermal-physical properties is mainly due to the fact that the coarse primary Al13Fe4 intermetallic phase is modified to fine and star-like particles, which reduces the scattering of electrons and phonons. The first-principles calculation results show that both Sm/Yb can be stably adsorbed on the P1 terminal Al13Fe4 (010) surface, then inhibits the preferential growth of primary Al13Fe4 phase. The theoretical calculations and experimental results confirm that adsorption and constitutional undercooling are the main reasons for Sm/Yb modification. This study shows that rare earth elements modification is an effective method to control the morphology of primary phase and improve the thermal-physical properties of hypereutectic Al-Fe alloys.

Effect of Sc, Hf, and Yb Additions on Superplasticity of a Fine-Grained Al-0.4%Zr Alloy

This research was undertaken to study the way deformation behaves in ultrafine-grained (UFG)-conducting Al-Zr alloys doped with Sc, Hf, and Yb. All in all, eight alloys were studied with zirconium partially replaced by Sc, Hf, and/or Yb. Doping elements (X = Zr, Sc, Hf, Yb) in the alloys totaled 0.4 wt.%. The choice of doping elements was conditioned by the possible precipitation of Al3X particles with L12 structure in the course of annealing these alloys. Such particles provide higher thermal stability of a nonequilibrium UFG microstructure. Initial coarse-grained samples were obtained by induction casting. A UFG microstructure in the alloys was formed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) at 225 °C. Superplasticity tests were carried out at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 °C and strain rates varying between 3.3 × 10−4 and 3.3 × 10−1 s−1. The highest values of elongation to failure are observed in Sc-doped alloys. A UFG Al-0.2%Zr-0.1%Sc-0.1%Hf alloy has maximum ductility: at 450 °C and a strain rate of 3.3 × 10−3 s−1, relative elongation to failure reaches 765%. At the onset of superplasticity, stress (σ)–strain (ε) curves are characterized by a stage of homogeneous (uniform) strain and a long stage of localized plastic flow. The dependence of homogeneous (uniform) strain (εeq) on test temperature in UFG Sc-doped alloys is increasing uniformly, which is not the case for other UFG alloys, with εeq(T) dependence peaking at 350–400 °C. The strain rate sensitivity coefficient of flow stress m is small and does not exceed 0.26–0.3 at 400–500 °C. In UFG alloys containing no Sc, the m coefficient is observed to go down to 0.12–0.18 at 500 °C. It has been suggested that lower m values are driven by intensive grain growth and pore formation in large Al3X particles, which develop specifically at an ingot crystallization stage.

Collaborative Enhancement of Ce and Yb Addition to Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of In Situ Al6Si/5TiB2 Metal Matrix Composites

Collaborative Enhancement of Ce and Yb Addition to Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of In Situ Al6Si/5TiB2 Metal Matrix Composites

Investigation into cathodic reduction process of Yb(III) ion in (LiF-YbF3)eut.-Yb2O3 molten salt system

• The electrochemical behavior of Yb (III) and Yb (Ⅱ) was determined by using different electrodes (W or Ni) in (LiF-YbF 3 ) eut. and (LiF-YbF 3 ) eut. -Yb 2 O 3 system. • The Ni 2 Yb alloy can be prepared by using the molten salt electrolysis in (LiF-YbF 3 ) eut. -Yb 2 O 3 system on the Ni electrode. • The crystallization process on the surface of W and Ni electrode were determined by chronoamperometry analysis of (LiF-YbF 3 ) eut. -Yb 2 O 3 system. The electrochemical behavior of Yb 3+ ions is investigated through cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry/potentiometric methods on the surface of a W/Ni working electrode in a (LiF-YbF 3 ) eut -Yb 2 O 3 molten salt system. The results show that the reduction of Yb 3+ ions is completed by two-step quasi-reversible processes of Yb 3+ /Yb 2+ and Yb 2+ /Yb on the W and Ni cathodes in LiF-YbF 3 and (LiF-YbF 3 ) eut -Yb 2 O 3 molten salt systems at 1223K; and the diffusion coefficients of Yb 3+ are 5.45×10 -4 cm 2 ·s -1 and 3.75×10 -3 cm 2 ·s -1 , respectively. The addition of Yb 2 O 3 can improve the electrochemical activity of Yb 3+ in the LiF-YbF 3 system. The crystallization of Yb 3+ ions are through three-dimensional instantaneous and continuous nucleation on the W and Ni electrodes in the (LiF-YbF 3 ) eut -Yb 2 O 3 molten salt system, respectively. The reduction activity of Yb 2+ ions on the Ni cathode is stronger than on the W cathode, which is beneficial to alloying. The Ni 2 Yb alloy can be prepared by constant voltage electrolysis with Ni as a consumable cathode in the (LiF-YbF 3 ) eut -Yb 2 O 3 molten salt system.

Effect of Solution Treatment and Addition of Rare-Earth Yb on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of AlSi11Cu3 Alloy

Effect of Solution Treatment and Addition of Rare-Earth Yb on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of AlSi11Cu3 Alloy

The Effects of Combined Addition of Ce and Yb on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al–Si–Mg–Cu–Cr Casting Alloy

The Effects of Combined Addition of Ce and Yb on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al–Si–Mg–Cu–Cr Casting Alloy

Microstructure evolution and enhanced fatigue behavior in the Mg-10Li-5Zn-0.5Er alloys micro-alloyed with Yb

In this paper, (0.2–1 wt%) Yb was added to improve the tensile properties and high-cycle fatigue behavior of the as-cast and as-extruded Mg-10Li-5Zn-0.5Er alloys. It is found that Yb mainly affects the mechanical properties of the alloy by changing the grain size, type and morphology of the second phases. Yb mainly exists in the formation of Mg2Yb and Mg-Zn-Yb phases in the metallographic structure. With the addition of Yb, the grains are refined and these Yb-containing phases replace the large-sized MgLiZn phase to be enriched at the grain boundaries. While the addition of excess Yb reduces the number of small-sized MgLiZn phases in the grain, thus reducing the alloys’ mechanical performance. After extrusion, the small-sized MgLiZn phase is refined and the number increases, which effectively improves the tensile and fatigue strength of the alloy. The fatigue strength is mainly affected by the number and morphology of the second phase, positively correlated with the strength. Balanced in grain size and number and size of second phases, the extruded alloy with 0.2Yb added exhibits excellent mechanical properties with the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation of 292 MPa, 303 MPa and 11.7%, and an fatigue strength of 130 MPa.

Phase composition and mechanical properties of Al-Si based alloys with Yb or Gd addition

The microstructure and properties of the Al-5Si-1.3Cu-0.4 Mg-0.15Zr alloys with Yb or Gd additives were investigated. Al4Si4Yb/Al10Si4Yb and Al15Cu2Si2Gd eutectic phases were identified in the investigated alloys. The compression YS at room temperature and 200 °C significantly increased in the rare earth metals doped alloys in the quenched and aged state.

Aqueous Solution-Processed Nanometer-Thin Crystalline Indium Ytterbium Oxide Thin-Film Transistors.

We demonstrate the growth of ultra-thin (~5 nm) indium ytterbium oxide (In-Yb-O) thin film using a simple vacuum-free aqueous solution approach for the first time. The influences of Yb addition on the microstructural, chemical, optical, and electrical properties of In2O3 are well investigated. The analyses indicate that Yb dopant could suppress oxygen vacancy defects effectively owing to the lower standard electrode potential, lower electronegativity, and stronger metal-oxide bond strength than that of In. The optimized In-Yb-O thin-film transistors (TFTs) exhibit excellent electrical performance (mobility of 8 cm2/Vs and on/off ratio of ~108) and enhanced stability. The triumph of In-Yb-O TFTs is owing to the high quality In2O3 matrix, the remarkable suppressor of Yb, and the nanometer-thin and atomically smooth nature (RMS: ~0.26 nm) of channel layer. Therefore, the eco-friendly water-induced ultra-thin In-Yb-O channel provides an excellent opportunity for future large-scale and cost-effective electronic applications.

Role of Yb in enhancing the heat resistance of cast Mg-Sm-Zn alloy

The 2%Yb addition into Mg-4Sm-0.6Zn-0.4Zr alloy improves the heat resistance, with a reduction of the minimum creep rate by nearly one order of magnitude, in comparison to Yb-free alloy. And tensile strength at both room and high temperature is also increased by Yb addition and the increment is more than 50 MPa. At the duration of creep, both basal and prismatic plates dynamically precipitated in the Mg matrix of Yb-modified alloy, whereas only basal plate formed in Yb-free alloy. The co-precipitation of prismatic and basal plates to form a closed space goes against dislocation motion more effectively, which is one of the crucial reasons for enhanced heat resistance via Yb. Moreover, basal stacking faults only created in Yb-modified alloy are capable of blocking dislocations motions, contributing to the improved heat resistance. Finally, RE atoms can intrinsically offer stable atomic size-dependent solute hardening at high temperature, while a large atomic radius of Yb is expected to provide a more strengthening effect in favor of the high-temperature strength of Yb-modified alloy. This work sheds a light on developing creep-resistant cast Mg-RE-based alloy containing low RE alloying.

On the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of Al−2Li−2Cu−0.5 Mg alloy: the role of Yb additions

On the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of Al−2Li−2Cu−0.5 Mg alloy: the role of Yb additions

Texture development and tensile properties of Mg–Yb binary alloys during hot extrusion and subsequent annealing

Ytterbium (Yb) containing magnesium alloys have aroused extensive interest due to their excellent mechanical properties after thermomechanical processing and heat treatment. Unfortunately, the sole effect of Yb addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of pure Mg matrix remains uncertain to date. In this work, the effects of Yb concentration on the texture development and tensile properties of pure Mg matrix during hot extrusion and the subsequent annealing were systematically investigated. The results revealed that the constitutional supercooling induced by Yb addition refined the as-cast microstructure but exerted a negligible effect on the original columnar grain morphology. When extruded at 300 °C, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) process was considerably retarded. The in-grain misorientation axes (IGMA) analysis combined with TEM observation indicated that non-basal slips operated with increasing Yb concentration. Specifically, the prismatic <a> slip should be robustly activated in Mg–1.0 Yb extrudate, promoting the formation of the texture with {10–10} plane normal to the extrusion direction (ED), while for the Mg–2.0 Yb counterpart, the increased activity of pyramidal < c + a > slip and the relaxation of basal/< c + a > dislocations generated an ED-tilted texture component. The preferential grain growth dominated the subsequent annealing texture development at 400 °C when a comparable grain size was achieved. An obvious ED-tilted texture intensity with the peak around <–12–13> was observed in Mg–2.0 Yb alloy, which was primarily caused by grains with the basal orientation vanished and with the non-basal orientations intensified due to a higher concentration of Yb solute. Favored by the grain refinement, the Mg–2.0 Yb extrudate exhibited a high tensile yield strength of 304 ± 3.5 MPa, while the subsequently annealed counterpart presented a favorable elongation to failure of 14.8 ± 1.2%, which mainly due to the homogeneous grain structure, weak ED-tilted texture, and dissolution of coarse phases after high-temperature annealing.

Heat Treatment of Cast and Cold Rolled Al–Yb and Al–Mn–Yb–Zr Alloys

The microstructure, electrical properties and microhardness of as-cast and cold rolled AlYb and AlMnYbZr alloys were investigated. The addition of Mn, Yb and Zr has a positive influence on grain size. A deformed structure of the grains with no changes of their size was observed after cold rolling. The Al3Yb particles coherent with the matrix were observed in the AlYb alloys. The size of the particles was about 20 nm in the initial state; after isochronal treatment up to 540 °C the particles coarsen, and their number density was lower. The deformation has a massive effect on the microhardness behavior until treatment at 390 °C, after which the difference in microhardness changes between as-cast and cold rolled alloys disappeared. Relative resistivity changes show a large decrease in the temperature interval of 330–540 °C which is probably caused by a combination of recovery of dislocations and precipitation of the Al3(Yb,Zr) particles. Precipitation hardening was observed between 100 and 450 °C in the AlYb alloy after ageing at 625 °C/24 h and between 330 and 570 °C in the AlMnYbZr alloy after ageing at 625 °C/24 h.

Experimental characterization and theoretical investigation of Ce/Yb co-doped hydroxyapatites

In the present study, the effects of variable amounts of Yb addition on the structural, thermal, and in vitro biocompatibility properties of Ce-doped hydroxyapatite (HAp) samples synthesized via the wet chemical method were investigated. Besides, the prepared formulations were also modeled for making the theoretical investigations. The single-phase compositions were detected for all samples, and no formation of additional phases was observed. Doping with Yb was observed to produce some variations in the lattice parameters, unit cell volume, lattice strain, and lattice stress. While a decreasing trend in the crystallite size and crystallization percent with increasing Yb content was found, a gradual increase in the anisotropic energy density was observed. All samples were found to be thermally stable from room temperature to 1000 °C with negligible mass losses during heating. No significant morphological changes were caused by the addition of Yb. For all samples, the numerical values of (Ca + Ce + Yb)/P molar ratio were found to be close to that for stoichiometric HAp (1.67). It was observed that the increased Yb additive caused a decrease in cell viability values. A continuous decrease in the bandgap energy with the increasing amounts of Yb added to the Ce-based HAp structure was observed from the theoretical investigations. A sharp decrease in the cell viability of the Ce-based HAp was observed with the addition of Yb.