Long Bean Research Articles

Impact of frontline demonstrations on productivity and economics of yardlong bean, Vigna unguiculata subsp sesquipedalis (L) Verde

The pulse vegetables play vital role in nutritional requirements of the farming community. Due to low level of dissemination of the technologies and adoption of the improved methods of cultivation the productivity of the pulses is low. Hence efforts are required to disseminate the technologies for higher productivity by adopting various extension approaches. Among them frontline demonstrations (FLDs) are the important extension methods to convince the farmers about improved varieties. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of FLDs on yardlong bean (variety Arka Mangala) in Hallakkavalli village in Shivamogga district, Karnataka during 2015–17 by involving 11 small and marginal farmers with an area of 2.50 ha. The mean results of two years revealed that improved technology recorded higher green pod yield of 15.75 tons/ha compared to farmers’ practices (11.50 tons/ha). The technology gap of 9.25, extension gap of 4.25 and technology index of 37.00 were observed during the demonstration period. The improved production technology gave higher benefit-cost ratio in the FLD plots (2.65) as compared to farmers’ plots (1.84).

A comparative proteome assay on the quality of yardlong bean pods as influenced by the organic and inorganic nourishment systems

The assumption of enhanced nutritional quality of food produced through the organic systems against the inorganic systems is under constant challenge. Changes in nutritional quality under varying methods of crop nourishment, if any, should be through the differential translation of proteins and hence should be reflected in the proteome profile. The present study was undertaken to understand the effect of organic and inorganic crop nourishments on the nutritional quality of yardlong bean, through two-dimensional proteome profiling. Yardlong beans were raised separately under organic and inorganic nourishment and the proteome of pods was profiled. The differentially expressed and upregulated proteins from immature and mature pods from both the systems were characterized through MALDI-ToF/MS. Under both the production systems, differentially expressed proteins were the contributors to antioxidant properties at different pod maturity stages and pod quality was proven to be independent of crop nourishment system. This study does not support the hypothesis that organically produced foods will be nutritionally superior.

Silicon and Nitrate Differentially Modulate the Symbiotic Performances of Healthy and Virus-Infected Bradyrhizobium-nodulated Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Yardlong Bean (V. unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) and Mung Bean (V. radiata).

The effects of 2 mM silicon (Si) and 10 mM KNO3 (N)—prime signals for plant resistance to pathogens—were analyzed in healthy and Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) or Cowpea mild mottle virus (CMMV)-infected Bradyrhizobium-nodulated cowpea, yardlong bean and mung bean plants. In healthy plants of the three Vigna taxa, nodulation and growth were promoted in the order of Si + N > N > Si > controls. In the case of healthy cowpea and yardlong bean, the addition of Si and N decreased ureide and α-amino acids (AA) contents in the nodules and leaves in the order of Si + N> N > Si > controls. On the other hand, the addition of N arrested the deleterious effects of CCMV or CMMV infections on growth and nodulation in the three Vigna taxa. However, the addition of Si or Si + N hindered growth and nodulation in the CCMV- or CMMV-infected cowpea and yardlong bean, causing a massive accumulation of ureides in the leaves and nodules. Nevertheless, the AA content in leaves and nodules of CCMV- or CMMV-infected cowpea and yardlong bean was promoted by Si but reduced to minimum by Si + N. These results contrasted to the counteracting effects of Si or Si + N in the CCMV- and CMMV-infected mung bean via enhanced growth, nodulation and levels of ureide and AA in the leaves and nodules. Together, these observations suggest the fertilization with Si + N exclusively in virus-free cowpea and yardlong bean crops. However, Si + N fertilization must be encouraged in virus-endangered mung bean crops to enhance growth, nodulation and N-metabolism. It is noteworthy to see the enhanced nodulation of the three Vigna taxa in the presence of 10 mM KNO3.

High pressure processing and post-high pressure storage induce the change of polyglutamyl folate and total folate from different legumes.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) and post-HPP cold storage on the distribution of polyglutamyl and monoglutamyl folate and the absolute concentration of total folate in green beans, yardlong beans and winged beans using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The results showed that HPP led to the deglutamylation of polyglutamyl folate to monoglutamyl folate in all of the investigated beans. The degree of deglutamylation was increased with enhancing processing pressure and extending holding time. During HPP, significant loss of total folate was observed under 600MPa/10min treatment. Uniquely 300MPa/5min and 450MPa/5min could significantly release more folate from yardlong beans and green beans matrix. During the following cold-storage, the deglutamylation keep progressing. For those untreated beans, no significant deglutamylation and total folate loss was observed during cold storage for yardlong beans and green beans while there is slight change for the total folate in winged beans. For those HPP treated beans, total folate loss followed the first order kinetics over the storage. The rate constant of degradation was positively proportional to the applied pressure, holding time and the proportion of monoglutamyl folate. This research provided a reference for understanding the deglutamylation of polyglutamyl folate and folate loss during HPP treatment and further shelf life.

Development and parameter optimization of maize flat bread supplemented with asparagus bean flour

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop maize flat bread supplemented with asparagus bean flour (ABF). Preliminary study was conducted for maximum supplementation of ABF on the basis of sensory attributes and it was found that 15% ABF can be supplemented. Further a composite flour containing 85% maize flour (MF) and 15% ABF was used for the preparation of flat bread. The effect of baking temperature (200 to 235 °C) and baking time [time 1 (surface 1) and time 2 (surface 2)] (70 to 120 sec) on product responses such as sensory characteristics (overall color, appearance, flavor, taste, mouth feel, overall acceptability), texture (shear value) and moisture content were studied. Results indicated that baking temperature and baking time had significant (p < 0.05) positive effect on sensory characteristics and shear value, while significant (p < 0.05) negative effect on moisture content. Numerical optimization resulted in baking temperature 225 °C, baking time 1 (120 sec) for surface 1 and time 2 (116 sec) for surface 2 to develop a flat bread with best quality.

Too much to handle? Pesticide dependence of smallholder vegetable farmers in Southeast Asia

This study aimed to understand farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding agricultural pest management and synthetic pesticide use in Southeast Asia. Data were used from 900 farm households producing leaf mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss.) and yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.) in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Farmers heavily depended on synthetic pesticides as their main method of pest control. Most farmers were aware of the adverse health effects associated with pesticide use and covered body parts while spraying, but also considered pesticides to be highly effective and indispensable farm inputs. Farmers were largely unable to distinguish between common beneficial and harmful arthropods. Greater knowledge about this was associated with less pesticide use while greater awareness of pesticide health risks was associated with fewer observed poisoning symptoms. For the average farm and while controlling for other factors, farmers who sought advice from friends and neighbors used 45% less pesticide, but those who sought advice from pesticide shopkeepers used 251% more pesticide. Pesticide use was 42% less when a woman was in charge of pest management and 31% less when farmers had adopted biopesticides. These findings suggest relevant entry points for interventions aimed at reducing pesticide dependence.

Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Sawah dan Sayuran di Desa Dawi-Dawi Kecamatan Wonggeduku Kabupaten Konawe

This research aims to find out Paddy and vegetable farm income, and Paddy and vegetable farm efficiency in Dawi-Dawi Village, Wonggeduku Subdistrict, Konawe Regency. The population of this research is comprised of all farmers who grow paddy and plant vegetables (tomato and yardlong bean) in Dawi-Dawi Village, Wonggeduku Subdistrict, Konawe Regency which consist of 21 farmers. Samples are taken using census method, in which all of the population is taken as research sample. Therefore, a number of samples in this research are 21 farmers. The data are analyzed using income analysis, namely, Pd = TR TC and farm efficiency analysis R/C Ratio = TR/TC. The results show that: (1) paddy farm incomes per season range from IDR 1,901,250 – IDR 24,492,250 with the average of IDR 7,697,670. Tomato farm incomes per season range from IDR 1,979,772 – IDR 25,351,820 with an average of IDR 7,970,189. Yardlong bean farm incomes per season range from IDR 1,532,389 – IDR 3,391,000 with an average of IDR 1,822,370, and (2) Paddy, tomato and yardlong bean farms are deemed efficient with the R/C ratio of 2.73, 2.97, and 3.13 respectively.

Organic Plant Breeding: A Key to Improved Vegetable Yield and Safe Food

Most often, organic farming focuses on the improvement of management practices such as nutrient application and pest control, and very seldom deals with variety improvement or breeding. Because it has been dependent on commercially-available varieties developed under conventional high-input methods, traits are expressed resulting in low yields that are commonly attributed to organic farming practices rather than to the adaptability of the cultivar to the system. A research program in the Philippines involving several regions and institutions has pioneered in the evaluation and improvement of varieties through breeding under low-input organic conditions. After making several crosses, pedigree selection, replicated yield and on-farm trials, promising and potential varieties were developed and identified in squash, cucumber, lettuce and yardlong bean. The most promising yield advantages over the respective check varieties ranged up to 47% in squash, 31% in yardlong bean, 42% in lettuce, and 43% in cucumber. Pest and disease resistance were also considered during the selection process, and top performers were moderately to highly resistant. General acceptability in appearance, taste and marketability provided additional selection criteria for considering the top performers and potential varieties. Commercial varieties developed and performing well under conventional high-input methods were mostly not suitable under organic low-input conditions. Hence, breeding under organic low-input conditions is a must to achieve high yield in organic farming systems.

Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity of Vegetables Grown in the Southwestern Andes Region of South America

The antioxidant richness of 69 species and/or varieties of vegetables grown in the southwestern Andes region of South America, including some endemic varieties, was evaluated in terms of their total phenolics (TP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Parsley, basil and coriander rank notably higher among those species that are commonly consumed in their raw state, exhibiting TP and ORAC values that are comparable to those reported earlier by us for various antioxidant-rich indigenous berries. For a given species, major differences were also seen among its varieties; in the case of tomatoes and lettuce, the maximal-to-minimal differences in ORAC values reached 16- and 28-fold, respectively. For those vegetables that are not consumed raw, the boil-cooking process affected differentially the antioxidant richness; for instance, while in the case of asparagus, chard, and lima beans boil-cooking induced major drops in ORAC (40-60%), in the case of artichoke bottoms a marked increase (35%) in ORAC was seen. Within the frame of building rankings of antioxidant richness, in the present work substantial data are also presented to highlight the concept that when assessing the antioxidant supply potential of any vegetable, besides quantifying its antioxidant richness per 100 g, considering its actual portion of consumption is also fundamental. On such basis, among the 29 vegetables analyzed in their cooked state, the endemic and regionally-grown Michune, Cabrita, and purple varieties of potatoes emerge as the top 3 antioxidant-rich plant foods.

Effect of Different Types of Fertilization on Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis Crop

A field experiment was conducted at Pylos, Greece to compare the effect of different types of fertilization on yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) crop. The conventional treatment plots were fertilized with an inorganic fertilizer, whereas the organic treatments plots received organic compost. Data analysis confirmed no significant correlation between plant height and type of fertilization, but there was significant correlation between length of pods and type of fertilization. In particular, morphological characteristics of yardlong bean were enhanced by inorganic fertilization in comparison with the organic fertilization. Organic farming increased significantly the number on root nodules in comparison with conventional farming.

Genetic divergence for quality, yield and yield components in Yardlong bean[Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp.sesquipedalis Verdc.

Genetic divergence among 41 commercial Yardlong bean genotypes was investigated to select the parents for hybridization using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. The genotypes fall into seven clusters. Cluster VI had the maximum (12) and cluster VII had the minimum (1) number of genotypes. The intra cluster D2 value ranged from 0.00 (Cluster II, III, VI, VII) to 121.69 (Cluster V). The cluster V had the maximum D2 value (121.692) followed by Cluster IV (77.305) and Cluster I (46.391). The inter cluster D2 values of the seven clusters revealed that highest inter cluster generalized distance (607.945) was between cluster V and cluster VII, while the lowest (15.917) was between cluster II and cluster III. Regarding relative contribution of different traits towards divergence, pod length (48.66%) contributed maximum followed by pod ascorbic acid content (20.00%), pod girth (12.20%) and 100 seed weight (12.20%) among Yardlong bean genotypes. Based on genetic distances and clustering pattern, the most divergent genotypes identified are IC-582859, NSJ-362, IC-582850, IC-582872, IC-582851 and IC-582829 from III, V, and VI clusters could be used as best parents on crop improvement programme to produce desirable segregants for yield and yield attributes in Yardlong bean.

Co-localization of QTLs for pod fiber content and pod shattering in F2 and backcross populations between yardlong bean and wild cowpea

Yardlong bean [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata cv.-gr. sesquipedalis] is a vegetable legume crop evolved from cultivated grain cowpea (V. unguiculata ssp. unguiculata cv.-gr. unguiculata) which is domesticated from wild cowpea. It has a dramatic change in pod length and pod fiber content, and a complete loss of pod shattering, as compared to its wild progenitor. In this study, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling pod fiber content and pod shattering in two populations (BC1F1 and F2) derived from a cross between yardlong bean and wild cowpea. BC1F1:2 and F2:3 families were grown under field condition in which insoluble dietary fiber (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) contents in mature pods, and pod shattering were evaluated. Correlation analysis showed positive relationship among the types of fiber, and between the fiber and shattering. Inclusive composite interval mapping revealed that a major QTL on linkage group 7 (LG7) controlled cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents in pod, and pod shattering. The other QTLs related to pod fibers on LG1 and LG4 also co-localized with the QTLs for pod shattering. Comparative genome analysis with azuki bean (Vigna angularis) suggested that the QTL region on LG7 for cellulose, hemiclellulose, lignin and pod shattering in yardlong bean contains genes encoding MYB transcription factor, MYB83, regulating biosynthesis of the three fibers, while the QTL region for cellulose and shattering of pod on LG1 harbors gene encoding cellulose synthase A7 (CESA7). These genes may be important targets for functional study to reveal major factors regulating pod fiber biosynthesis and pod shattering in yardlong bean.

The Joint Toxicity of Different Temperature Coefficient Insecticides onApolygus lucorum(Hemiptera: Miridae)

The effect of temperature on the cotoxicity coefficient (CTC) value was used to evaluate mixture efficacy of different temperature coefficient chemicals from 15 to 35°C by exposing third-instar Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) to dip-treated asparagus bean pods. The results indicated the joint toxicity of same temperature coefficient insecticide (TCI) types were unaffected by temperature. This means that even when temperatures change, the mixture ratios of the highest CTC values remained the same, and the effect of temperature on the joint toxicity of same TCI types was only on the CTC values. However, the effect of temperature was variable when considering the joint toxicity of different TCI types. The effect of temperature on the joint toxicity of both strong positive and strong negative TCI types was clear, and the highest CTC values of mixture ratios changed with temperature regularly. When comparing the influence of temperature between strong/slight positive/negative insecticides, the results indicated a greater influence of the strong TCI. Paradoxically, the highest CTC value of the imidacloprid and methomyl mixture did not change with temperature changes consistently, even with the variance of imidacloprid ratios, a strong TCI. These results will guide pest managers in choosing the most effective insecticide mixtures for A. lucorum control under given environmental conditions.

Survey on Management of Spotted Pod Borer (Maruca vitrata Fabricius) on Yardlong Bean in Chitwan, Nepal

A household survey was conducted during January 2012 in Gunjanagar, Dibyanagar and Sukranagar Village Development Committee of Chitwan district to know the socioeconomic status, status of spotted pod borer and its management practice. The survey included purposive random sampling methods in 35 yardlong bean growers. Most of commercial farmers have been growing since 3-7 years. Nearly three fourth of the farmers considered spotted pod borer as a major pest of yarldlong bean in Chitwan. Most of them considered more than 60% loss caused by spotted pod borer if no management practice is applied. Almost all sprayed chemical pesticides for management of spotted pod borer and nearly three fourth of them used more than one chemical pesticides alternately for management of spotted pod borer.One third farmers (31.43%) applied chemical pesticides in 4-7 days interval and one third of them (31.43%) applied chemical pesticides in 7-10 days interval after beginning of flowering for management of spotted pod borer. Almost all farmers (94.29%) knew adverse effect of pesticides on human, environment, natural enemies and other animal. Majority (94.29%) of farmers harvested pods after 1-3 day of spray of chemical pesticides and very few (14.29%) of commercial grower of this area get training in insect pest management.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 39-43

Evaluasi Karakter Agronomi Beberapa Genotipe Tetua dan Hibrid Tanaman Kacang Panjang (Vigna sinensis L.) Berpolong Merah

Agronomic`s Characters Evaluation of Some Parental and Hybrid Genotypes of Red-Podded Yardlong Bean (Vigna sinensis L.) ABSTRACT . Yardlong bean is one of the legume plants that potential to be developed. Nowadays, many breeding activities had been conducted to develop yardlong bean, especially red-podded yardlong bean. The purpose of the study are (1) Evaluating the quality crop of some parental and hybrid genotypes of yardlong bean; (2) Getting the hybrid genotype that more superior from the parents (3) Estimating the variability value of yardlong bean genotypes from crosses of Pm x Lu, Lu x Pm, Pm x Cm, Cm x Pm, parental genotypes of Lu, Cm, and Pm. This study was conducted at Integrated Experimental Field of Agriculture Faculty, University of Lampung in March to June 2015. The used materials in this study are 7 genotypes of yardlong bean that consists of 3 parental and 4 hybrid genotypes. This study used completely randomized design with three replications. Further test used LSI (Least Significant Increase) test in α 0,05. Results indicated that: (1) Lu x Pm is the genotype that inherited by the characteristics of the parents, sweet taste from Lu and red-pod color from Pm; (2) Lu x Pm is the genotype that better than the parents because of having red-pod color, sweet-taste pod, and pod’s length that appropriate with consumer’s desire; (3) Genetic and phenotype variability of yardlong bean genotypes from crosses of Pm x Lu, Lu x Pm, Pm x Cm, Cm x Pm, parental genotypes of Lu, Cm, and Pm have narrow criteria for almost all characters except number of branch, °brix, and crispness level that have narrow criteria.

Transcriptome Profiling of Two Asparagus Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) Cultivars Differing in Chilling Tolerance under Cold Stress.

Cowpea (V. unguiculata L. Walp.) is an important tropical grain legume. Asparagus bean (V. unguiculata ssp. sesquipedialis) is a distinctive subspecies of cowpea, which is considered one of the top ten Asian vegetables. It can be adapted to a wide range of environmental stimuli such as drought and heat. Nevertheless, it is an extremely cold-sensitive tropical species. Improvement of chilling tolerance in asparagus bean may significantly increase its production and prolong its supply. However, gene regulation and signaling pathways related to cold response in this crop remain unknown. Using Illumina sequencing technology, modification of global gene expression in response to chilling stress in two asparagus bean cultivars—“Dubai bean” and “Ningjiang-3”, which are tolerant and sensitive to chilling, respectively—were investigated. More than 1.8 million clean reads were obtained from each sample. After de novo assembly, 88,869 unigenes were finally generated with a mean length of 635 bp. Of these unigenes, 41,925 (47.18%) had functional annotations when aligned to public protein databases. Further, we identified 3,510 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Dubai bean, including 2,103 up-regulated genes and 1,407 down-regulated genes. While in Ningjiang-3, we found 2,868 DEGs, 1,786 of which were increasing and the others were decreasing. 1,744 DEGs were commonly regulated in two cultivars, suggesting that some genes play fundamental roles in asparagus bean during cold stress. Functional classification of the DEGs in two cultivars using Mercator pipeline indicated that RNA, protein, signaling, stress and hormone metabolism were five major groups. In RNA group, analysis of TFs in DREB subfamily showed that ICE1-CBF3-COR cold responsive cascade may also exist in asparagus bean. Our study is the first to provide the transcriptome sequence resource for asparagus bean, which will accelerate breeding cold resistant asparagus bean varieties through genetic engineering, and advance our knowledge of the genes involved in the complex regulatory networks of this plant under cold stress.

Identification of a major QTL for resistance to Cercospora leaf spot disease in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) revealed common genomic region with that for the resistance to angular leaf spot in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata cv-gr. sesquipedalis) is a type of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). It is an important vegetable legume crop of Asia. One of the problems in yardlong bean production is the devastation of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease caused by the fungi Cercospora canescens and Pseudocercospora cruenta which can cause yield loss from 35 to 40 %. Breeding for resistance cultivar(s) takes a long time and yet evaluating for the resistance is difficult and laborious. The objective of this research is to locate major gene/quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling CLS resistance in yardlong bean with the ultimate goal to identify SSR markers closely linked to the resistance gene for marker-assisted selection. An F2 population of 190 plants was developed from a cross between yardlong bean breeding line “CSR12906” (susceptible) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata) breeding line “IT90K-59-120” (resistant). The F2 plants and F2:3 families were evaluated for the CLS resistance caused by C. canescens and/or P. cruenta using a visual scoring method. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was conducted using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Location of the QTL controlling the resistance was determined by inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM). Disease evaluation revealed that the disease scores were continuously distributed, suggested that the resistance in IT90K-59-120 is a quantitative trait. BSA showed that SSR marker CEDG304 on linkage group 9 (LG9) of yardlong bean associated with the resistance. ICIM identified a major QTL, coined as qCLS9.1, for the resistance on LG9. qCLS9.1 accounted for 25.40–89.26 % of the disease score variation depending on environment and population. Linkage and genome comparison revealed that qCLS9.1 is likely the same as QTL ALS10.1 conferring resistance to angular leaf spot disease caused by P. cruenta in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).

EFFECT OF DRYING METHODS ON DIETARY FIBER CONTENT IN DRIED FRUIT AND VEGETABLE FROM NON-TOXIC AGRICULTURAL FIELD

Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. However, they spoil easily and their shelf-life is very short after harvest. Especially, fruits and vegetables from organic or non- toxic agricultural fields spoiled easily as it has not contained any preservation reagent. Converted into dried powder form is easy to preserve and use as ingredients. Drying methods may affect the quality of dried fruits or vegetables. Drying with higher temperatures resulted in loss of nutrients but little studies have showed the change in dietary fiber. So, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of drying methods on dietary fiber contents in pumpkin, yardlong bean, tomato, red cabbage and guava. Natural sun drying, hot air oven drying and freeze drying were used to dry those fruit and vegetables. Then, dried fruit and vegetables were grained into a powder and analyzed for dietary fiber contents. The results show that dietary fiber contents in dried pumpkin, yardlong bean, red cabbage and guava had the same tendency, which having higher amounts of dietary fiber from natural sun dry, hot air oven dry and freeze dry, respectively. While, in tomato showed higher content in hot air oven, freeze dry and natural sun dry, respectively. According to the results, it was concluded that the condition of natural sun drying may work efficiently to get higher dietary fiber content in fruit or vegetables.

COMPARATIVELY STUDY OF VARIETIES OF VEGETABLE COWPEA OF DIFFERENT BREEDING PERIODS IN PRIMORIYE REGION

Varieties of Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. draw breeders’ attention due to their valuable properties, form variation, particularly, among long asparagus beans. The climatic condition of South Far-East is favorable for the cultivation of cowpea. Introduction of the species expands the range of cultivated crops in the region. The aim of the study was to comparatively investigate the modern and local old accessions of cowpea in the field condition of Primoriye and also to select accessions studied suitable for cultivation in this region. Field experiments were carried out at Far-Eastern Experimental Station (VIR), Vladivostok in 2012-2015. Forty accessions of different breeding periods of time from VIR plant collection were assessed. Local varieties included into collection in 1920-1930, varieties selected in 1950-1980 and modern varieties developed after 2010 were significantly different by the morphometric characteristics such as length and width of leaf, bean length and weight, seed productivity per plant, period duration – from shoots to bean-filling and from shoots to bean-ripening. The productivity of green beans depended on different morphobiological traits. For varieties bred in 1950-1980, the correlation between seed and green bean productivity and the number of beans was observed. The yield of green beans was connected with bean length and width and the duration of vegetative period in modern varieties. The varieties bred in 1950-1980 were distinguished by their simultaneous maturation and early ripening, along with the balanced number of pods per plant and seed productivity. Modern varieties essentially exceeded the previously bred cultivars in pod length, yield capacity and duration of harvesting period. Local old varieties were distinguished by broad genetic variation, and were very important as a source of valuable traits. As a result of the study the varieties suitable for cultivation in Primoriye region have been identified to meet all customers’ requirements. For small production and farming ‘Yin Jiang Yi Hao’, ‘Zi San Chi’, ‘Zi San Chi’, ‘Yu Yan San Chi Lv’, ‘Xue Long Yi Hao’, ‘Zao Chun’, ‘Xin Jang’, ‘Zao Chun Jiang Dou’ were recommended, while the accessions ‘k-818’ and ‘k-797’ from China, ‘s. Tan Kim’ from Vietnam were regarded for industrial proposes: cannery and deep freezing.

Patterns and Challenges in Exotic Vegetables Marketing

ABSTRACTHow vegetables are handled after harvest may affect postharvest quality. Handling practices and challenges encountered in exotic vegetable marketing were evaluated. All marketers in the study area engaged in sales of carrots (Daucus carota L.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L), and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus. Thunb). Almost all sold potato (Solanum tuberosum L), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata L.), and green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) and only 4% sold radish (Raphanus sativus L). Carrot, sweet pepper, and cucumber deteriorated within 4 days and lettuce deteriorated within 2 days. The most common packaging materials were polyethylene sacks; the major method of preservation used by marketers was keeping produce in baskets in airy rooms/well-ventilated stores. Problems encountered by marketers are postharvest loss (48%), inadequate storage facilities and transportation (20%), and low patronage (12%). Appropriate cooling and storage facilities during transportation and at wholesale and retail centers are needed.