Yangtze River Delta Area Research Articles

Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Open Economy Development in the Yangtze River Delta Area

Since economic globalization is unstable, it is difficult for the traditional open economic development model to meet the requirements of China’s development, and there is an urgent need for new ideas and models to be reoriented. Based on the analysis of the development mechanism of China’s open economy at this stage, we used the entropy method, Theil coefficient, Gini coefficient, and spatial Durbin model (SDM) to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern and influencing factors of the high-quality development level of the open economy in the Yangtze River Delta Area (YRDA). The results indicated that during the study period, the development level and development difference of open economy were on the rise, and the spatial difference in different regions was significant. The development of open economy was affected by many factors, and there was a spatial spillover effect. Based on the existing problems, at the stage of high-quality economic development, the YDRA should seize the opportunities brought by the new development pattern, improve government services, optimize innovation drive, and promote the development of open economy to a higher level. We believe that the results of this study can also provide relevant experience for the development of open economy in other regions of China.

Spatial planning-constrained modeling of urban growth in the Yangtze River Delta considering the element flows

ABSTRACT Urban growth models that consider spatial control and factor flows are important for the integrated management of urban agglomerations, and to date, no simulation method has been available to consider both thoroughly. We proposed a new cellular automaton (CAGBDT) model based on gradient boosting decision trees (GBDT) to simulate urban growth in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) area of China. In this model, GBDT was used to retrieve land transition rules by integrating multiple weak learners and a feature expansion approach was employed to remove high correlations among urban growth drivers and then expand the factor features. We applied the final urban pattern as the dependent variable and selected nine drivers as the independent variables of urban growth in YRD. The simulation results show that the overall accuracies exceeded 89% and the figure-of-merits (FOMs) exceeded 27%, about 10% higher than other similar simulations in YRD, indicating the strong ability of CAGBDT to simulate urban growth in YRD. Although the inclusion of inter-city material and information element flows in the model improves the accuracy by only 1%, it reveals the different development patterns in Hangzhou Bay in the south of YRD and the Taihu Lake basin in the center of YRD. By considering urban scenarios under different strategies of spatial control, it shows that the simulated FOMs declined by 5% with the stronger enforcement of spatial regulations, reflecting that the actual urban growth in fully non-developable areas and 20% partly developable areas of YRD has already violated the regulations. The results can help urban planners and local authorities to develop solutions for the development of a high-quality YRD urban agglomeration. The proposed model is applicable to diagnose urban land-use change elsewhere, especially in rapidly developing cities that need balancing urban growth and ecological protection.

Analysis of factors Affecting the Development of Fast-Food Industry Based on Machine Learning Methods

Fast food industry is one of the fastest-growing businesses in the world. In this paper, we analyze the development situation of KFC in the Yangtze River delta area (Jiang Su, Zhe Jiang, and Shanghai). According to the analysis of specific data related to the distribution of shops and sales data, we aimed to create the proper strategy for its future development in this zone. We analyze the connection between the number of KFC shops and different classes of cities. We also analyze the relationship between population density and KFC shop distribution by a case. Especially, we use PCA (Principal component analysis) to find the most important influence factors, and the experimental results show that GDP, population with the unit of million, the output value of the second industry are the three key factors affecting the number of KFC outlets. Finally, we analyze the typical features of the Yangtze River delta area.

The Distribution of Emergency Logistics Centers under the COVID-19 Lockdown: The Case of Yangtze River Delta Area

The regular lockdown policy adopted in controlling the pandemic of COVID-19 has caused logistic disruptions in some areas that have a great impact on the living standards of residents and the production of enterprises. Given that the construction of emergency logistics centers is an effective solution, this paper takes the Yangtze River Delta Area (YRDA) of China as an example and discusses the site selection and material distribution of the emergency logistics centers in the region via a two-stage model. The first stage is the selection of candidate emergency logistics centers in the YRDA. A comprehensive evaluation index system is built with 4 primary and 15 secondary indexes to evaluate the logistic infrastructure capacity of the 41 cities in the YRDA. Further, through a principal component analysis, 12 cities are selected as candidate construction sites for emergency logistics centers. In the second stage, a biobjective site selection model with uncertain demand is established and calculated via the NSGA-II algorithm. According to the time sensitivity of emergency logistics, six cities are filtered from the optimal solution set, including Hefei, Hangzhou, Xuzhou, Wenzhou, Changzhou, and Shanghai, ensuring that all 41 cities are within their service scope.

Spatial distribution, driving factors and health risks of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from indoors and outdoors in Hefei, China

Atmospheric particulate matter, especially in urban and industrial environments, can act as a source of different organic pollutants that can pose significant health impacts to residents. However, the pollution status and transport mechanisms of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor environments are uncertain. This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of fine particle-bound PAHs and analyze the factors (source contributions and backward trajectories) that influence their concentrations. The results showed that mean concentrations of 16 PAHs were higher in indoor dust as compared to outdoor dust. In addition, the lowest concentrations of the 16 PAHs were found on the 11-20th floor, with smoking households > nonsmoking households (except Nap, Acy, and Ace). The 2–3 ring PAHs were more prominent in households with cooking activities. The particle size distribution showed that most of the particles were <62 μm in diameter, indicating that the indoor particles were smaller in size. Furthermore, the range of δ13C values in the outdoor dust (−30.17 ~ −28.63 ‰) samples was significantly lower than in indoor dust (−28.29 ~ −22.53 ‰). The results based on diagnostic ratios, positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis and backward trajectory model analysis suggested that the sources of PAHs in indoor and outdoor dust were mixed, originated both locally and from neighboring provinces transported over long distances, especially concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta area. Finally, carcinogenic risk values for indoor dust were greater than those for outdoor dust. Therefore, it is recommended that local governments and industries with high PAH emissions should implement proper protocols to monitor and minimize the pollution levels of PAHs in the urban industrial environment in order to mitigate their health risks.

Urban Low-Carbon Consumption Performance Assessment: A Case Study of Yangtze River Delta Cities, China

Urban low carbonization has been an essential element in China’s carbon peak and carbon neutrality strategies. An assessment of urban low-carbon performance could provide valuable information for monitoring and guiding the low-carbon transition in cities. However, due to cross-regional carbon transfer, the actual level of achievement would be masked, if the assessment was based only on a production-based index such as carbon emission intensity (CEI). Focusing, instead, on consumption-based low-carbon performance, this study calculated levels of urban carbon consumption intensity (CCI) based on city-level carbon footprint accounting, investigated the patterns and drivers of changes in CCI of 26 Yangtze River Delta (YRD) cities from 2012 to 2015, and conducted a comparative analysis of CEI and CCI data from both static and dynamic viewpoints. It was found that the CCI of YRD cities decreased from 1.254 to 1.153 over the period. Cities at higher economic levels were found to have lower CCI values. Decomposition results show that shifts in production structure, intensity of emissions and changing consumption patterns contributed to the decline in CCI of the YRD area. Richer cities were found to show greater declines in CCI due to decarbonizing structures in production and consumption. The comparative results show that although the CEI and CCI of cities were generally correlated in both static level and dynamic change, the net carbon transfer impacted the correlation sensitivity between various cities. Finally, our findings provide practical guidance on achieving coordinated emission reductions at an inter-city level from both production and consumption perspectives.

Spatial-temporal investigation of green building promotion efficiency: The case of China

Green building, a significant sustainable practice to enhance the relationship between buildings and the environment, has received much attention worldwide. Although green buildings spread fast around the world, the efficiency of resources for green building construction has great potential to improve. Meanwhile, the spatial correlations of green building construction need to strengthen to benefit from the spillover effects . However, only few previous studies focused on efficiency problems in the green building promotion process and their spatial correlations. This study aims to propose a framework to examine green building promotion efficiency and investigate its spatial relationships between regions in different time slices. As a case study, data from 28 regions in China were collected. Data envelopment analysis and social network analysis were used to analyze the data. Results show that the overall green building promotion efficiency in China increased gradually, but significant efficiency gaps existed among regions. Regional collaborations made great contributions to efficiency enhancement, especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta areas. Furthermore, only a small proportion of regions performed well in the efficiency and spatial correlations, mainly in southeast China. Most regions had low efficiency and weak correlations with the developed regions. This study contributes to the knowledge body of green buildings by presenting the first investigation into the green building promotion efficiency and the spatial correlations in green building development. The findings would enable researchers, policymakers and practitioners to develop efficient policies and strategies to promote the widespread implementation of green buildings.

Blue revolution for food security under carbon neutrality: A case from the water-saving and drought-resistance rice

Blue revolution for food security under carbon neutrality: A case from the water-saving and drought-resistance rice

The description of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Patient registry in Yangtze River Delta area of China

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) through patient registry in Yangtze River Delta area of China. MethodsA total of 502 consecutive patients diagnosed with aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-ab)-positive NMOSD were registered between December 2018 to January 2021 in multiple tertiary referral centers within the framework of Yangtze River Delta of China. Their baseline data were reviewed, and follow-up clinical information were collected prospectively. ResultsThe mean age at onset was 37.3 (range 3–80 years) years and the female-to-male ratio was 8.1:1. The median disease duration was 47 months (interquartile range [IQR] 25–84 months). A total of 1372 attacks of the 502 patients were recorded till the last follow-up, with a median annualized relapse rate of 0.4 (IQR 0.3–0.6). Nearly one-fourth (24.5%, 336/1372) of the attacks had prodromic events, including upper respiratory tract infection (36.3%, 122/336), fever (20.2%, 68/336) and pregnancy-related issues (17.9%, 60/336), etc. Myelitis was the most common attack type throughout the disease course (51.4%, 705/1372), followed by optic neuritis (ON, 43.1%, 592/1372). As for onset phenotype, ON (37.3%, 187/502) prevailed over myelitis (28.3%, 142/502). The median time to first relapse was 12 months (IQR 5–25 months). Patients with brainstem encephalitis at onset were more likely to have other anatomical region involved in subsequent attacks (p < 0.001), compared to other onset type. The median serum AQP4-ab titer measured by cell-based assays was 1:100 (IQR 1:32–1:320, range 1:10–1:10,000). The baseline AQP4-ab titer in cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.542, p <0.001), overall ARR (r = 0.232, p< 0.001) and the EDSS scores at last follow-up (r = 0.119, p = 0.022) significantly correlated with baseline serum AQP4-ab titer. Antinuclear antibodies (48.4%), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (30.7%), and anti-SSA antibodies (26.2%) represented the most frequent concomitant antibodies, while autoimmune thyroid disorders (13.1%, 66/502) and Sjogren's syndrome (10.8%, 54/502) were the most common accompanying autoimmune diseases. Till the last follow-up, 403 patients received preventive treatments. Azathioprine represented the most common initial treatment, mycophenolate mofetil and rituximab was the most common second and third-line treatment, respectively. The EDSS score at the last follow-up ranged from 0 to 8.5 with a median of 2 (IQR 1–3). ConclusionsA comprehensive clinical picture of patients with AQP4-ab-positive NMOSD in Yangtze River Delta area of China was presented. More information on disease tragedy and predictive prognostic factors could be generated through long-term observations.

Effects of Distance and Reliability on Value of Time in Intercity Freight Transportation: An Adaptive Experiment in China

Road–rail container intermodal transportation is considered a solution to reduce the share of truck transportation in China. A modal shift from truck to intermodal alternatives requires a better understanding of freight mode choice behavior and improved estimations of the value of service attributes. This paper focuses on the effects of distance and reliability on the value of time (VOT). An adaptive experiment is conducted on potential customers of intermodal transportation in the Yangtze River Delta area, China. Multinomial logit (binary logit) and mixed logit models are estimated for eight specifications. The results show that shipper characteristics, commodity characteristics, and shipment characteristics significantly influence the mode choice behavior. Specifications with an interaction term between the logarithm of distance and transportation time perform better. The VOT of short-distance transportation is higher than that of long-distance transportation. The rate of VOT reduction decreases with increasing distance. In addition, incorporating the reliability variable in model specifications leads to a more homogeneous random parameter distribution of time and a lower VOT. This study helps intermodal operators to optimize product and design pricing strategies. Moreover, the proposed measures help to promote the modal shift from truck to road–rail container intermodal transportation.

The spatial evolution and optimization of supply channels for marine products consumed in China

ABSTRACT We introduce quaternary and ternary diagrams to analyze temporal-spatial changes in the supply and demand shares of marine products, respectively. Subsequently, we build a marine product supply selection model to calculate the quantities of marine products furnished by supply channels and estimate the demand for marine products in China’s three coastal areas. These are used to demonstrate the supply gap of marine products in China before we optimize and adjust the supply scheme of marine products for China. The results show that China’s coastal areas import large volumes of fish, crustaceans and molluscs. In the Bohai Bay Rim, the domestic supply of marine products (except for fish and crustaceans) is greater than imports, while in the Yangtze River Delta and Southern China coastal areas, the domestic supply of all marine products is greater than imports. Domestic channels thus cannot fully satisfy coastal demand for marine products. In order to meet the demand, China should enlarge its imports from Europe and Asia, encourage ocean-going fishing vessels to directly transport all harvests back to China, and strengthen fishing port construction so as to promote the development of China’s seafood imports and pelagic fisheries.

Analysis of the spatial distribution and influencing factors of China national forest villages.

China national forest villages are the agents to promote rural greening and beautification, as well as further implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. It is of great significance to study their spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors. Therefore, taking 7586 China national forest villages as examples, the methods of nearest neighbor index, Tyson polygon, cold and hot spot analysis, and nuclear density index are used to study the spatial distribution characteristics of China national forest villages and their influencing factors. The results show that (1) since the nearest neighbor index is less than 1, and the Tyson polygon area variation coefficient is much greater than 64%, it is comprehensively determined that the distribution of China national forest villages belongs to agglomerated distribution. (2) The spatial clustering is characterized by "hot in the south and cold in the north." The hot spots are dominated by southern regions such as Sichuan, Hubei, and Jiangsu, and the cold spots are dominated by northern regions such as Heilongjiang, Jilin and Xinjiang. (3) The distribution characteristics of nuclear density have a strong correlation with the distribution characteristics of forest vegetation and urban agglomerations. Most high-density areas are located within the forest vegetation coverage. The first batch forms the Yangtze River Delta and Central Plains urban agglomerations high-density areas, and the second batch forms the Yangtze River Delta and Central Plains high-density areas. (4) Elevation, aspect, river, forest resources endowment, traffic, economic development level, and population size are important factors affecting the distribution of China national forest villages, and their distribution presents the characteristics of "low altitude, positive direction, near water, rich forest resources, convenient transportation, developed economy, and dense population." The research can provide reference for the evaluation and construction of China national forest villages and the implementation of village beautification and rural revitalization strategies in the future.

Data analytics capability and servitization: the moderated mediation role of bricolage and innovation orientation

PurposeDespite the potential influence of data analytics capability on servitization, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this influence remains unclear. This study aims to explore how data analytics capability affects servitization by examining the mediation effect of bricolage and the conditional role of innovation orientation.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs the moderated mediation method to examine the proposed research model with archival data and multiple-respondent surveys from 1,206 top managers of 402 manufacturing firms in the Yangtze River Delta area in China.FindingsBricolage partially mediates the positive relationship between data analytics capability and servitization, and innovation orientation positively moderates this effect.Practical implicationsManufacturers can leverage bricolage to materialize data analytics capability for servitization. Manufacturers should also pursue an innovation orientation to fully glean the benefits of bricolage in transforming data analytics capability into servitization.Originality/valueThis study opens the black box of how data analytics capability affects servitization by revealing the underlying mechanism of bricolage and the boundary condition role of innovation orientation for this mechanism. It offers valuable insights for practitioners to leverage data analytics to improve servitization through developing bricolage and cultivating a culture of innovation orientation.

Evaluation of nine major satellite soil moisture products in a typical subtropical monsoon region with complex land surface characteristics

Assessing accuracies of satellite soil moisture (SM) products in areas with strong anthropogenic activities, abundant precipitation, and dense vegetation is important but limited. In this study, performances of nine satellite SM products, including the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI), and the ascending and descending products of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), Chinese Fengyun-3B (FY3B), Chinese Fengyun-3C (FY3C), and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), were evaluated against in-situ SM in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2015 to 2018. Results showed that the ESA CCI outperformed other products, with averaged correlation coefficient (R) of 0.522, correlation coefficient for SM anomalies (Rano) of 0.419, and unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE) of 0.040 m3 m−3, followed by the SMAP_A and SMAP_D. Overestimation was observed in the AMSR2 products (Bias >0.081 m3 m−3), while underestimation was found in the FY3B and FY3C products (Bias < −0.104 m3 m−3). Moreover, R values decreased with the increase in water area percentage (WAP), land cover heterogeneity (GSI), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), and precipitation (PRE). Threshold values were observed at 3% for the WAP, 0.05 for the FVC, and 900 mm yr−1 for the PRE, below which sharp declines of accuracy were observed. The WAP, GSI, and FVC were divided into five sub-classes with their values increasing with the sub-class level (I to V). Correlations coefficients between these perturbing factors and R (correlation between satellite and in-situ SM) increased as sub-class levels increased. Under sub-classes I, II, and III, these three factors had limited influences on accuracies of satellite SM products. However, under sub-classes IV and V, significant impacts of these three perturbing factors were observed. Moreover, when sub-classes of the PRE increased from I to V, correlations between Bias and PRE decreased first and then increased. These findings can help to determine suitable satellite SM products in the YRD and similar areas.

Port Integration in the Yangtze River Delta Area: Practice and Policy Analysis

Port integration in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is studied in the paper from the practice and policy analysis in the case when port supply surpasses shipping demand. Firstly, combined with literature analysis method and comparative approach, the port integration practice in YRD is investigated from a holistic view of YRD, especially the provincial port integration in YRD -- larger-scale port integration is discussed, detailed analysis and comparison of each mode of port integration in YRD are made from the aspects of dominant power, territorial scope, realization path, and focus of integration, the result shows that the integration degree of Shanghai port is the highest but hard to be duplicated. Then, the current existing problems in the process of the port integration are collated and examined with qualitative methods, such as fragmented governance and lack of a strong regulatory structure, lack of long-term cooperation mechanism, insufficient implementation strength on port division of labor and positioning, weak soft power of the port cluster, abnormal development of collection and distribution system, low international cargo transshipment ratio restricts the development of Shanghai International Shipping Center (SISC), etc. Aiming to the problems, reasonable and feasible suggestions are proposed from the policy level for the reference of decision-makers, for instance, breaking the administrative barriers by establishing joint port authority, improving the mechanism for port cooperation, strengthening the rigor of planning, accelerating the SISC construction by adjusting cargo structure and enhancing soft power, improving the collection and distribution logistics network, improving FTZs and aligning national strategies to raise the international cargo transshipment ratio, etc.

The Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Bacterial Communities and Opportunistic Pathogens in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant

Drinking water treatment processes are highly effective at improving water quality, but pathogens can still persist in treated water, especially after extreme weather events. To identify how extreme weather events affected bacterial populations in source and treated water, water samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta area and a local full-scale drinking water treatment plant. Bacterial community structure and the occurrence of pathogens were investigated in samples using 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR techniques. In this study, the results show that intense rainfall can significantly increase levels of bacteria and opportunistic pathogens in river and drinking water treatment processes (p &lt; 0.05); in particular, the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria increased after a super typhoon event (p &lt; 0.05). The biological activated carbon (BAC) tank was identified as a potential pathogen reservoir and was responsible for 52 ± 6% of the bacteria released downstream, according to Bayesian-based SourceTracker analysis. Our results provide an insight into the challenges faced by maintaining finished water quality under changing weather conditions.

Negative Pore Water Pressure in Aquitard Enhances Land Subsidence: Field, Laboratory, and Numerical Evidence

AbstractLand subsidence in the south Yangtze River delta area did not cease when the ground water table has risen during the last 20 years. This issue was generally interpreted as a result of the slow release of excess pore water pressure in the aquitards and the creep of soil. Recent distributed strain monitoring data in boreholes shows a great compressive strain in the aquitard above the main exploited aquifer. In laboratory tests, such great compressive strain also is observed in the clay layer during the draining of the underlying sand layer. Furthermore, a negative pore water pressure is observed in the clay layer, which significantly correlates with the change of the compressive strain. An improved discrete element model was used to simulate the deformation of soil layers under the effect of the negative pressure. The simulation results coincide with the tests, and the negative pressure enhances the compression of aquitard. Due to the effect of the negative pore water pressure, aquitards may be compressed during the draining and recharging cycles in the south Yangtze River delta area.

Secondary Inorganic Ions Characteristics in PM2.5 Along Offshore and Coastal Areas of the Megacity Shanghai

AbstractSecondary inorganic ions are important constituents of PM2.5 that play an important role in global climate change through direct and indirect radiative forcing. To investigate the influence of ship emissions on coastal cities, we launched a cruise ship campaign offshore of the East China Sea (ECS) and two field observation sites in the megacity of Shanghai using 1‐hr time‐resolved water‐soluble ion chromatography from June 3 to June 27, 2017. Three main secondary inorganic soluble ions in the atmosphere of the ECS, that is, non‐sea‐salt sulfate (nss‐SO42−), NO3− and NH4+, were 8.87, 4.94, and 4.65 μg m−3, respectively. While their values at the Pudong (PD) station in urban Shanghai were 6.33, 9.47, and 4.74 μg m−3 and at the Dianshanhu (DSH) station in suburban Shanghai were 7.33, 10.01, and 6.78 μg m−3, respectively. Nss‐SO42− was dominant in the PM2.5 in the atmosphere of the ECS (nss‐SO42−/NO3− = 1.8), and mainly distributed near the Zhoushan Islands of the ECS. This indicated significant contributions from ship emissions. Based on the Community Multiscale Air Quality model, two main sources of nss‐SO42− were identified: emissions and horizontal transport. These comprised over 90% of the nss‐SO42−. The influence of ship emissions reached up to 31.6% of the total nss‐SO42− alongside the cruise ship and near coastal parking ports in the Yangtze River Delta area, suggesting that more attention should be paid to ship emissions.

Anthropogenic and natural controls on atmospheric &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;δ&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;C-CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; variations in the Yangtze River delta: insights from a carbon isotope modeling framework

Abstract. The atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) mixing ratio and its carbon isotope (δ13C-CO2) composition contain important CO2 sink and source information spanning from ecosystem to global scales. The observation and simulation for both CO2 and δ13C-CO2 can be used to constrain regional emissions and better understand the anthropogenic and natural mechanisms that control δ13C-CO2 variations. Such work remains rare for urban environments, especially megacities. Here, we used near-continuous CO2 and δ13C-CO2 measurements, from September 2013 to August 2015, and inverse modeling to constrain the CO2 budget and investigate the main factors that dominated δ13C-CO2 variations for the Yangtze River delta (YRD) region, one of the largest anthropogenic CO2 hotspots and densely populated regions in China. We used the WRF-STILT model framework with category-specified EDGAR v4.3.2 CO2 inventories to simulate hourly CO2 mixing ratios and δ13C-CO2, evaluated these simulations with observations, and constrained the total anthropogenic CO2 emission. We show that (1) top-down and bottom-up estimates of anthropogenic CO2 emissions agreed well (bias &lt; 6 %) on an annual basis, (2) the WRF-STILT model can generally reproduce the observed diel and seasonal atmospheric δ13C-CO2 variations, and (3) anthropogenic CO2 emissions played a much larger role than ecosystems in controlling the δ13C-CO2 seasonality. When excluding ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic discrimination in the YRD area, δ13C-CO2 seasonality increased from 1.53 ‰ to 1.66 ‰. (4) Atmospheric transport processes in summer amplified the cement CO2 enhancement proportions in the YRD area, which dominated monthly δs (the mixture of δ13C-CO2 from all regional end-members) variations. These findings show that the combination of long-term atmospheric carbon isotope observations and inverse modeling can provide a powerful constraint on the carbon cycle of these complex megacities.

Switching to electric vehicles can lead to significant reductions of PM2.5 and NO2 across China

Switching to electric vehicles can lead to significant reductions of PM2.5 and NO2 across China